November 2020 - Neurocalendar

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November 2020 - Neurocalendar Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Eliot Stellar, one of Jokichi Takamine The Interpretation of In 1994, Ronald Neurologist Kurt Nobel Prize winner the founders in the isolated adrenaline Dreams by Sigmund Reagan announced Goldstein, developer Eric Kandel was field of behavioral (epinephrine) in 1901. Freud was published he had Alzheimer's of tests to assess born in 1929 and neuroscience, was in 1899. disease. brain injury, was Nobel Prize winner born in 1919. born in 1878. Konrad Lorenz was born in 1903. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 The first genetic test Anatomist Marie In 1935, Egas for Huntington's Francois Xavier Moniz performed disease was Bichat was born in the first modern announced in 1983. 1771. His work is the surgery on the basis of modern frontal lobes of the In 1895, Wilhelm histology. brain to treat Roentgen discovered mental disorders. X-rays 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 The US FDA Maximilian von Neurologist Joseph John Langdon Down Ethologist and Nobel In 1846, Oliver approved the Frey was born in Babinski, who studied was born in 1828; he Prize winner Karl Wendell Holmes sedative Valium, a 1852. He studied reflexes, was born in described the von Frisch was born used the word benzodiazepine, in the sense of 1857. syndrome that bears in 1886. "anesthesia" for the 1964. touch. his name. first time, in a letter to surgeon William Morton. 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 In 1950, the National Charles Darwin's The In 1895, Alfred Nobel winner Institute for Origin of the Species Nobel wrote his will Charles Sherrington Neurological by Means of Natural to fund prizes to was born in 1857. Diseases and Selection was those who had "the His work forms the Blindness was published in 1859. greatest benefit on basis of modern established. mankind." neuroscience. 29 30 Jean-Martin Charcot, In 1885, Pierre a pioneer of modern Janet reported his National Alzheimer’s Disease Awareness Month / neurology, was born first studies on National Epilepsy Awareness Month in 1825. hypnosis. .

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Insight from the Sociology of Science
CHAPTER 7 INSIGHT FROM THE SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE Science is What Scientists Do It has been argued a number of times in previous chapters that empirical adequacy is insufficient, in itself, to establish the validity of a theory: consistency with the observable ‘facts’ does not mean that a theory is true,1 only that it might be true, along with other theories that may also correspond with the observational data. Moreover, empirical inadequacy (theories unable to account for all the ‘facts’ in their domain) is frequently ignored by individual scientists in their fight to establish a new theory or retain an existing one. It has also been argued that because experi- ments are conceived and conducted within a particular theoretical, procedural and instrumental framework, they cannot furnish the theory-free data needed to make empirically-based judgements about the superiority of one theory over another. What counts as relevant evidence is, in part, determined by the theoretical framework the evidence is intended to test. It follows that the rationality of science is rather different from the account we usually provide for students in school. Experiment and observation are not as decisive as we claim. Additional factors that may play a part in theory acceptance include the following: intuition, aesthetic considerations, similarity and consistency among theories, intellectual fashion, social and economic influences, status of the proposer(s), personal motives and opportunism. Although the evidence may be inconclusive, scientists’ intuitive feelings about the plausibility or aptness of particular ideas will make it appear convincing. The history of science includes many accounts of scientists ‘sticking to their guns’ concerning a well-loved theory in the teeth of evidence to the contrary, and some- times in the absence of any evidence at all.
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The Joys and Burdens of Our Heroes 12/05/2021
More Fun Than Fun: The Joys and Burdens of Our Heroes 12/05/2021 An iconic photo of Konrad Lorenz with his favourite geese. Photo: Willamette Biology, CC BY-SA 2.0 This article is part of the ‘More Fun Than Fun‘ column by Prof Raghavendra Gadagkar. He will explore interesting research papers or books and, while placing them in context, make them accessible to a wide readership. RAGHAVENDRA GADAGKAR Among the books I read as a teenager, two completely changed my life. One was The Double Helix by Nobel laureate James D. Watson. This book was inspiring at many levels and instantly got me addicted to molecular biology. The other was King Solomon’s Ring by Konrad Lorenz, soon to be a Nobel laureate. The study of animal behaviour so charmingly and unforgettably described by Lorenz kindled in me an eternal love for the subject. The circumstances in which I read these two books are etched in my mind and may have partly contributed to my enthusiasm for them and their subjects. The Double Helix was first published in London in 1968 when I was a pre-university student (equivalent to 11th grade) at St Joseph’s college in Bangalore and was planning to apply for the prestigious National Science Talent Search Scholarship. By then, I had heard of the discovery of the double-helical structure of DNA and its profound implications. I was also tickled that this momentous discovery was made in 1953, the year of my birth. I saw the announcement of Watson’s book on the notice board in the British Council Library, one of my frequent haunts.
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Introduction and Historical Perspective
Chapter 1 Introduction and Historical Perspective “ Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. ” modified by the developmental history of the organism, Theodosius Dobzhansky its physiology – from cellular to systems levels – and by the social and physical environment. Finally, behaviors are shaped through evolutionary forces of natural selection OVERVIEW that optimize survival and reproduction ( Figure 1.1 ). Truly, the study of behavior provides us with a window through Behavioral genetics aims to understand the genetic which we can view much of biology. mechanisms that enable the nervous system to direct Understanding behaviors requires a multidisciplinary appropriate interactions between organisms and their perspective, with regulation of gene expression at its core. social and physical environments. Early scientific The emerging field of behavioral genetics is still taking explorations of animal behavior defined the fields shape and its boundaries are still being defined. Behavioral of experimental psychology and classical ethology. genetics has evolved through the merger of experimental Behavioral genetics has emerged as an interdisciplin- psychology and classical ethology with evolutionary biol- ary science at the interface of experimental psychology, ogy and genetics, and also incorporates aspects of neuro- classical ethology, genetics, and neuroscience. This science ( Figure 1.2 ). To gain a perspective on the current chapter provides a brief overview of the emergence of definition of this field, it is helpful
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Biography (Modified, After Festetics 1983)
Konrad Lorenz’s Biography (modified, after Festetics 1983) 1903: Konrad Zacharias Lorenz (KL) was born in Altenberg /Austria on Nov. 7 as the last of three children of Emma Lorenz and Dr. Adolf Lorenz, professor for orthopedics at the Medical branch of the University of Vienna. In the same year the representative and spacious Altenberg family home was finished. 1907: KL starts keeping animals, such as spotted newts in aquaria, raises some ducklings and is not pleased by his first experiences with a dachshound. Niko Tinbergen, his lifelong colleague and friend, is born on April 15 in Den Haag, The Netherlands. 1909: KL enters elementary school and engages in systematic studies in crustaceans. 1910: Oskar Heinroth, biologist and founder of "Vergleichende Verhaltensforschung" (comparative ethology) from Berlin and fatherlike scientific mentor of the young KL publishes his classical paper on the ethology of ducks. 1915: KL enters highschool (Schottengymnasium Wien), keeps and breeds songbirds. 1918: Wallace Craig publishes the comparative ethology of Columbidae (pigeons), a classics of late US biologist Charles O. Whitman, who was like O. Heinroth, a founding father of comparative ethology. 1921: KL excels in his final exams. Together with friend Bernhard Hellmann, he observes and experiments with aggression in a cichlid (Herichthys cyanoguttatum). This was the base for KL's psychohydraulic model of motivation. 1922: Father Adolf sends KL to New York to take 2 semesters of medicine courses at the ColumbiaUniversity, but mainly to interrupt the relationship of KL with longterm girlfriend Gretl Gebhart, his later wife. This paternal attempt to influence the mate choice of KL failed.
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2862 001 OCR DBL ZIP 0.Pdf
, , .- GREAT SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTS Twenty Experiments that Changed our View of the World ROM HARRE Oxford New York OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1983 Whi'te Oalt OXford Um'wrsity Press, Waftoff Street, OXfordOX'2 6DP LondonGlasgov) New Yorn Toronto Delhi &mbay Calcutta Madras Knrachi Kuala'LumpurSingapore HangKnng·Tokyo Nairobi Dar es Salaam Cape Town Mel~urne Auckland and associates in Beirut Berlin [hac/an Mexico City Nicosia © Phaidon Press limited 1981 First published by Phaidon Press Limited /981 First issued as an Oxford University Press Paperback 1983 All n'ghts reserved. No port of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by atiy means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without ., the prior permission oj Oxford University Press This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall n(Jt,~by way oftrade or otherwise, be Jent, re-sold, hired out or otheruxse circulated without the pilblisher's prior consent in any fonn of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and ulithout a similar condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Ham, Rom Great scientific experiments.-{Oxford paperbacks) 1. Science-experiments-History 1. Title SfJ1'.24 Q125 ISBN 0-19-286036-4 library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data , Harrl, Rmnimo. Great scientific experimetus. (Oxford paperbacks) " Biblwgraphy: p. Includes index. 1. Scieni:e-MethodlJ~(Ue studies. 2.-Science-Expen"men/$-PhI1osopf!y. 3. Science-Histo1y--Sources. 4. Scientists_Biograpf!y. I. Title. QI75.H32541983 507'.2 82';'19035 ISBN 0-19-286036-4 (pbk.) Printed in Great Britain by R.
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Synapses, Sea Slugs, and Psychiatry
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;70:1–3 1 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.70.1.1 on 1 January 2001. Downloaded from EDITORIAL Synapses, sea slugs, and psychiatry This year’s Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine, announced literature than medicine. However, his Austrian contempo- on 9 October 2000, has gone to Arvid Carlsson, Paul Green- rary, Wagner von Jauregg, became the first psychiatrist lau- gard, and Eric Kandel. The citation states that the prize is reate in 1927 for his observations on the beneficial eVects shared for pioneering discoveries in slow synaptic transmis- of induced fever (for example, malaria) on the symptoms of sion, which are “crucial for an understanding of how the nor- neurosyphillis—not, it has to be said, a treatment that has mal functioning of the brain and how disturbances in this sig- stood the test of time. But European psychiatry at the fin de nal can give rise to neurological and psychiatric diseases” siecle was resolutely biological. Egaz Moniz, the Portu- (www.nobel.se/announcement/2000/medicine.html). Carls- guese neurosurgeon who developed psychosurgery, shared son proved the importance of dopamine as a neurotransmitter the prize in 1949, although the invention of arterial angio- and subsequently its role in Parkinson’s disease and graphy was perhaps a more enduring legacy. Neuroscien- schizophrenia. The strongest pillar of the dopamine theory of tists have been so rewarded on many occasions—but as in schizophrenia is the linear relation between potency of anti- this year, the contributions tended to be at the “basic” psychotic drugs and their dopamine antagonist potential.
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Balcomk41251.Pdf (558.9Kb)
Copyright by Karen Suzanne Balcom 2005 The Dissertation Committee for Karen Suzanne Balcom Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine Committee: E. Glynn Harmon, Supervisor Julie Hallmark Billie Grace Herring James D. Legler Brooke E. Sheldon Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine by Karen Suzanne Balcom, B.A., M.L.S. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August, 2005 Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my first teachers: my father, George Sheldon Balcom, who passed away before this task was begun, and to my mother, Marian Dyer Balcom, who passed away before it was completed. I also dedicate it to my dissertation committee members: Drs. Billie Grace Herring, Brooke Sheldon, Julie Hallmark and to my supervisor, Dr. Glynn Harmon. They were all teachers, mentors, and friends who lifted me up when I was down. Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my committee: Julie Hallmark, Billie Grace Herring, Jim Legler, M.D., Brooke E. Sheldon, and Glynn Harmon for their encouragement, patience and support during the nine years that this investigation was a work in progress. I could not have had a better committee. They are my enduring friends and I hope I prove worthy of the faith they have always showed in me. I am grateful to Dr.
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Konrad Lorenz, NL Nobel Laureate in Physiology Or Medicine-1973
Glossary on Kalinga Prize Laureates UNESCO – Kalinga Prize Winner – 1974 Konrad Lorenz, NL Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine-1973 Great Zoologist and Ethologist [Birth : 7th November 1903 in Vienna, Austria Death : 27th February 1989, Vienna] Truth in Science can be defined as the working hypothesis best suited to open the way to the next better one. …Konrad Lonenz It is a good morning exercise for a research scientist to discard a Pet hypothesis every day before breakfast. It keeps him young. …Konrad Lonenz 1 Glossary on Kalinga Prize Laureates Konrad Lorenz Biography Ethology – Imprinting Konrad Lorenz (Konard Zacharisa Lorenz) was born on November 7, 1903 in Vienna, Austria. As a little boy, he loved animals and had a collection that include fish, dogs, monkeys, insects, ducks, and geese. His interest in animal behaviour was intense.When he was 10 years old, Lorenz became aware of the existence of the Theory of Evolution through reading a book by Wilhelm Bölsche in which he was fascinated by a picture of an Archaeopteryx. Evolution gave him insight-his father had explained that the word “insect” was derived from the notches, the “incisions” between the segments-if reptiles could become birds, annelid worms could develop into insects. As he grew towards adulthood he wanted to become a paleontologist, however he reluctantly followed his father’s wishes, and studied medicine at the University of Vienna and at Columbia University. He later regarded this compliance to have been in his own best interests as one of his teachers of anatomy, Ferdinand Hochstetter, proved to be a brilliant comparative anatomist and embryologist and a dedicated teacher of the comparative method.
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The Dancing Bees: Karl Von Frisch, the Honeybee Dance Language
The Dancing Bees: Karl von Frisch, the Honeybee Dance Language, and the Sciences of Communication By Tania Munz, Research Fellow MPIWG, [email protected] In January of 1946, while much of Europe lay buried under the rubble of World War Two, the bee researcher Karl von Frisch penned a breathless letter from his country home in lower Austria. He reported to a fellow animal behaviorist his “sensational findings about the language of the bees.”1 Over the previous summer, he had discovered that the bees communicate to their hive mates the distance and direction of food sources by means of the “dances” they run upon returning from foraging flights. The straight part of the figure-eight-shaped waggle dance makes the same angle with the vertical axis of the hive as the bee’s flight line from the hive made with the sun during her outgoing flight. Moreover, he found that the frequency of individual turns correlated closely with the distance of the food; the closer the supply, the more rapidly the bee dances. Von Frisch’s assessment in the letter to his colleague would prove correct – news of the discovery was received as a sensation and quickly spread throughout Europe and abroad. In 1973, von Frisch was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with the fellow animal behaviorists Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen. The Prize bestowed public recognition that non-human animals possess a symbolic means of communication. Dancing Bees is a dual intellectual biography – about the life and work of the experimental physiologist Karl von Frisch on the one hand and the honeybees as cultural, experimental, and especially communicating animals on the other.
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Niko Tinbergen R
Niko Tinbergen R. W. Burkhardt, Jr., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA ã 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Life and Scientific Career was to live in the Arctic among the Inuit and witness the stark, natural beauties of the area. Nikolaas (Niko) Tinbergen, the third of five children of After 15 months in Greenland, the Tinbergens two Dutch schoolteachers, was born in The Hague on returned in the fall of 1933 to Holland. Tinbergen took 15 April 1907. Remarkably, two of the family’s four up again an assistantship in the Leiden Department of sons were eventually awarded Nobel Prizes. Niko’s elder Zoology (a position to which he had been originally brother Jan received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1969; appointed in 1931). In this capacity, he developed a pro- Niko received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine gram of research and teaching involving field and labora- in 1973. When reporters asked Niko how it was that his tory studies of animal behavior. He established in the family had produced two Nobel Prize winners, he attrib- spring of 1935 a special, 6 week, laboratory ‘practical’ for uted this not to innate abilities but rather to the support- third-year undergraduates. In this course, he and his ive conditions in which he and his siblings were raised. students researched the reproductive behavior of fish, The Tinbergen parents allowed their children to follow most notably the three-spined stickleback. In summers, their own interests. For Niko, this meant outdoor activ- he took students to a field camp in the Dutch dunes to ities – sports, nature rambles, camping out, and eventually study the behavior of insects and birds.
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Francis Crick and the Missing Biblical Rib
Edward G. BELAGA Institut de Recherche Mathématique Avancée C. N. R. S., Université Louis Pasteur 7, rue René Descartes F-67084 Strasbourg Cedex FRANCE Téléphone : 33 (0)3 90 24 02 35. Fax : (33) (03) 90 24 03 28 http://www-irma.u-strasbg.fr/~belaga ; e-mail: [email protected] _______________________________________________________________________________________________ July 2007 Francis Crick and the missing Biblical rib Ever since the creation of the world, the invisible existence of God and His everlasting power have been clearly seen by the mind’s understanding of created things. Epistle of Saint Paul the Apostle to the Romans 1:20 Abstract. The main purpose of the present paper is — proceeding from a real-life showcase particularly rich in scientific and epistemological implications — to discern, expose, interpret, and thus, to contribute to both the rehabilitation and the renewal of a mysterious but indubitable unity of both «objective» and «subjective» factors of the scientific knowledge acquisition, — the unity so manifestly present at the very heart of the scientific pursuit of Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton, or, for that matter, of Albert Einstein, but resolutely passed over if not openly scorned by modern science. To be more precise, by the objective factor we understand the sum of all realities important for the outcome of the scientific quest, the realities related both to a particular researcher’s competence and skills and to science at large — science understood, at a given historical juncture, as (1) the sum of already acquired knowledge, experimental skills, theoretical methods, applied know-how and (2) cultural traditions of public institutions preserving, promoting, teaching and otherwise guiding, disseminating, developing, and applying these skills, methods and knowledge.
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Nobel Laureates in Physiology Or Medicine
All Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine 1901 Emil A. von Behring Germany ”for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths” 1902 Sir Ronald Ross Great Britain ”for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it” 1903 Niels R. Finsen Denmark ”in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science” 1904 Ivan P. Pavlov Russia ”in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged” 1905 Robert Koch Germany ”for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis” 1906 Camillo Golgi Italy "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system" Santiago Ramon y Cajal Spain 1907 Charles L. A. Laveran France "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases" 1908 Paul Ehrlich Germany "in recognition of their work on immunity" Elie Metchniko France 1909 Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland" 1910 Albrecht Kossel Germany "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" 1911 Allvar Gullstrand Sweden "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye" 1912 Alexis Carrel France "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs" 1913 Charles R.
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