60 Lesson 14 14.1 The Perfect: Roots 111-W/Y. G verbs from these roots exhibit both nabaPa and gabra types (examples below). When the final stem syllables -co.,)- and -ay- are closed (in the 1st and 2nd person forms), there is an optional contraction of co.,) too, which is quite common, and of ay toe, which is rare. These same contractions occur in D, L, and Q verbs, whose stem formations are otherwise regular. (to be (to cross) (to weep) devastated) (to drink) G •adcn,Ja bakaya bach,Ja satya •adco.,)at bakayat bach,Jat satyat •a~ka/ •adoka bakayka/(bakeka) badco.,)ka/badoka satayka/(sateka) etc. etc. etc. etc. (to send) (to pray) (to inform) D fannaiJa ?allaya LIQ zenaiJa fannaJJat ?allay at zenaiJat fannaiJka/fannoka ?allayka/(~alleka) zenaiJka/zenoka A number of G verbs are both II-guttural and III-Y. If of the nabara type (e.g. la~aya to be beautiful), they follow bakaya above. If of the gabra type (cf. ke~da), there is a regular replacement of -ey- by -i- throughout: re'ya re'yu re'yat re'ya re'ika (for *re' eyka) re'ikerrru (for *re' eykerrru) re'iki (for *re'eyki) re'iken (for *re'eyken) re'iku (for *re' eyku) re'ina (for *re'eyna) The most frequent verbs of this type are re'ya to see, re•ya to graze, pe•ya to get well, and we'ya to burn. Vocabulary 14 Nouns: ba'Jp' (pl. 'ab~ert) f.m. sea, ocean. 'ebn (pl. 'eban, 'a'ban) m.f. stone(s). 'ebna barad hailstone(s). 4a~ay/4a~ay (pl. -a~) m.f. sun. Haga:Pa p~ay Heliopolis (in Egypt). 61 warx (pl. 'awrax) m.f. moon, month. Verbs: 'adawa to cross (acc. dir. obj. or acc. of goal or prep. phrase). 'atawa to go home; to depart (for home). we'ya to be burned up, consumed by fire wadaya to put, place, set. fannal<Ja to send. hallawa to exist, be. Hallawa either predicates existence per se (there is, there was), or it may be followed by a prepositional phrase predicating existence in a state or place. It is rarely used with a predicate noun or adjective, which is the normal function of kona. Hallawa is unusual in having both past and present tense meaning in the Perfect. Examples: HaZZawat hCl{Jar, There is/was a city. Halloku westa hagar, I am/was in the city. HallCD.,Ja meslena, He is/was with us. The distinction between haZlawa and kona is not always maintained: kona may be used for hallawa in its past tense meaning, but not vice versa. The masc. sing. 3rd pers. form is often found as halZo, with contraction of the sequence -awa- too; this is very seldom found in other verbs III-W. Exercises A. 1. Fannoku gabreya xabehu. 11. 'I-re'ikemu-nu berhana 1al_lay? 2. Mannu fannawaka xabeya? 12. Wadayku 'a'bana westa fenot. 3. Wadaya xebesta qedmehu. 13. Re'ina warxa ba-westa samay. 4. Wadayna ma~a.J:ieftina ba-westa 14. 'I-halloku meslehu we'eta bet. 'amira. 5. 'Ado.na zanta bel_lera 'eska 15. Nabarna heyya we'eta warxa. bahr. 16. We'ya betu wa-motu weludihu. 6. 'Adawu ba.J:ira ba-'al_lmarihomu. 17. 'Emdexra-ze 'atoku medreya. 7. Ma'ze •adoka ye'eta fenota? 18. Ma'ze 'adokemu zekwa bahra? 8. La-ment 'atokemu beherakemu? 19. 'Ayte gwayaykemu soba 9. Gwayayna Hagara Qal_lay. sadadakemu? 10. Re'iku dama westa 'edawihu. 20. Waradu dibehomu 'a'bana barad. B. 1. 'Ayte re'ikana? 4. Ba'enta-ze fannokuka xabehornu. b ' W=1... 2. Mesla mannu halloka? 5. Nasy, a 'e na wa-qatala ex ~,1.L 3. 'Ayte wadayka ma~Qafeya? 6. We'yu-nu 'a'~adatihomu? .