G •Adcn,Ja Bakaya Bach,Ja Satya •Adco.,)At Bakayat Bach,Jat Satyat •A~Ka/ •Adoka Bakayka/(Bakeka) Badco.,)Ka/Badoka Satayka/(Sateka) Etc

60 Lesson 14 14.1 The Perfect: Roots 111-W/Y. G verbs from these roots exhibit both nabaPa and gabra types (examples below). When the final stem syllables -co.,)- and -ay- are closed (in the 1st and 2nd person forms), there is an optional contraction of co.,) too, which is quite common, and of ay toe, which is rare. These same contractions occur in D, L, and Q verbs, whose stem formations are otherwise regular. (to be (to cross) (to weep) devastated) (to drink) G •adcn,Ja bakaya bach,Ja satya •adco.,)at bakayat bach,Jat satyat •a~ka/ •adoka bakayka/(bakeka) badco.,)ka/badoka satayka/(sateka) etc. etc. etc. etc. (to send) (to pray) (to inform) D fannaiJa ?allaya LIQ zenaiJa fannaJJat ?allay at zenaiJat fannaiJka/fannoka ?allayka/(~alleka) zenaiJka/zenoka A number of G verbs are both II-guttural and III-Y. If of the nabara type (e.g. la~aya to be beautiful), they follow bakaya above. If of the gabra type (cf. ke~da), there is a regular replacement of -ey- by -i- throughout: re'ya re'yu re'yat re'ya re'ika (for *re' eyka) re'ikerrru (for *re' eykerrru) re'iki (for *re'eyki) re'iken (for *re'eyken) re'iku (for *re' eyku) re'ina (for *re'eyna) The most frequent verbs of this type are re'ya to see, re•ya to graze, pe•ya to get well, and we'ya to burn. Vocabulary 14 Nouns: ba'Jp' (pl. 'ab~ert) f.m. sea, ocean. 'ebn (pl. 'eban, 'a'ban) m.f. stone(s). 'ebna barad hailstone(s). 4a~ay/4a~ay (pl. -a~) m.f. sun. Haga:Pa p~ay Heliopolis (in Egypt). 61 warx (pl. 'awrax) m.f. moon, month. Verbs: 'adawa to cross (acc. dir. obj. or acc. of goal or prep. phrase). 'atawa to go home; to depart (for home). we'ya to be burned up, consumed by fire wadaya to put, place, set. fannal<Ja to send. hallawa to exist, be. Hallawa either predicates existence per se (there is, there was), or it may be followed by a prepositional phrase predicating existence in a state or place. It is rarely used with a predicate noun or adjective, which is the normal function of kona. Hallawa is unusual in having both past and present tense meaning in the Perfect. Examples: HaZZawat hCl{Jar, There is/was a city. Halloku westa hagar, I am/was in the city. HallCD.,Ja meslena, He is/was with us. The distinction between haZlawa and kona is not always maintained: kona may be used for hallawa in its past tense meaning, but not vice versa. The masc. sing. 3rd pers. form is often found as halZo, with contraction of the sequence -awa- too; this is very seldom found in other verbs III-W. Exercises A. 1. Fannoku gabreya xabehu. 11. 'I-re'ikemu-nu berhana 1al_lay? 2. Mannu fannawaka xabeya? 12. Wadayku 'a'bana westa fenot. 3. Wadaya xebesta qedmehu. 13. Re'ina warxa ba-westa samay. 4. Wadayna ma~a.J:ieftina ba-westa 14. 'I-halloku meslehu we'eta bet. 'amira. 5. 'Ado.na zanta bel_lera 'eska 15. Nabarna heyya we'eta warxa. bahr. 16. We'ya betu wa-motu weludihu. 6. 'Adawu ba.J:ira ba-'al_lmarihomu. 17. 'Emdexra-ze 'atoku medreya. 7. Ma'ze •adoka ye'eta fenota? 18. Ma'ze 'adokemu zekwa bahra? 8. La-ment 'atokemu beherakemu? 19. 'Ayte gwayaykemu soba 9. Gwayayna Hagara Qal_lay. sadadakemu? 10. Re'iku dama westa 'edawihu. 20. Waradu dibehomu 'a'bana barad. B. 1. 'Ayte re'ikana? 4. Ba'enta-ze fannokuka xabehornu. b ' W=1... 2. Mesla mannu halloka? 5. Nasy, a 'e na wa-qatala ex ~,1.L 3. 'Ayte wadayka ma~Qafeya? 6. We'yu-nu 'a'~adatihomu? .

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Learning Cyrillic
LEARNING CYRILLIC Question: If there is no equivalent letter in the Cyrillic alphabet for the Roman "J" or "H" how do you transcribe good German names like Johannes, Heinrich, Wilhelm, etc. I heard one suggestion that Johann was written as Ivan and that the "h" was replaced with a "g". Can you give me a little insight into what you have found? In researching would I be looking for the name Ivan rather than Johann? One must always think phonetic, that is, think how a name is pronounced in German, and how does the Russian Cyrillic script produce that sound? JOHANNES. The Cyrillic spelling begins with the letter “I – eye”, but pronounced “eee”, so we have phonetically “eee-o-hann” which sounds like “Yo-hann”. You can see it better in typeface – Иоганн , which letter for letter reads as “I-o-h-a-n-n”. The modern Typeface script is radically different than the old hand-written Cyrillic script. Use the guide which I sent to you. Ivan is the Russian equivalent of Johann, and it pops up occasionally in Church records. JOSEPH / JOSEF. Listen to the way the name is pronounced in German – “yo-sef”, also “yo-sif”. That “yo” sound is produced by the Cyrillic script letters “I” and “o”. Again you can see it in the typeface. Иосеф and also Иосиф. And sometimes Joseph appears as , transliterated as O-s-i-p. Similar to all languages and scripts, Cyrillic spellings are not consistent. The “a” ending indicates a male name. JAKOB. There is no “Jay” sound in the German language.
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Speaking Russian
05_149744 ch01.qxp 7/26/07 6:07 PM Page 5 Chapter 1 I Say It How? Speaking Russian In This Chapter ᮣ Understanding the Russian alphabet ᮣ Pronouncing words properly ᮣ Discovering popular expressions elcome to Russian! Whether you want to read Wa Russian menu, enjoy Russian music, or just chat it up with your Russian friends, this is the begin- ning of your journey. In this chapter, you get all the letters of the Russian alphabet, discover the basic rules of Russian pronunciation, and say some popular Russian expressions and idioms. Looking at the Russian Alphabet If you’re like most English speakers, you probably think that the Russian alphabet is the most challenging aspect of picking up the language. But not to worry. The Russian alphabet isn’t as hard as you think. COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL From A to Ya: Making sense of Cyrillic The Russian alphabet is based on the Cyrillic alpha- bet, which was named after the ninth-century Byzantine monk, Cyril. But throughout this book, we convert all the letters into familiar Latin symbols, which are the same symbols we use in the English 05_149744 ch01.qxp 7/26/07 6:07 PM Page 6 6 Russian Phrases For Dummies alphabet. This process of converting from Cyrillic to Latin letters is known as transliteration. We list the Cyrillic alphabet here in case you’re adventurous and brave enough to prefer reading real Russian instead of being fed with the ready-to-digest Latin version of it. And even if you don’t want to read the real Russian, check out Table 1-1 to find out what the whole fuss is about regarding the notorious “Russian alphabet.” Notice that, in most cases, a transliterated letter corresponds to the way it’s actually pronounced.
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У^C/ ^Xaxxlty^Yy Yyy- Y/A М /A XX
1 5 2 Va X A y // /^ //X A ^ M a i Y'YY/ ’^y y y -ì - A Y & y n / X X - y7 AAl/XX /AlAX AA /X y ^z^s -i o y ^ y y H ^ - z ^ A c ^ J Ì^Ystn^XUY Y LY X ’YYi yl^-CY7 A/ y A A Y ^ t V Y f AC-, C x ix x r~/Y- CYtS Vy* X{ l à / ¿ Y l ^ l Y A". A X r u / , A / C A ut Y A l' T O tl / V l X ^ ì y y Z A ^/Aa ^ A y y A c y ^ yl A A t d l f H ^ c ò / a AtA r t / ^ ¿ ù a / z Cy/ X X-CAX? yCA %-O > yCCfl/Cj t L ^ H ' Ì ^ ì y AC A & A / c i Cy y ^ ehf yZy y y Y- ACC y i C C A A ^ tiY 'l'VZY-YcZo 'SA y y - Z-eY^Y A iaA a ^ C c' A^ . 7 ' Y ^ C / / ¿ H y/yi-C-td A#A y -AA Yy y y A 'iCA uX ZY lls X^^y y y y y y y A y '* 1 Xt i 'l-tA Y V Y l' '/A A in - r iY -t^Y d X y v A y y > y Y Y Y y CitYYyACAty C/ y y y 'lA 'V ¿A,A a 4 aC y y A i Y Y y 'Y> '-/AYYA •■*yv/ ’a a a i a U ^ t & l i - AA-Y>t/ACy-7A ^ < / A - '" 'X X X 'X t X d'PY'.
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Karenni (Kayah)
1 fg,uh jkGgbkJgzkdujfgkJg lrkGg;kHgpJh jkGgbkJgomkuhodfgrdflkJ sf jkGgjfgrygjfgrdfh fgdJlKg fg,uh lrkGgeGglkdfcGhnHpJh [t jkGgjfgrygeJgjkfhjuhskyvdJhvfh;kJ bdf rK ktjkfhjkJgrdfsky ;ygjkGg[dJiGpJh dJhsxtg jtgefg rK lkFbfgsky ;Hh [t skGgjfgvHgaHh [t ;Hh lkFbfgsky rK jtgefg dJhsxtg ;ygjkGg[dJiGpJh ktjkfhjkJgrdfsky rK bdf bdf rK ktjkfhjkJgrdfsky ;ygjkGg[dJiGpJh dJhsxtg jtgefg rK lkFbfgsky ;Hh [t skGgjfgvHgaHh [t ;Hh lkFbfgsky rK jtgefg dJhsxtg ;ygjkGg[dJiGpJh ktjkfhjkJgrdfsky rK bdf ;yg,kHha;df,kHha;uh skylkJ lrkGgeGglkdfcGhnH jfgkJg fgpJh fgpJh jfgkJg lrkGgeGglkdfcGhnH skylkJ ;yg,kHha;df,kHha;uh ;yg,kHha;df,kHha;uh skylkJ lrkGgeGglkdfcGhnH jfgkJg fgpJh fgpJh jfgkJg lrkGgeGglkdfcGhnH skylkJ ;yg,kHha;df,kHha;uh jkGgjfgrygjfgrdfhskylkJ fgdJlKgpJh jfgkJg jfgkJg fgdJlKgpJh jkGgjfgrygjfgrdfhskylkJ - jkGgjfgrygjfgrdfhskylkJ fgdJlKgpJh jfgkJg jfgkJg fgdJlKgpJh jkGgjfgrygjfgrdfhskylkJ - 1 jkGgrfhbf[dfh [t ug;tjfgkJg 16 ;kJlkHiGpJh Godfglku jkGgrygjkGgadfh lkmuhjtgztg fgpJh - odJhakJ vmyzKndfg;kGh fgdJlKg jkGgltjfgryg JgzkJgwyg (FEMA) – www.ready.gov fgbJgrygafgakJ zGzkJgsyg fgl;KbkHg[Hg – www.redcross.org jkGgldJjkGgadfh fg[Hgfg,kfhpJh jkGgbkJgzkdu vfh;kJ – www.disasterdistress.samhsa.gov/ ayg[fh afgdfh [t skGg iGpJhjkfhjkJgrdf fga;Gh jtglrkGglrkGgsxtg fg aygcyjtg bdfodJg eGgcGhsky kK sf jkGgldJjkGgadfh rK fg ;ug jkGgbkJgzkdu kJbfg. vdfiG[uh Gzxt nuh [t jkGgldJjkGgadfh fg[Hgfg,kfhpJh jkGgbkJgzkdu vfh;kJ rK nuh bfjuh bfg 1-800-846-8517 sxtgkK rK cHg[dfh jkGgrygjkGgadfh. amyh jkGgbkJgzkdu sf ;kJjfgaGgsky fgpJhsxtglkfhsy/ ;kJlkugoJglkJ 'ku pJh jkGgbkJgzkdu sxtgbfg lkGg jfgrygjfgrdfh ugskJg[Fg lkfh lrG/ fgdJlKg kJbfg ey jkGgiGygcJhjfgrKiG [t fgbkJgldJbkJgcGhzdkf afgdfhjkGgugcduglrdfh. iGomkuhlrkGg bkfjugbfg jkfhbkFjkfhjkGg 2 sxtga;K akFrkJ nFgomuhodfgvdJkK fgvGh jkGgbkJgfgskJ nHsxtgjfgkJg lrGkK/ ayg[fh fgdJlKg jtgztg aygomkuhodfgkK kJbfg. idfnH bkyg. jkGgndJnJg HhjkfhbkHjkfhjkGg. bkfjugbfg 9-1-1 jkGgjfgrKiGeGgcGhsdfgzK sf jkGgvHgjkGgakdJ (kJatgrJ nH. Fg iGzkdfrdflkfhjug. iGskJlkfhjug. Jugbfg fgdJlKg imygoJg ugakxtzkdflkfhjug) fg aygbkJgnHsxtgbfg.
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Allen Wright's Chahta Leksikon, Ben Watkins's Choctaw Definer, and Sev Eral Works by T
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Language Specific Peculiarities Document for Halh Mongolian As Spoken in MONGOLIA
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RUSSIAN CYRILLIC ALPHABET Sunday, 08 April 2012 20:15
RUSSIAN CYRILLIC ALPHABET Sunday, 08 April 2012 20:15 {joomplu:1215 left} The CYRILLIC ALPHABET is the official alphabet of the Russian Federation. When coming to Russia, one might be very intimidated by the strange letters and words that are written everywhere. There is no need to worry anymore. We would like to educate everyone on the Cyrillic alphabet, and how to read it, understand it, and love it. So that by the end of this article you will be able to read and understand the tricky Russian alphabet hands down. =) The Cyrillic alphabet was first developed in the 10th century AD in the area known as Bulgaria today. The alphabet has gone through a lot of changes over its history, and looks somewhat similar in some aspects today, as it did so many years ago. Cyrillic is the official alphabet of several Slavic countries such as: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Serbia. But it is also used in several other post-Soviet countries. The alphabet is derived from the ancient Greek script. The usage of Cyrillic nowadays is that it serves as one of the three official alphabets in the European Union. In the Russian alphabet, there are 33 letters and 43 sounds (6 vowels and 37 consonants) as opposed to the 26 letters of the English alphabet (Latin alphabet) with the total of 52 sounds. Both alphabets contain similar letters such as A, E, K, M, O, and T, which are pronounced not exactly the same but quite similarly: The Russian T, K, and M are the equivalents of the respective sounds in English.
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La Grève Des Battus
NUBIALAWO DZE AGL& E~L$LA AMINATA SAW FALL EG$ME@ELA Edoh TORGAH 1 @EKA ~ di sia h7 wogade wo5e nyawo nyadz4dz4gbal8awo me. Wo5o nu tso ale si abl4awo dzi y4 f[u kple nubiala siawo la ùti. Bok4vi siawo, kpon4 siawo kpakple bun4 siawo, ame 5a57 siawo kat7 5e nya n4 nyadz4dz4gbal8awo me. Ele be woa2e ame siawo t4gbe d42e2ee ado go le Tox4dua me, elabena wonye ùkpe kple nuny4nu na amegbet45omea kat7. Ame mademade s-` ye wonye. Aha57me siwo 2ena kpena na ame le afi siaa afi yakatsy-e la, ele be woa2e wo 2a le dua me godoo. Woawo ta la, ne èyina 2e d4 me la, nàn4 gbe dom 2a be dzodz8a negalé yè yèat4 2e m4dzekliwo nu o. Nenye be ète ù do go le dzodz8a nu la, an4 na wò be nàgakpe fuwo 5e fu hafi a2o d4n4k-dzi l45o, nàdzewo abe avetsu ene hafi age 2e wò d4w45e. Avu kple k4 hafi nàdo go le ba`kix4 me. Nàtr4 ato me, atr4 to me zi gb4 zi nane be womagakp4 yè le asi me o. Ml4ebea la, ele na wò be nana z7nu hafi age 2e Gbedox4 me. Oh! Nu ka gbee nye esia! Ame mademade siawo, wotéa nu me ùt4, nu ma tae wole te5e siaa te5e 2o. Tox4dua le avi dzi be wone2e yè le ame manyataleù siawo 5e asi me. Nenye be medze Keba Dabo ù ts7 be ele be woanya ame siawo 2a le dua me o la, fifia la, 2ikeke a2eke magan4 eme 2e af4 sia 2e2e ùti o.
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My First Hundred Words in Russian
My first hundred words in Russian Russian word Transliteration Translation Russian word Transliteration Translation Да Da Yes Один Odeen One Нет Nyet No Два Dva Two Мальчик Malcheek Boy Три Tree Three Девушка Devooshka Girl Четыре Cheterie Four Учителъница Oocheatelnetsa Teacher Пять Pyat Five Директор Derector Principal Шесть Shyest Six Щкола Shkola School Семь Syem Seven Площадка Ploshchadka Playground Восемь Vosyem Eight Переменя Peremenya Recess Девять Devyat Nine Второй Vtoroy Lunch Десять Desyat Ten Завтрак zavtrak Семья Semya Family Карандаш Karandash Pencil Брат Brat Brother Бумага Boomaga Paper Сестра Sestra Sister Книга Kneega Book Отец Otyets Father Назначать Naznachat Assign Мать Mat Mother Дамошняя Damoshnaya Homework Дяда Dyadya Uncle работа rabota Письменный Peesmany Desk Тётя Tyotya Aunt stol Бабушка Babooshka Grandmother стол Двоюрдный Dvyourdnee Cousin (male) Школник Shkolneek Student (m) Cousin (female) Student (f) Двоюрдная Dvyourdnaya Школница Skolneetsa Grandfather Lesson Дедушка dedooshka Урок Oorok Писать Peesat pen Чёрный Chyornee Black Понеделник Ponydelneek Monday Зелёный Zelyonee Green Вторник Vtoreek Tuesday Белый Byelee White Среда Sreda Wednesday Красный Krasnee Red Четвёрг Chetvyork Thursday Pyatneetsa Голубой Goluboy Light blue Пятница Friday Koreechneevie Subota Saturday Коричневый Brown Суббота Voskresenya Жёлтый Zhyoltee Yellow Воскресенье Vesnoy Sunday Серые Serie Grey Весной Letom Spring Баряный Baryanee Purple Летом Osyen Summer Апельсий Apyelsee Orange Осень Zima Fall Зима Winter Russian Word Tranliteration
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Khethekanyo Ya a : Nganea R
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GIREIDI YA 12 TSHIVEN¶A LUAMBO LWA U ENGEDZA LWA U THOMA (FAL) BAMMBIRI ·A VHUVHILI (P2) LARA 2018 MARAGA: 70 TSHIFHINGA: Awara 2 Bammbiri i¼i ¼i na masia¾ari a 20. Vhu½e ha khanμiso ho vhaledzwa Iyani kha sia¾ari ¼i tevhelaho Tshivenμa Luambo lwa u Engedza lwa u Thoma (FAL)/P2 2 DBE/Lara 2018 NSC PFESESANI 1. Vhalani sia¾ari he¼i nga vhuronwane ni sa athu u fhindula mbudziso. 2. Ni SONGO lingedza u vhala bammbiri ¼o¾he. ¹olani Thebu¼u ya Zwi re Ngomu kha sia¾ari ¼i tevhelaho ni swaye nomboro dzo μisendekaho kha bugu dze na guda ¿waha uno. Vhalani mbudziso idzo ni koneha u nanga dzine na tama u fhindula. 3. Bammbiri he¼i ¼o vhumbwa nga KHETHEKANYO N¸A: KHETHEKANYO YA A: Nganea (35) KHETHEKANYO YA B: ¶irama (35) KHETHEKANYO YA C: Nganeapfufhi (35) KHETHEKANYO YA D: Vhurendi (35) 4. Fhindulani MBUDZISO MBILI dzo fhelela u bva kha khethekanyo MBILI DZIºWE na DZIºWE. KHETHEKANYO YA A: NGANEA Fhindulani mbudziso MBILI kha nganea ye na guda. KHETHEKANYO YA B: ¶IRAMA Fhindulani mbudziso DZO¹HE kha μirama ye na guda. KHETHEKANYO YA C: NGANEAPFUFHI Fhindulani mbudziso DZO¹HE kha nganeapfufhi dze na ½ewa. KHETHEKANYO YA D: VHURENDI Fhindulani mbudziso DZO¹HE kha zwirendo zwe na ½ewa. 5. Thomani KHETHEKANYO IºWE na IºWE kha sia¾ari ·ISWA. 6. Shumisani mutevhe wa u sedzulusa uri u ni thuse. 7. Tevhedzani ndaela dzo ¿walwaho mathomoni a KHETHEKANYO IºWE na IºWE nga vhuronwane. 8. Nomborani phindulo dza½u kokotolo sa zwe mbudziso dza nomboriswa zwone kha bammbiri ¼a mbudziso.
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Reading Russian Documents: the Alphabet
Reading Russian Documents: The Alphabet Russian “How to” Guide, Beginner Level: Instruction October 2019 GOAL This guide will help you to: • understand a basic history of the Cyrillic alphabet. • recognize and identify Russian letters – both typed and handwritten. • learn the English transcription and pronunciation for letters of the Cyrillic alphabet. INTRODUCTION The Russian language uses the Cyrillic alphabet which has roots in the mid-ninth century. At this time, a new Slavic Empire known as Moravia was forming in the east. In 862, Prince Rastislav of Moravia requested that missionaries from the Byzantine Empire be sent to teach his people. Shortly thereafter, two brothers, known as Constantine and Methodius, arrived from what is now modern-day Macedonia. Realizing that a written alphabet could aid in spreading the gospel message, Constantine created a written alphabet to translate the Gospels and other religious texts. As a result of his work, the Orthodox Church later canonized Constantine as St. Cyril, Apostle to the Slavs. The Russian Empire adopted St. Cyril’s alphabet in 988 and used it for centuries until some changes were made in the seventeenth century. In 1672, Tsar Peter the Great came into power and immediately began carrying out several reforms, including an alphabet reform. Peter wanted the Cyrillic characters to appear less Greek and more westernized. As a result, several Greek letters were eliminated and other letters that looked “too” Greek were replaced with Latin visual equivalents. Additionally, Peter the Great replaced the Cyrillic numbering system for the usage of Arabic numerals. The next major change to the alphabet came in 1918, following the Russian Revolution.
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ASCII-Cyrillic and Its Converter Email-Ru.Tex
ASCII-Cyrillic and its converter email-ru.tex by Laurent Siebenmann A new faithful ASCII representation for Russian called ASCII-Cyrillic is presented here, one which permits accurate typing and reading of Russian where no Russian keyboard or font is available -- as often occurs outside of Russia. ASCII-Cyrillic serves the Russian and Ukrainian languages in parallel. This article initially discusses Russian; but, further along, come the modifications needed to adapt to the Ukrainian alphabet. TeX is mother to ASCII-Cyrillic inasmuch as its converter "email-ru.tex" is a program in TeX language which is interpreted by TeX. On the other hand, ASCII-Cyrillic is designed to be useful beyond TeX. Indeed a current project is to make it available on Internet so that the vast public ignorant of TeX can exploit it. This provisional Internet bias has led to the use of HTML for this article, bitmaps and all. Contents Overview Crash course on Russian ASCII-Cyrillic Ukrainian ASCII-Cyrillic Vital statistics for ASCII-Cyrillic Below is a photo of a fragment of Russian email sent from France to Russia. Ideally, it would be typed as 8-bit text using a Russian keyboard and screen font, and then assigned a suitable MIME type identifying the font encoding. To the email system, the message contents would be a sequence of "octets" or "bytes" (each 8 zeros or ones), where each octet corresponds to a character according to the font encoding. The ASCII-Cyrillic and its converter email-ru.tex 175 receiving email system and email reader are expected to recognize the encoding and provide for Cyrillic display and printing.
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