Categoriality and Continuity in Prosodic Prominence
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Phonological Theories Autosegmental/Metrical Phonology
Phonological Theories Autosegmental/Metrical Phonology Session 6 Phonological Theories Non-linear stress allocation Metrical phonology was an approach to word, phrase and sentence-stress definition which (a) defined stress as a syllabic property, not a vowel-inherent feature, and allowed a more flexible treatment of stress patterns in i) different languages, ii) different phrase-prosodic contexts. The prominence relations between syllables are defined by a (binary branching) tree, where the two branches from a node are labelled as dominant (s = strong) and recessive (w = weak) in their relation to each other. Four (quasi-independent) choices (are assumed to) determine the stress patterns that (appear to) exist in natural languages: 1 Right-dominant-foot vs. left-dominant-foot languages 2 Bounded vs. unbounded stress 3 Left-to-right vs. right-to-left word-stress assignment 4 Quantity-sensitive vs. quantity-insensitive languages Phonological Theories Right-dominant vs. left-dominant Languages differ in the tendency for the feet to have the strong syllable on the right or the left: Fr. sympho"nie fantas"tique Engl. "Buckingham "Palace F F F F s s s w w s w w s s w w s w Phonological Theories Bounded vs. unbounded stress (1) “Bounded” (vs. “unbounded”) is a concept that applies to the number of subordinate units that can be dominated by a higher node In metrical phonology it applies usually to the number of syllables that can be dominated by a Foot node (bounded = 2; one strong, one weak syllable to the left or the right; unbounded = no limit). This implies that bounded-stress languages have binary feet. -
Resource Manual EL Education Language Arts Curriculum
Language Arts Grades K-2: Reading Foundations Skills Block Resource Manual EL Education Language Arts Curriculum K-2 Reading Foundations Skills Block: Resource Manual EL Education Language Arts Curriculum is published by: EL Education 247 W. 35th Street, 8th Floor New York, NY 10001 www.ELeducation.org ISBN 978-1683622710 FIRST EDITION © 2016 EL Education Inc. Except where otherwise noted, EL Education’s Language Arts Curriculum is published under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/. Licensed third party content noted as such in this curriculum is the property of the respective copyright owner and not subject to the CC BY 4.0 License. Responsibility for securing any necessary permissions as to such third party content rests with parties desiring to use such content. For example, certain third party content may not be reproduced or distributed (outside the scope of fair use) without additional permissions from the content owner and it is the responsibility of the person seeking to reproduce or distribute this curriculum to either secure those permissions or remove the applicable content before reproduction or distribution. Common Core State Standards © Copyright 2010. National Governors Association Center for Best Practices and Council of Chief State School Officers. All rights reserved. Common Core State Standards are subject to the public license located at http://www.corestandards.org/public-license/. Cover art from “First Come the Eggs,” a project by third grade students at Genesee Community Charter School. Used courtesy of Genesee Community Charter School, Rochester, NY. -
Nigel Fabb and Morris Halle (2008), Meter in Poetry
Nigel Fabb and Morris Halle (2008), Meter in Poetry Paul Kiparsky Stanford University [email protected] Linguistics Department, Stanford University, CA. 94305-2150 July 19, 2009 Review (4872 words) The publication of this joint book by the founder of generative metrics and a distinguished literary linguist is a major event.1 F&H take a fresh look at much familiar material, and introduce an eye-opening collection of metrical systems from world literature into the theoretical discourse. The complex analyses are clearly presented, and illustrated with detailed derivations. A guest chapter by Carlos Piera offers an insightful survey of Southern Romance metrics. Like almost all versions of generative metrics, F&H adopt the three-way distinction between what Jakobson called VERSE DESIGN, VERSE INSTANCE, and DELIVERY INSTANCE.2 F&H’s the- ory maps abstract grid patterns onto the linguistically determined properties of texts. In that sense, it is a kind of template-matching theory. The mapping imposes constraints on the distribution of texts, which define their metrical form. Recitation may or may not reflect meter, according to conventional stylized norms, but the meter of a text itself is invariant, however it is pronounced or sung. Where F&H differ from everyone else is in denying the centrality of rhythm in meter, and char- acterizing the abstract templates and their relationship to the text by a combination of constraints and processes modeled on Halle/Idsardi-style metrical phonology. F&H say that lineation and length restrictions are the primary property of verse, and rhythm is epiphenomenal, “a property of the way a sequence of words is read or performed” (p. -
Response Generalization in Individual Participants Receiving Constraint-Induced Aphasia Therapy
THE EFFECT OF CONSTRAINT-INDUCED APHASIA THERAPY ON NAMING AND DISCOURSE IN INDIVIDUALS WITH APHASIA by JESSICA DAWN RICHARDSON (Under the Direction of Anne Bothe and Rebecca Shisler Marshall) ABSTRACT Participation in aphasia therapy generally results in positive outcomes. Constraint-induced aphasia therapy (CIAT) researchers in particular make bold claims about the efficacy of the approach, but pervasive methodological problems throughout the literature detract from the impact of those claims. The study reported in this dissertation was designed to determine the effect of CIAT on standardized measures of language ability, functional communication, and quality of life. In addition, continuous assessment of dependent variables occurred to ensure that improvements in naming and discourse behaviors could be attributed to CIAT and not to other extraneous factors. Six adults with aphasia participated in this modified single-subject, multiple- baseline across individuals design consisting of a baseline, treatment, and maintenance phase. Results provide the new information that the CIAT protocol utilized in this study resulted in a reduction in activity and participation limitations. Furthermore, this study demonstrated the effect of CIAT on naming of trained items and on untrained discourse tasks though the stability criteria used in this study did not prevent the occurrence of accelerating trends in baseline data and therefore reduces the impact of these claims. Results also supply needed information about treatment elements and preliminary -
Hand-To-Hand Combat, Or Mouth-To-Mouth Resuscitation?
BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2003) 26, 199–260 Printed in the United States of America From mouth to hand: Gesture, speech, and the evolution of right-handedness Michael C. Corballis Department of Psychology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand. [email protected] Abstract: The strong predominance of right-handedness appears to be a uniquely human characteristic, whereas the left-cerebral dom- inance for vocalization occurs in many species, including frogs, birds, and mammals. Right-handedness may have arisen because of an association between manual gestures and vocalization in the evolution of language. I argue that language evolved from manual gestures, gradually incorporating vocal elements. The transition may be traced through changes in the function of Broca’s area. Its homologue in monkeys has nothing to do with vocal control, but contains the so-called “mirror neurons,” the code for both the production of manual reaching movements and the perception of the same movements performed by others. This system is bilateral in monkeys, but pre- dominantly left-hemispheric in humans, and in humans is involved with vocalization as well as manual actions. There is evidence that Broca’s area is enlarged on the left side in Homo habilis, suggesting that a link between gesture and vocalization may go back at least two million years, although other evidence suggests that speech may not have become fully autonomous until Homo sapiens appeared some 170,000 years ago, or perhaps even later. The removal of manual gesture as a necessary component of language may explain the rapid advance of technology, allowing late migrations of Homo sapiens from Africa to replace all other hominids in other parts of the world, including the Neanderthals in Europe and Homo erectus in Asia. -
Comparing PENTA to Autosegmental-Metrical Phonology
Comparing PENTA to Autosegmental-Metrical Phonology Janet B. Pierrehumbert University of Oxford Feb 16, 2017 1 Introduction In this volume, Xu, Prom-on and Liu provide an overview of the recent work on the PENTA (parallel encoding and target approximation) model of prosody. This is a third-generation model of prosody and intonation. In characterizing the model this way, I am taking classic works based on audi- tory transcriptions, such as Bolinger (1958); Trager & Smith (1951); Crystal (1969), as first-generation models, and the autosegmental-metrical models (AM models) launched in the 1970’s and 1980’s as second-generation models. Second-generation models benefited enormously from the rise of computer workstations with specialized software for speech processing, which enabled researchers to examine thousands of f0 contours and to create experimental stimuli in which melodic characteristics of speech were varied in a controlled manner. However, the developers of AM models did not yet have the in- ference and optimization methods that have played such a central role in the development of PENTA. Generative AM algorithms, such as those laid out in Anderson et al. (1984); Beckman & Pierrehumbert (1986), were very seat-of-the pants efforts, compared to the multi-parameter trajectories that are achieved with PENTA. So, we can ask whether PENTA has superseded the AM approach? To what extent has it built on insights of the earlier ap- proach? What aspects of the AM research program remain even now topics for future research? A central issue in addressing these questions is the comparison between prosody and word phonology. AM theory, a development within generative linguistics, had as one of its goals a unified formalism for describing seg- mental, rhythmic, and melodic aspects of speech at both the lexical and the phrasal levels. -
The Learnability of Metrical Phonology
The Learnability of Metrical Phonology Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6006 Janskerkhof 13 fax: +31 30 253 6406 3512 BL Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://wwwlot.let.uu.nl/ Cover illustration by Diana Apoussidou ISBN 978-90-78328-18-6 NUR 632 Copyright © 2007: Diana Apoussidou. All rights reserved. THE LEARNABILITY OF METRICAL PHONOLOGY ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof.mr. P.F. van der Heijden ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Aula der Universiteit op dinsdag 9 januari 2007, te 14.00 uur door Diana Apoussidou geboren te Mönchengladbach, Duitsland Promotiecommissie Promotor: prof. dr. P.P.G. Boersma Overige commissieleden: prof. dr. H.M.G.M. Jacobs prof. dr. R.W.J. Kager dr. W. Kehrein dr. N.S.H. Smith prof. dr. P. Smolensky Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen Acknowledgements I consider myself very lucky to have had the support when writing this thesis, whether directly or indirectly, from the following people: Essential to starting and finishing this work is Paul Boersma. I thank him for his support as much as for challenging me, and for enabling me to push the limits. I thank my reading committee Haike Jacobs, René Kager, Wolfgang Kehrein, Norval Smith, and Paul Smolensky for their valuable comments; especially Wolfgang and Norval for enduring tedious questions about phonology. My paranymphs Maren Pannemann and Petra Jongmans never failed in supporting me; they prevented me from going nuts in quite some moments of panic. -
Download the Devils Horn Free Ebook
THE DEVILS HORN DOWNLOAD FREE BOOK Michael Segell | 336 pages | 18 Sep 2006 | Picador USA | 9780312425579 | English | New York, NY, United States The Devil's Horn: The Story of the Saxophone, from Noisy Novelty to King of Cool Fall TV Frank Zappa can be seen jokingly making the gesture in the film Baby Snakes in response to the audience, commenting, "That's right, spindle twice. Many of its members in the lower ranks are simply not aware of the true purpose of the organization. Lovecraft Country: Season 1. Starting in earlyCoven concerts always began and ended with Dawson giving the sign on The Devils Horn. Add Article. The Devils Horn 14, Brian rated it it was amazing. It was a symbol that I thought was reflective of what that band was supposed to be all about. Larry Weinstein's tribute to the saxophone doesn't know when to stop wailing, but there's enough fascinating material here to appeal to the ordinary viewer, not just woodwind aficionados. August Learn how and when to remove this template message. For the most part I The Devils Horn that, so there's the good. Back to School Picks. And perhaps it is this split personality-- jazz and legit, brass and woodwind, sweet and devilish-- that appeals to me, a gemini in many senses, in The Devils Horn history of this magnificent instrument. Error rating book. Learn how and when to remove these template messages. Beginning The Devils Horn the early s, the horns were known as the "P-Funk sign" to fans of Parliament-Funkadelic. -
About Mentoring
ALL ABOUT MENTORINGA PUBLICATION OF SUNY EMPIRE STATE COLLEGE Issue 41 • Summer 2012 ALL ABOUT MENTORING ABOUT ALL Issue 41 • Summer 2012 1 Union Ave. Saratoga Springs, NY 12866-4391 518-587-2100 www.esc.edu Printed by SUNY Empire State College Print Shop ALL ABOUT MENTORING ISSUE 41 SUMMER 2012 Alan Mandell College Professor of Adult Learning and Mentoring Editor Karen LaBarge Faculty Development Projects Coordinator Associate Editor Gael Fischer Designer Debra Park Phyllis M. Cunningham: 1927 - 2012 Copy Editor P H O T O G R A P H Y “Education is not simply about attaining knowledge, Photos courtesy of Stock Studios, education is about the politics of knowledge. and faculty and staff of SUNY Empire State College, Education is not about the preservation of status unless otherwise noted. and elitism; education is about democratization of Cover photo by Suzanne Orrell, “Palindrome” (detail). power relationships.” P R O D U C T I O N Kirk Starczewski Phyllis M. Cunningham, Director of Publications “Let’s Get Real: A Critical Look at the Ron Kosiba Print Shop Supervisor Practice of Adult Education,” Janet Jones Journal of Adult Education, 22(1), Keyboard Specialist College Print Shop fall 1993, pp. 3 - 15 Send comments, articles or news to: All About Mentoring c/o Alan Mandell SUNY Empire State College 325 Hudson St., 5th Floor New York, NY 10013-1005 646-230-1255 [email protected] 1 Table of Contents Editorial – Against Teaching . 2 The Obama Administration as History: First Waves of Interpretation Alan Mandell A Sabbatical Report . 77 Wayne Willis, Genesee Valley Center Rewards and Challenges of Community Engagement Through Service Learning . -
Speech Errors and Phonological Patterns: Insights from Psycholinguistic and Linguistic Theory
Speech errors and phonological patterns: Insights from psycholinguistic and linguistic theory John Alderete Simon Fraser University ABSTRACT. In large collections of speech errors, phonological patterns emerge. Speech errors are shaped by phonotactic constraints, markedness, frequency, and phonological representations of prosodic and segmental structure. While insights from both linguistic theory and psycholinguistic models have been brought to bear on these facts, research on the phonological patterns of speech errors rarely attempts to compare analyses from these different perspectives, much less integrate them in a coherent system. This article investigates the phonological patterns in the SFU Speech Error Database (SFUSED) with these goals in mind. In particular, it examines the impact of language particular phonotactics on speech errors and the role of linguistic representations for syllables and tone. The empirical findings support a model that includes both production processes impacted by frequency and explicit representations of tone from phonological theory. Keywords: speech errors, language production, methodology, phonotactics, tone, English, Cantonese 1. Introduction The scientific study of speech errors is chock-full of facts of interest to phonologists. That is, when examining sufficiently large collections of speech errors, certain phonological generalizations emerge. For example, there is the syllable position constraint, according to which sounds slip into the same syllabic positions as their source words (Boomer and Laver 1968; Fromkin 1971), as leading list for reading list. Sound errors also exhibit the phonological similarity effect (Cutler 1980; Dell and Reich 1981), in that intended and error sounds tend to be phonologically similar. Another pattern is the repeated phoneme effect (Dell 1984; MacKay 1970): spoonerisms like heft lemisphere (from left hemisphere) illustrate this tendency for sound errors to share a phonological context (e.g., _ɛ) in both the intended and source words. -
The Tune Drives the Text - Competing Information Channels of Speech Shape Phonological Systems
The tune drives the text - Competing information channels of speech shape phonological systems Cite as: Roettger, Timo B. & Grice, Martine (2019). The tune drives the text - Competing information channels of speech shape phonological systems. Language Dynamics and Change, 9(2), 265–298. DOI: 10.1163/22105832-00902006 Abstract In recent years there has been increasing recognition of the vital role of intonation in speech communication. While contemporary models represent intonation – the tune – and the text that bears it on separate autonomous tiers, this paper distils previously unconnected findings across diverse languages that point to important interactions between these two tiers. These interactions often involve vowels, which, given their rich harmonic structure, lend themselves particularly well to the transmission of pitch. Existing vowels can be lengthened, new vowels can be inserted and loss of their voicing can be blocked. The negotiation between tune and text ensures that pragmatic information is accurately transmitted and possibly plays a role in the typology of phonological systems. Keywords: Intonation, epenthesis, devoicing, lengthening, phonological typology Acknowledgment Funding from the German Research Foundation (SFB 1252 Prominence in Language) is gratefully acknowledged. We would like to thank Aviad Albert, James German, Márton Sóskuthy, and Andy Wedel for their comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. We would like to thank the Departments of Linguistics at the University of Cologne, the Goethe University in Frankfurt, Northwestern University in Evanston, the Institute of Phonetics and Speech Processing at the University of Munich, and the audience of XLanS in Lyon for their valuable input on this project. Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to three anonymous reviewers and the editor Jeff Good for their comments during the review process. -
Book 48.4.Indb
LANGUAGEP. ANDPrieto, SPEECH, M. D’Imperio, 2005, 48 and (4), B. 359 Gili –396Fivela 359 Pitch Accent Alignment in Romance: Primary and Secondary Associations with Metrical Structure Pilar Prieto1, Mariapaola D’Imperio2, Barbara Gili Fivela3 1 Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Spain 2 Laboratoire Parole et Langage, UMR 6057 CNRS, Aix-en Provence, France 3 Universitá degli Studi di Lecce, Italy Key words Abstract The article describes the contrastive possibilities of alignment of high accents phonological representation in three Romance varieties, namely, Central Catalan, Neapolitan Italian, of pitch accents and Pisa Italian. The Romance languages analyzed in this article provide crucial evidence that small differences in alignment in rising accents should be encoded phonologically. To account for such facts within the AM model, the primary and article develops the notion of “phonological anchoring” as an extension of secondary the concept of secondary association originally proposed by Pierrehumbert association of tones and Beckman (1988), and later adopted by Grice (1995), Grice, Ladd, and Arvaniti (2000), and others to explain the behavior of edge tones. The Romance data represent evidence that not only peripheral edge tones seek tonal alignment secondary associations. We claim that the phonological representation of Acknowledgments: The article develops some materials and ideas presented by the first author at the Workshop on Intonation in Language Varieties organized by P. Warren and P. Vermillion as a Satellite Meeting to the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (Barcelona, August 2003) and at the 2004 ESF Workshop on Typology of Tone and Intonation (Cascais, April 2004).