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The Status of Application, Capacities and the Enabling Environment for Agricultural Biotechnologies in the Asia-Pacific Region

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The Status of Application, Capacities and the Enabling Environment for Agricultural Biotechnologies in the Asia-Pacific Region THE STATUS OF APPLICATION, CAPACITIES AND THE ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGIES IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION Regional background study WORKING DOCUMENT The status of application, capacities and the enabling environment for agricultural biotechnologies in the Asia-Pacific region Bangkok, December 2018 © FAO 2019 ii Required citation: FAO. 2019. The status of application, capacities and the enabling environment for agricultural biotechnologies in the Asia-Pacific region. Regional background study. Bangkok. 185 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. © FAO, 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact- us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected]. iii Contents Acknowledgements viii Abbreviations and acronyms ix 1 Executive summary 1 Key findings 1 Crops 1 Livestock 2 Forestry 3 Fisheries/aquaculture 3 Way forward 4 2 Introduction 5 2.1 Food and agriculture in the Asia-Pacific region 5 2.2 Scope 6 2.3 Agricultural biotechnologies 7 2.4 Methodology 10 2.5 Classification frameworks 11 3 State of application of agricultural biotechnologies 14 3.1 Crops 14 3.1.1 Introduction 14 3.1.2 Biofertilizers and biopesticides 14 3.1.3 Tissue culture 16 3.1.4 Marker-assisted selection 17 3.1.5 Molecular breeding 17 3.1.6 Genome mapping 18 3.1.7 Genetically modified crops 18 3.1.8 Genome editing 22 3.1.9 Categorization of countries in terms of use of biotechnology applications in the crop sector 23 3.2 Livestock 24 3.2.1 Introduction 24 3.2.2 General applications 25 3.2.3 Major applications 25 3.2.4 Marker-assisted selection 26 3.2.5 Embryo transfer 26 3.2.6 Cloning 26 3.2.7 Animal health management 26 3.2.8 Categorization of countries in terms of use of biotechnology applications in the livestock sector 28 3.3 Forestry 28 iv 3.3.1 Introduction 28 3.3.2 Biofertilizers and biopesticides 29 3.3.3 Tissue culture 30 3.3.4 Marker-assisted selection 31 3.3.5 Genetic engineering 31 3.3.6 Gene editing 32 3.3.7 Categorization of countries in terms of applications 33 3.4 Fisheries/aquaculture 33 3.4.1 Introduction 33 3.4.2 Biotechnologies for breeding 34 3.4.3 Biodiversity analysis and conservation 35 3.4.4 Disease detection and diagnostics 35 3.4.5 Genomics and bioinformatics 36 3.4.6 Vaccines 36 3.4.7 Categorization of countries in terms of applications 36 3.5 Synthesis 37 3.6 Main gaps identified 38 4 State of capacities for developing and applying agricultural biotechnologies 39 4.1 Crops 39 4.1.1 Introduction 39 4.1.2 Genetically modified crops 41 4.1.3 Biofertilizers, biopesticides and tissue culture 42 4.1.4 Genome mapping and editing 43 4.1.5 Marker-assisted selection and molecular breeding 43 4.1.5 Publications, impact factor, patents and research collaboration 43 4.1.6 Human resources 45 4.1.7 Issues regarding capacity in crop biotechnology 46 4.1.8 Categorization of countries in terms of capacity 46 4.2 Livestock 49 4.2.1 Introduction 49 4.2.2 Institutional strength and infrastructure support 49 4.2.3 Categorization of countries in terms of capacity 51 4.3 Forestry 52 4.3.1 Capacity in terms of institutions and collaborations 52 4.3.2 Categorization of countries in terms of capacity 55 4.4 Fisheries/aquaculture 55 4.4.1 Institutions and collaborations 55 4.4.2 Categorization of countries in terms of capacity 58 4.5 Synthesis 59 v 4.6 Main gaps identified 59 5 State of the enabling environment for developing and applying agricultural biotechnologies 61 5.1. Crops 61 5.1.1 GM crops 61 5.1.2 Biofertilizers, biopesticides and tissue culture 62 5.1.3 Marker-assisted breeding and molecular breeding 62 5.1.4 Genome editing and genome mapping 63 5.1.5 Biosafety regulation in crop biotechnology 63 5.1.6 Intellectual property rights and incentives for innovation 64 5.1.7 Policy and strategy in developing the enabling environment 67 5.1.8 Collaborations and capacity building 68 5.1.9. Categorization of countries in terms of enabling environment 68 5.2 Livestock 69 5.2.1 Policies and initiatives in cooperation 69 5.2.2 Categorization of countries in terms of enabling environment 71 5.3 Forestry 72 5.3.1 Policies, collaborations and initiatives 72 5.3.2 Categorization of countries in terms of enabling environment 74 5.4 Fisheries/aquaculture 75 5.4.1 Policies and collaborations 75 5.4.2 Categorization of countries in terms of enabling environment 78 5.5 Synthesis 79 5.6 Main gaps identified 79 6 Conclusions 80 Key points from the survey 80 Crops 80 Livestock 81 Forestry 81 Fisheries/aquaculture 81 References 82 Introduction 82 Crops 83 Livestock 87 Forestry 89 Fisheries/aquaculture 94 Annexure 97 Table 1.1. FAO indicators for the Asia-Pacific region, 2014 97 vi Table 3.1. Biofertilizer use in the crop sector in the Asia-Pacific region 100 Table 3.2. Use of biopesticides in the crop sector in the Asia-Pacific region 103 Table 3.3. Use of marker-assisted selection in the crop sector in the Asia-Pacific region106 Table 3.7. Status of GM crop commercialization and testing research in the Asia-Pacific region 109 Table 3.8. Use of genome editing in the crop sector in the Asia-Pacific region 112 Table 3.10. Application of animal biotechnology in livestock production in the Asia- Pacific region (illustrative examples) 114 Table 3.12. State of agricultural biotechnologies application in the forestry sector in the Asia-Pacific region 125 Table 3.16. Biotechnology application in the fisheries/aquaculture sector in the Asia- Pacific region 133 Table 4.6. Livestock biotechnology capacities in the Asia-Pacific region (illustrative examples) 141 Table 4.9. Forest R&D academic/research institutions 146 Table 4.12. Institutes and educational institutes engaged in agricultural biotechnology in the fisheries/aquaculture sector in the Asia-Pacific region (illustrative examples) 150 Table 5.4. Illustrative examples of policies, legislation and international collaboration relating to livestock biotechnology in the Asia-Pacific region 155 Table 5.6. Policies and international collaborations related to forestry 162 Table 5.8. Enabling environment in various countries of the region in fisheries/aquaculture 170 vii Acknowledgements The Status of application, capacities and the enabling environment for agricultural biotechnologies in the Asia-Pacific Region. A report submitted to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) by the Research and Information System for Developing Countries (RIS). RIS is a New Delhi based policy research institute. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the FAO concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
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