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Categoriality and Continuity in Prosodic Prominence Categoriality and continuity in prosodic prominence Simon Roessig language Studies in Laboratory Phonology 10 science press Studies in Laboratory Phonology Chief Editor: Martine Grice Editors: Doris Mücke, Taehong Cho In this series: 1. Cangemi, Francesco. Prosodic detail in Neapolitan Italian. 2. Drager, Katie. Linguistic variation, identity construction, and cognition. 3. Roettger, Timo B. Tonal placement in Tashlhiyt: How an intonation system accommodates to adverse phonological environments. 4. Mücke, Doris. Dynamische Modellierung von Artikulation und prosodischer Struktur: Eine Einführung in die Artikulatorische Phonologie. 5. Bergmann, Pia. Morphologisch komplexe Wörter im Deutschen: Prosodische Struktur und phonetische Realisierung. 6. Feldhausen, Ingo & Fliessbach, Jan & Maria del Mar Vanrell. Methods in prosody: A Romance language perspective. 7. Tilsen, Sam. Syntax with oscillators and energy levels. 8. Ben Hedia, Sonia. Gemination and degemination in English affixation: Investigating the interplay between morphology, phonology and phonetics. 9. Easterday, Shelece. Highly complex syllable structure: A typological and diachronic study. 10. Roessig, Simon. Categoriality and continuity in prosodic prominence ISSN: 2363­5576 Categoriality and continuity in prosodic prominence Simon Roessig language science press Roessig, Simon. 2021. Categoriality and continuity in prosodic prominence (Studies in Laboratory Phonology 10). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/281 © 2021, Simon Roessig Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ The work presented in this book is based on the author’s doctoral dissertation which was accepted by the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the University of Cologne in 2020. It was supported by the CRC ‘Prominence in Language’ (SFB 1252), project A04, funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. ISBN: 978-3-96110-290-7 (Digital) 978-3-96110-291-4 (Hardcover) ISSN: 2363-5576 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4121875 Source code available from www.github.com/langsci/281 Collaborative reading: paperhive.org/documents/remote?type=langsci&id=281 Cover and concept of design: Ulrike Harbort Typesetting: Marten Stelling Proofreading: Amir Ghorbanpour, Andreea Calude, James Gray, Jeroen van de Weijer, Daniela Kolbe-Hanna, Ludger Paschen, Madeline Myers, Mykel Brinkerhoff, Sandra Auderset, Tom Bossuyt, Vadim Kimmelman, Varun deCastro-Arrazola Fonts: Libertinus, Arimo, DejaVu Sans Mono Typesetting software:Ǝ X LATEX Language Science Press xHain Grünberger Str. 16 10243 Berlin, Germany langsci-press.org Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin für Lina und Julius Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Categoriality and continuity in the sounds of language 5 2.1 Phonetics and phonology ...................... 6 2.2 Gradience .............................. 9 2.3 Tiny differences, rich memory ................... 18 2.4 Summary ............................... 22 3 Dynamical Systems 25 3.1 The fundamentals of dynamical systems ............. 26 3.1.1 Order and chaos ...................... 26 3.1.2 The use of differential equations in dynamical systems . 30 3.1.3 Multistability ........................ 33 3.2 Applications of dynamical systems ................ 36 3.2.1 Modelling coordination and speech dynamics ...... 37 3.2.2 Modelling dynamics of categoriality and continuity ... 51 3.3 Summary ............................... 67 4 Prosody, prosodic prominence and focus 69 4.1 Prosodic structure .......................... 70 4.2 A first look at prosodic focus marking ............... 73 4.3 The nature of prosody: categorical and continuous ........ 75 4.4 A closer look at prosodic focus marking .............. 81 4.5 Prosodic strengthening ....................... 87 4.6 Prosodic focus marking beyond tone ............... 90 4.7 Summary ............................... 91 5 Data collection: a controlled corpus of prosodic focus marking 93 5.1 Speakers and recordings ...................... 94 5.2 Speech material ........................... 95 5.3 Measures ............................... 98 5.3.1 Tonal onglide ........................ 99 Contents 5.3.2 Alignment of the peak ................... 101 5.3.3 Lip aperture ......................... 101 5.3.4 Position of the tongue body ................ 101 5.4 Data and availability ........................ 104 6 Integrating categorical and continuous aspects of pitch accents 105 6.1 Results of F0 measures ....................... 105 6.1.1 Tonal onglide ........................ 105 6.1.2 Alignment of the peak ................... 109 6.2 Modelling account .......................... 111 6.3 Speaker groups ........................... 116 6.4 Summary ............................... 119 7 Integrating dimensions of prosody 121 7.1 Results of F0 measures ....................... 121 7.2 Enriching the tonal onglide model I: accentuation ........ 122 7.3 Results of articulatory measures .................. 126 7.4 Enriching the tonal onglide model II: articulation ........ 133 7.5 Summary ............................... 137 8 General discussion 139 8.1 Summary of the results and modelling approach ......... 139 8.2 Limitations and future directions .................. 142 8.3 Conclusion .............................. 144 References 147 Index 161 Name index ................................. 161 ii 1 Introduction Prosody has been characterised as a “half-tamed savage” (Bolinger 1978: 475) be- ing shaped by both categorical and continuous aspects. According to this view, the categorical, “tamed” side of prosody represents those aspects that are gram- maticalised and as such are part of a phonological, symbolic system. The con- tinuous, “untamed” side represents the “unusually generous scope that speakers have [...] in the phonetic implementation” of prosodic categories (Gussenhoven 2004: 49).1 The objective of many approaches to prosody has been to “draw a sharp di- viding line between the tamed half and the untamed half” (Gussenhoven 2004: 49). Interestingly, this aim resonates with a more general, long-standing debate in linguistics revolving around the question how phonology with its categori- cal representations and phonetics with its continuous signals are related. The prevalent view has long been that phonological knowledge, the mental represen- tations of speech sounds, is best conceptualised as symbols and discrete rules or constraints that operate on these symbols in an abstract system. The result of the discrete computations has to be translated into a continuous, phonetic sig- nal (Ladd 2006), an acoustic output produced via articulatory movements. The relation between phonology and phonetics is thus characterised by a transla- tion of categorical to continuous, involving two fundamentally different “formal languages” (Gafos & Benus 2006: 906). Fruitful proposals to solve problems aris- ing from the disparity of these representations are rooted in the framework of nonlinear dynamical systems. The framework has gained increasing attention in modelling phenomena in cognition (among others Kelso 1995; van Gelder & Port 1995; Gafos 2006; Gafos & Benus 2006; Port 2002; Spivey 2007; Thelen & Smith 1994; Tuller et al. 1994) because it can provide one formal language to capture categorical and continuous aspects of cognition at the same time. The present work aims to shed light on the relation between the categorial- ity and the continuity of prosodic prominence. Crucially, it argues that it is of- ten difficult to draw a sharp dividing line between the tamed and the untamed 1In this view, the continuous aspects of prosody can become grammaticalised in the course of language change and thus develop to be used in a categorical fashion. 1 Introduction sides of prosody. It demonstrates that what has been termed phonetic or “un- tamed” seems to form synergies with what has been described as phonological or “tamed”, and both work jointly towards the same communicative goals. In par- ticular, the present work investigates recordings of 27 native speakers of German marking focus types in an interactive task. The analysis thereby pursues integra- tion in a two-fold manner. On the one hand, the integration of categorical and continuous aspects of pitch accents is examined, revealing that the probabilistic mapping of focus types to pitch accent categories is mimicked by the continu- ous parameters of the pitch accents. For instance, a higher probability of rising accents is accompanied by larger pitch excursions of these rising accents. On the other hand, the present work integrates multiple dimensions of prosodic fo- cus marking by combining the tonal analyses with investigations of articulatory movements of the lips and the tongue, showing that speakers make use of a rich set of parameters. These results are incorporated into a dynamical approach that models the discreteness of phonological categories and the continuous nature of phonetic substance as well as the multi-dimensionality of prosodic patterns. The present work thereby emphasises the synergies of categorical and continuous aspects of prosody and questions the need to be able to separate the “tamed” and the “untamed” sides in a theoretical approach. The aim is to contribute to a larger understanding of how “a symbiosis of the symbolic and subsymbolic paradigms” (Smolensky 1988: 19) can be developed. On the one hand, this symbiosis is desir- able in order to bridge gaps between the disciplines of phonetics and phonology. On
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