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Lived Experiences of Filipino American Women in Higher Education Leadership: Toward the Development of Filipino Critical Race Theory

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Lived Experiences of Filipino American Women in Higher Education Leadership: Toward the Development of Filipino Critical Race Theory LIVED EXPERIENCES OF FILIPINO AMERICAN WOMEN IN HIGHER EDUCATION LEADERSHIP: TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF FILIPINO CRITICAL RACE THEORY J. Jacky Mamola B.A., California State University, Sacramento, 1990 M.A. Loyola University, New Orleans, 2003 DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION in EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP at CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO SPRING 2020 Copyright © 2020 J. Jacky Mamola All rights reserved ii LIVED EXPERIENCES OF FILIPINO AMERICAN WOMEN IN HIGHER EDUCATION LEADERSHIP: TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF FILIPINO CRITICAL RACE THEORY. A Dissertation by J. Jacky Mamola Approved by Dissertation Committee: ________________________________ Dr. Caroline Sotello Turner, Chair _______________________________ Dr. Rose Borunda, Committee Member ______________________________ Dr. Alexander Gonzalez, Committee Member SPRING 2020 iii LIVED EXPERIENCES OF FILIPINO AMERICAN WOMEN IN HIGHER EDUCATION LEADERSHIP: TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF FILIPINO CRITICAL RACE THEORY Student: Jacqueline Jacky Mamola I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and this dissertation is suitable for electronic submission to the library and credit is to be awarded for the dissertation. ___________________________, Director ____________________ Dr. Rose Borunda Date iv DEDICATION To my family and friends, it has been “three years” now I can emerge from the cave. Especially for my children, that you may know the richness of your Filipino heritage and continue to grow in its unique strength and beauty. To my mother, Trinidad Sason Angeles Jacky, your motivation is what was needed to finish – you WILL see me in my regalia! I dedicate this study and dissertation to the memory of my Lola, Luisa Aquino Sason Angeles, who gave me my first lessons in what it meant to be Pinay; in memory of Inocencia Ogan Gibson who let me learn my heritage through dance; and to the many aunties and women role models who encouraged me to do this and do good with this. “It is up to the women who are in positions of power and responsibility to push for the equality that women aspire for and deserve.” –Corazon Aquino v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My deepest gratitude goes to all the amazing people who guided me on this journey. The completion of this dissertation would not have been possible without each one of you who took steps by my side and travelled along this road with me. A special thank you goes to my dissertation committee Chair, Dr. Caroline SotelloTurner. Your ability to know how to help people the way they need it was vital for me to finish. I needed the balance of gentle reminders to keep going and the moments of space for my own creative energy to flow. Thank you to my committee members, Dr. Alex Gonzalez and Dr. Rose Borunda for sharing your wisdom, mentoring me, and having patience and flexibility during this strange, historic time. To the Cristo Rey Sacramento community, I have learned as I worked alongside you. Your stories inspired me to action, to do more, to not settle for the status quo. To the Jesuits, Sisters of Mercy and the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur who instilled their charisms of Service, Mercy and Goodness that I can take wherever this path leads. In particular, Sr. Eileen Enright, RSM who challenged me to reach higher, to use my gifts for something greater and who showed me that I don’t have to compromise my joy to fight injustice. For my fellow cohort mates, when no one else understood, I could always turn to you. vi CURRICULUM VITAE Education AA Sociology Cosumnes River College Sacramento, CA BA Social Work California State University Sacramento Sacramento, CA MA Religious Education Loyola University, New Orleans New Orleans, LA EdD Educational Leadership California State University Sacramento Sacramento, CA Professional Employment Cristo Rey High School Sacramento, CA Christian Brothers High School Sacramento, CA St. Patrick’s Academy Sacramento, CA Alta Regional Center Sacramento, CA Asian Pacific Community Counseling Sacramento, CA Other Relevant Training Sexual Violence Prevention and Discrimination, Harassment and Retaliation compliance training. Fall 2017 CSUS Campus Compliance Sexual Abuse Prevention Education Fall 2015 & 2017 Diocese of Sacramento, CA Cristo Rey HS, Sacramento A Framework for Understanding Poverty: Ruby Payne’s Aha! Process Training Spring 2007 Cristo Rey HS, Sacramento, CA vii Diversity Sensitivity Training, Summer 2004 Christian Brothers HS, Sacramento, CA Western Assoc. of Schools and Colleges (WASC), Accreditation Convener Training Spring 2000 St. Isidore School, Danville, CA Publications and Presentations 9-17/18-2018 Presenter 2018 International Research Conference at UC Davis Department of Global Affairs Presentation on “The International Research Challenges of the Phenomenological Study of Outsourcing Teachers from the Philippines” 9-2017-2018 Research Assistant and High School Liaison UC Davis ‘The Integrating Literacies Project’ Cristo Rey HS Sacramento, CA 4-2018 Presenter CSUS 24th Annual Multicultural Education Conference Sacramento, CA – Poster Presentation on “Outsourcing from the Philippines to Solve the Teaching Shortage in CA” Fields of Study Social Work, K-12, Community College, Higher Education Leadership viii Abstract of LIVED EXPERIENCES OF FILIPINO AMERICAN WOMEN IN HIGHER EDUCATION LEADERSHIP: TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF FILIPINO CRITICAL RACE THEORY by J. Jacky Mamola This qualitative study examines the lived experiences of Filipino American women working in leadership positions at higher education institutions. The study uses Critical Race Theory as well as Feminist Critical Theory, Latina/o/x Critical Race Theory, and Asian Critical Race Theory as a framework with which to view the stories of its participants. A review of the history of Filipino American immigration from specific time periods provides an historical perspective from which to understand their lived experiences. This phenomenological study includes interviews of 10 Filipino American women leaders employed at colleges and universities in the United States to gain insights into their experience as presented in their own voice. Specifically, this study will address the following research questions: 1. What are the personal and professional challenges and facilitators that Filipino American women encounter to attain positions of leadership at institutions of higher education? ix 2. What role might historical events and socio-cultural factors have on Filipino American women to create opportunities and obstacles for working in leadership positions at colleges universities in the present? 3. How can the study of historical literature and the lived experience interview findings contribute to the development of Filipino Critical Race Theory (FlipCRiT)? x TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Dedication ………………………………………………………………………….. v Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………… vi Curriculum Vitae …………………………………………………………………… vii List of Tables .……………………………………………………………………… xvi List of Figures …………………………………………………………………… xvii CHAPTER 1. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM …………………………………………………. 1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………… 1 Problem Statement ………………………………………………………. 2 Nature of the Study ……………………………………………………… 14 Research Questions ……………………………………..………………. 14 Theoretical Framework ………………………………………………… 15 Operational Definitions ………………………………………………… 18 Limitations ……………………………………………………………… 22 Significance of the Study ………………………………………………. 23 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………… 24 2. LITERATURE REVIEW …………………………………………………… 25 Introduction …………………………………………………………….. 25 xi Review of Research and Literature ……………………………………….… 26 Historical and Cultural Background …………………............................... 28 First Wave: Immigration after the Spanish American War ….…… 30 Second Wave: Immigration in the Age of Yankeeism ………..….. 31 Third Wave: Immigration after WWII and Independence from the U.S. 33 Fourth Wave: Immigration after Dictatorship ………………………. 35 Fifth Wave (New Wave): Immigration in the Age of Pinoy Pride … 36 Women in Leadership at Institutions of Higher Education ………….……...… 40 Phenomenology: The Challenges and Facilitators that Filipino American Women Encounter to Attain Positions of Leadership at Institutions of Higher Education …….…………………………………………….. 42 Critical Race Theory ………………………………………………. 47 Feminist Critical Theory (FemCrit) ………………………………. 49 Latina/o/x Critical Race Theory (LatCrit) ………………………. 50 Asian Critical Race Theory (AsianCrit) …………………………. 51 3. METHODOLOGY ………………...…………………………………… 55 Introduction …………………………...……………………………………… 55 ............Research Design and Approach ……………………………………………… 55 ............Role of the Researcher ………………………………………………………. 57 ............Research Questions ……………………………………………..…………… 58 ............Setting Population & Sample ……………………………………………….. 59 xii ............Data Collection & Instrumentation …………………………………………. 60 ............Data Analysis ………………………………………………………………. 61 Reliability and Validity ……………………………………………………… 61 4. DATA AND FINDINGS ………………………………………………………... 63 Introduction ……………………………………………………………….. 63 Participant Profiles …………………………………………………………. 63 Responses to Research Questions ………………………………………….. 68 Their Stories and Journeys in to Higher Educational Leadership ………… 71 Research Question 1: Personal and Professional ………………………… 71 Family Members with College Education …… …………………. 72 Strong Women Role Models …………………………………….. 77 Mentors …………………………………………………………. 80 Unrecognized Work and Service Work ………… ………………
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