História Da Política Do Partido Comunista Português Durante a Revolução Dos Cravos (1974-1975)

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História Da Política Do Partido Comunista Português Durante a Revolução Dos Cravos (1974-1975) Departamento de História HISTÓRIA DA POLÍTICA DO PARTIDO COMUNISTA PORTUGUÊS DURANTE A REVOLUÇÃO DOS CRAVOS (1974-1975) Raquel Cardeira Varela Tese submetida como requisito para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em História Moderna e Contemporânea Especialidade em História Política e Institucional no Período Contemporâneo Orientador Doutor António Costa Pinto, Professor Associado Convidado ISCTE – Instituto Universitário de Lisboa Co-Orientador Doutor Carlos Taibo Árias, Professor Titular Universidade Autónoma de Madrid Junho, 2010 História da Política do PCP na Revolução (1974-75) Resumo: O Partido Comunista Português (PCP) teve um papel central no processo revolucionário português, iniciado a 25 de Abril de 1974 com um golpe de estado liderado pelo Movimento dos Capitães/MFA. Nesta investigação analisamos a política do PCP face ao desenrolar do processo revolucionário, sobretudo em relação ao movimento operário e popular, realçando a participação do partido nos principais conflitos sociais, nas greves, nas fábricas e nas empresas, no processo de nacionalizações e na luta pela reforma agrária. Pela sua relevância para a história da revolução e do período democrático que se lhe seguiu demos especial relevo à política do Partido Comunista face aos organismos de duplo poder (comissões de trabalhadores, moradores e soldados) e à construção da Intersindical como central sindical única. Orientámos ainda esta pesquisa para focar a política do PCP em relação ao Partido Socialista e ao MFA durante a revolução. Destacámos em particular a posição do PCP face aos Governos Provisórios, à organização das Forças Armadas e ao MFA e ainda a disputa entre PS e PCP pela organização do aparelho de Estado. Palavras-chave: Partido Comunista Português, revolução dos cravos, história das revoluções, conflitos sociais. iii História da Política do PCP na Revolução (1974-75) Abstract: The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) had a central role in the Portuguese revolutionary process which began on April 25, 1974 with a coup led by the Captains‟ Movement / MFA. In this investigation we analyze the politics of PCP over the course of the revolutionary process, particularly in relation to the labour movement, enhancing the party‟s participation in major social conflicts, in strikes, in the factories and companies, in the process of nationalization and in the struggle for agrarian reform. For its relevance to the history of revolution and the democratic period that followed, we gave particular emphasis to the policy of the Communist Party in relation to dual power organisms (workers‟, neighbours‟ and soldiers‟ committees) and the construction of Intersindical as the nation‟s only central union. We also guided this research to focus on the politics of PCP towards the Socialist Party and the MFA during the revolution. We have particularly emphasized PCP‟s position towards the Provisional Governments, the organization of the Armed Forces and the MFA and also the dispute between PS and PCP for the organization of the state apparatus. Key-words: Portuguese Communist Party, the carnation revolution, History of the revolutions, social conflicts. v História da Política do PCP na Revolução (1974-75) Ao António Paço, meu amor, pela honradez, a cordialidade, a humildade, a inteligência, a resiliência... Aos nossos filhos, Manuel e David, que cresçam com esta herança. vii História da Política do PCP na Revolução (1974-75) Agradecimentos Quero agradecer ao meu orientador, Prof. Dr. António Costa Pinto, e ao meu co- orientador, Prof. Dr. Carlos Taibo, o acompanhamento, as sugestões e as críticas que foram fazendo ao longo deste trabalho. Devo um agradecimento especial a António Paço, Renato Guedes e Valério Arcary, que acompanharam todo este projecto, desde o início e ao longo destes 4 anos, mantendo comigo discussões regulares que foram fundamentais para esta investigação. Pude ainda contar com a leitura comentada de toda a tese por parte de Álvaro Bianchi, António Louçã e Luís Leira, um privilégio pelo qual lhes ficarei para sempre grata. Devo também uma palavra de consideração a Carlos Zacarias Sena Júnior, Peter Birke e Waldo Mermelstein, com quem tive oportunidade de debater alguns dos aspectos deste trabalho. Não posso deixar de mencionar o meu reconhecimento ao grupo de trabalho Revolução e Democracia, do Instituto de História Contemporânea da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, do qual faço parte, e cujos seminários foram de grande relevância para este trabalho. Em especial as discussões que tive com Inácia Rezola e Constantino Piçarra, que estimularam perguntas essenciais para o desenvolvimento desta tese. Uma palavra especial de agradecimento a Fernando Rosas, presidente do IHC, pelos temas que me sugeriu, mas também pelas discussões de ordem metodológica que teve comigo, e que foram indispensáveis para esta investigação. Finalmente, este trabalho foi desenvolvido em simultâneo com outros trabalhos de investigação que realizei no âmbito do estudo do fim das ditaduras na Península Ibérica e, mais recentemente, no campo da história global do trabalho. As conferências, os projectos de investigação e os artigos que publiquei em ambas as áreas foram fundamentais para o desenvolvimento deste projecto também. Devo, por isso, uma palavra de reconhecimento a Encarnación Lemus e a todo o grupo da Associação de Historiadores do Tempo Presente em Espanha, e a Marcel van der Linden e ao grupo de História do Trabalho do Instituto Internacional de História Social. Finalmente, um obrigado à minha família. Como costuma e deve dizer-se, quaisquer erros são da minha inteira responsabilidade. ix História da Política do PCP na Revolução (1974-75) Indice INDICE .................................................................................................................................................... XI LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS ............................................................................................................. XIII INTRODUÇÃO .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CAPÍTULO 1 - O PCP NO I GOVERNO PROVISÓRIO ................................................................... 21 A democratização.............................................................................................................................. 21 Por que entram os comunistas no Governo? .................................................................................... 28 O PCP contra as greves: a disputa com a extrema-esquerda .......................................................... 33 A aliança Povo-MFA ........................................................................................................................ 44 O PCP e a União Soviética ............................................................................................................... 50 CAPÍTULO 2 - DO II GOVERNO PROVISÓRIO AO 28 DE SETEMBRO DE 1974 ..................... 57 O PCP E A LUTA PELA INDEPENDÊNCIA DAS COLÓNIAS .......................................................................... 57 A TENSÃO SOCIAL DO VERÃO DE 1974 ................................................................................................... 62 Despedimentos e sabotagem económica: o papel do Ministério do Trabalho.................................. 62 O PCP e a Lei da Greve ................................................................................................................... 67 TAP, LISNAVE e Jornal do Comércio .............................................................................................. 70 A POLÍTICA DO PCP NO GOLPE SPINOLISTA DE 28 DE SETEMBRO DE 1974 ............................................. 78 CAPÍTULO 3 - DO VII CONGRESSO À UNICIDADE SINDICAL (OUTUBRO 1974 – JANEIRO DE 1975) .................................................................................................................................................... 85 O VII CONGRESSO E A PLATAFORMA DE EMERGÊNCIA .......................................................................... 85 «O preço da liberdade, as reivindicações dos trabalhadores» ......................................................... 96 O PCP, A INTERSINDICAL E AS COMISSÕES DE TRABALHADORES ......................................................... 101 Construir a Intersindical ................................................................................................................. 101 A luta pela unicidade sindical ......................................................................................................... 106 As comissões de trabalhadores e a manifestação de 7 de Fevereiro de 1975 ................................ 110 O PARTIDO EM TODAS AS FRENTES ....................................................................................................... 115 Juventude trabalhadora: construir, construir, construir ................................................................ 116 A UEC: «A ordem é revolucionária, não caótica» ......................................................................... 118 O fantasma da frente popular chilena e a coexistência pacífica .................................................... 123 PS, MDP e recenseamento eleitoral ............................................................................................... 130 «O saneamento da economia é mais demorado que o saneamento do aparelho de Estado» ......... 131 CAPÍTULO 4 - O PCP ENTRE O «11 DE MARÇO DE 1975» E O «VERÃO QUENTE» ............ 135 A CAMINHO
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