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Comparative Typology of the Modern English, Russian and Azerbaijani Languages

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Comparative Typology of the Modern English, Russian and Azerbaijani Languages 1 NIGAR VALIYEVA Comparative Typology of the Modern English, Russian and Azerbaijani Languages The manual was approved and recommended for publication by the decision of the Scientific Council of Education Department of the Azerbaijani University of Languages on 05.03.2019 ratified by protocol № 19 2 Comparative Typology of the English, Russian and Azerbaijani Languages A Resource Book for Masters of the Azerbaijan University of Languages Author Nigar Chingiz q. Valiyeva Doctor of Science, professor Reviewers: Afqan Ali o. Abdullayev Doctor of Science, professor Arif Rza o. Huseynov Ph.d., professor Azad Yahya o. Mammadov Doctor of Science, professor Comparative Typology of the English, Russian and Azerbaijani Languages is very actual band useful for research as English - Global language together with Russian is international, whereas the Azerbaijani language is our state and native language. Comparative Typology, as the notion itself reveals, represents a linguistic subject of typology based on the method of comparison. Like typology proper Comparative typology also aims at establishing the most general structural types of languages on their dominant or common phonetically, morphological, lexical and syntactical features. Comparative Typology may equally treat dominant or common features only, as well as divergent features only, which are found in languages of the same structural type (synthetic, analytical, agglutinative, etc) or in languages of the different structural types, (synthetic and analytical, agglutinative and incorporative, etc). BAKU – 2019 3 Published upon the initiative of the International Foundation for Sustainable Peace and Development (IFSPD) Author Prof. Nigar Valiyeva, Doctor of Science Publisher Total Trade International d.o.o. Book designer Zoran Stankovic Printing house SZGR Jovan Antic Print run 1000 Belgrade, Serbia 2019 June 4 C O N T E N T S _____________________________________________________________________ Preface: Course Description, Course Objectives, Individual Works, Learning Outcomes...................................................................................................11 General Notes on Comparative Typology of the Native and Foreign Languages.....................................................................................................17 Lecture 1. Subject and Aims of Typological Studies of Native and Foreign Languages. Language Typology and Others Branches of Linguistics.....................45 Lecture 2. The History of Typological Investigation.................................................53 Lecture 3. The Notion of Language Type and Type in the Language. The Levels of Typological Studies. The Notion of Pattern Language – Metalanguage (Literary). Notion of Etalon Language. Language Universals...................................................................................................66 Lecture 4. Families of Languages in the World Today. Classification of Language: Genealogical, Morphological and Areal.............................................................................................................................75 Lecture 5. Methods of Comparative Typological Research: Comparative, Comparative-Historical, Comparative-Typological, Distributional, Transformational, Deductive, Inductive and Statistic...............................................80 Lecture 6. Typology of Phonological Systems. The Notion of Phonological Level. Phonemes, Syllables, Stress, Intonation as Criteria for Phonological Comparison.....................................................................................85 Lecture 7. Typology of Morphological Systems. Typology of Parts of Speech......................................................................................148 Lecture 8. Typology of Nominal Grammatical Categories of Native and Foreign Languages. The Categories of Case, Number and Gender. The Categories of Definiteness-Indefiniteness, Degrees of Comparison.............................................................................................173 Lecture 9. Typology of Verbal Grammatical Categories 5 of Native and Foreign Languages. Common Properties of the Verbs....................191 Lecture 10. Typology of Syntactic Systems. The Notion of Syntactic Level. Typology of Syntactic Units: Phrases and Sentences..............................................204 Lecture 11. Typology of Phrases of Native and Foreign Languages. Types of Phrases........................................................................................................209 Lecture 12. Typology of Lexical Systems. The Word as a Main Vocabulary Unit.....................................................................219 Lecture 13. Typology of Word-Classes and Morphological Characteristics of Foreign and Native Languages. Typology of Word-Building Means of Native and Foreign Languages............................................................................225 Lecture 14. Typology of Phraseological Units (Isomorphic and Allomorphic Features)..................................................................231 Lecture 15. Typology of Sentences of Native and Foreign Languages: Simple and Composite Sentences..............................................................................278 Lecture 16. Typology of Sentence - Members of Native and Foreign Languages.........................................................................................286 Lecture 17. Typology of Word-Order in Native and Foreign Languages................291 Lecture 18. Typology of Clauses in the Compared Languages...................................302 Lecture 19. Some Problems of Semantic-Structural Features of Complex Sentences in English and Azerbaijani.................................................................................309 Lecture 20. Main Levels and Processes of the Development of 6 Native and Foreign Languages................................................................................315 Lecture 21. Linguistic Differentiation and Integration..........................................321 Lecture 22. Different Linguistic Branches of Native and Foreign Languages.....325 Lecture 23. Typology of Orthography and Orthoepy in the Compared Languages.....................................................................................332 Lecture 24. Typology of Lexicography in the Compared Non-Cognate Languages..................................................................................................................337 Lecture 25. Typology of Linguistic Translation in Native and Foreign Languages..................................................................................................................353 Lecture 26. Development of Mathematical Linguistics and Engineering Language...................................................................................................................357 Lecture 27. Contrastive Structure Studies of Native and Foreign Languages (Non-kindred Languages).........................................................................................366 Lecture 28. Comparative Typology and Methods of Teaching English.................390 Lecture 29. Typology of Conversation.....................................................................396 Lecture 30. Pragmatic Typology..............................................................................422 Revision.....................................................................................................................435 Questions in Typology..............................................................................................447 Bibliography.............................................................................................................453 For notes....................................................................................................................470 7 P R E F A C E Everything is relative. Всё познаётся в сравнении. Həyatda hər şey müqayisə ilə ölçülür. Dear Students of the Azerbaijan University of Languages, presented to your attention the “Comparative Typology of the Modern English, Russian and Azerbaijani Languages” in former times was the Compulsory Subject, but nowadays it is selective subject and appropriately it is a Resource Book today. Suggested to your attention this monograph is devoted to the learning of the specific peculiarities of the qualitative perfection of foreign and native languages teaching, not only the description, analysis, classification and application of the ways of explaining, but also to the investigation of the appropriate level of the effective teaching of the non-cognate languages, taking into a consideration an intensive development of the intercultural communication in the globalized world. Each book does not answer questions all the time, it itself asks some questions as well. The books that asks many questions are almost widening internally, make you think more and find answers to the new questions arising beyond the limits of the book. From this point of view, inside such books there are still books that are not written yet but are necessary, that are seeking answers to your new questions and creating additional questions. The monograph is written for the modern foreign language teachers, linguists, students, masters, postgraduates, respondents, scientists and all people who is interested in foreign languages’ learning due to the interculral communication while the process of globalization and its influence on the national
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