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Ecosystems and Agro-Biodiversity Across Small and Large-Scale Maize Production Systems, Feeder Study to the “TEEB for Agriculture and Food”
Ecosystems and agro-biodiversity across small and large-scale maize production systems, feeder study to the “TEEB for Agriculture and Food” i Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge TEEB and the Global Alliance for the Future of Food on supporting this project. We would also like to acknowledge the technical expertise provided by CONABIO´s network of experts outside and inside the institution and the knowledge gained through many years of hard and very robust scientific work of the Mexican research community (and beyond) tightly linked to maize genetic diversity resources. Finally we would specially like to thank the small-scale maize men and women farmers who through time and space have given us the opportunity of benefiting from the biological, genetic and cultural resources they care for. Certification All activities by Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, acting in administrative matters through Nacional Financiera Fideicomiso Fondo para la Biodiversidad (“CONABIO/FFB”) were and are consistent under the Internal Revenue Code Sections 501 (c)(3) and 509(a)(1), (2) or (3). If any lobbying was conducted by CONABIO/FFB (whether or not discussed in this report), CONABIO/FFB complied with the applicable limits of Internal Revenue Code Sections 501(c)(3) and/or 501(h) and 4911. CONABIO/FFB warrants that it is in full compliance with its Grant Agreement with the New venture Fund, dated May 15, 2015, and that, if the grant was subject to any restrictions, all such restrictions were observed. How to cite: CONABIO. 2017. Ecosystems and agro-biodiversity across small and large-scale maize production systems, feeder study to the “TEEB for Agriculture and Food”. -
Biology and Histopathology of Ustilago Filiformis (= U. Longissima), a Causal Agent of Leaf Stripe Smut of Glyceria Multiflora
JOURNAL OF PLANT PROTECTION RESEARCH Vol. 55, No. 4 (2015) DOI: 10.1515/jppr-2015-0059 Biology and histopathology of Ustilago filiformis (=U. longissima), a causal agent of leaf stripe smut of Glyceria multiflora Analía Perelló1*, Marta Mónica Astiz Gasso2, Marcelo Lovisolo3 1 Technologist Institute Santa Catalina (IFSC), 1836 Llavallol, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, National University of La Plata, Street 60 and 119, Buenos Aires, Argentina 2 Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, National University of La Plata, Street 60 and 119, Buenos Aires, Argentina 3 Chair of Botany, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, National University of Lomas de Zamora, 1832 Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires, Argentina Received: March 16, 2015 Accepted: November 12, 2015 Abstract: The aims of this study were to clarify the reproductive biology of the Ustilago filiformis Schrank, as causal agent of the stripe smut of Glyceria multiflora, determine the infection process of the pathogen and analyze the histological changes associated host- Glyceria any fungus attack. Moreover, the life cycle of the fungus was elucidated for the first time. Both teliospores and basidiospores were found to be equally efficient in producing the infection in Glyceria plants after the plants had been inoculated. These results constitute an important contribution for the understanding of the epidemiology of the disease. Key words: basidiospores, infection cycle, stripe smut, teliospores Introduction dia, the USSR (Siberia); Europe – Austria, Bulgaria, Czech, Smut fungi are Basidiomycota fungi belonging to the Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Po- order Ustilaginales. They received this name due to the land, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United very conspicuous symptoms of black teliospore masses Kingdom, the former Yugoslavia; and North and South resembling smut, which they often produce on the host America. -
Common Corn Smut Tianna Jordan*, UW-Madison Plant Pathology
D0031 Provided to you by: Common Corn Smut Tianna Jordan*, UW-Madison Plant Pathology What is common corn smut? Common corn smut is a fungal disease that affects field, pop, and sweet corn, as well as the corn relative teosinte (Zea mexicana). Common corn smut is generally not economically significant except in sweet corn where relatively low levels of disease make the crop aesthetically unappealing for fresh market sale and difficult to process for freezing or canning. Interestingly, the early stages of common corn smut are eaten as a delicacy in Mexico where the disease is referred to as huitlacoche (see UW Plant Disease Facts D0065, Huitlacoche). What does common corn smut look like? Common corn smut leads to tumor-like swellings (i.e., galls) on corn ears, kernels, tassels, husks, leaves, stalks, buds and, less frequently, on aerial roots. Some galls (particularly those on leaves) are small and hard. More typically, however, galls are fleshy and smooth, silvery-white to green, and can be four to five inches in diameter. As fleshy galls mature, their outer surfaces become papery and brittle, and their inner tissues become powdery and black. Galls eventually rupture, releasing the powder (i.e., the spores of the causal fungus). Where does common corn smut come from? Common corn smut is caused by the fungus Ustilago maydis, which can survive for several years as spores in soil and corn residue. Spores are spread by wind or through water splashing up onto young plants. Spores can also be spread through the Common corn smut leads to tumor-like galls manure of animals that have eaten infected corn. -
The Comparative Study of Bt Corn and Conventional Corn Regarding the Ostrinia Nubilalis Attack and the Fusarium Spp
Romanian Biotechnological Letters Vol. 23, No. 4, 2018 Copyright © 2018 University of Bucharest Printed in Romania. All rights reserved ORIGINAL PAPER The comparative study of Bt corn and conventional corn regarding the Ostrinia nubilalis attack and the Fusarium spp. infestation in the central part of Oltenia DOI: 10.26327/RBL2018.138 Received for publication, April, 27, 2016 Accepted, June, 30, 2017 VIORICA URECHEAN 1, DORINA BONEA2* 1Agricultural Research and Development Station Simnic- Craiova, Dolj, Romania 2 University of Craiova, Faculty of Agronomy, Dolj, Romania *Address for correspondence to: [email protected] Abstract Ostrinia nubilalis or the European corn borer is a dangerous corn pest, especially in warmer Romanian regions, including Oltenia. To compare the attack produced by O. nubilalis on the transgenic Bt corn (MON 810) vs. the conventional corn (Deliciul verii), there were performed studies on unirrigated soil, in conditions of natural infestation. The experiments were made at ARDS Şimnic (in the central part of Oltenia) in 2012 and 2013. It was proven that there is a functional direct relation between the O. nubilalis attack and Fusarium spp, in that an intensive Ostrinia attack favors the installation of Fusarium-type pathogens. Our results have shown that the use of transgenic hybrid Bt-MON 810, which contains the gene CrylAb, reduced the O. nubilalis attack by 99.55% in 2012 and by 100.0% in 2013, and the infestation with Fusarium spp. by 95.54% in 2012 and by 100.0% in 2013. Therefore, Bt-MON 810 corn can reduce the damages caused to corn harvest by Ostrinia and implicitly by Fusarium, both quantitatively and qualitatively. -
Zea Mays Subsp
Unclassified ENV/JM/MONO(2003)11 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 23-Jul-2003 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ English - Or. English ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE JOINT MEETING OF THE CHEMICALS COMMITTEE AND Unclassified ENV/JM/MONO(2003)11 THE WORKING PARTY ON CHEMICALS, PESTICIDES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Cancels & replaces the same document of 02 July 2003 Series on Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology, No. 27 CONSENSUS DOCUMENT ON THE BIOLOGY OF ZEA MAYS SUBSP. MAYS (MAIZE) English - Or. English JT00147699 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format ENV/JM/MONO(2003)11 Also published in the Series on Harmonisation of Regulatory Oversight in Biotechnology: No. 4, Industrial Products of Modern Biotechnology Intended for Release to the Environment: The Proceedings of the Fribourg Workshop (1996) No. 5, Consensus Document on General Information concerning the Biosafety of Crop Plants Made Virus Resistant through Coat Protein Gene-Mediated Protection (1996) No. 6, Consensus Document on Information Used in the Assessment of Environmental Applications Involving Pseudomonas (1997) No. 7, Consensus Document on the Biology of Brassica napus L. (Oilseed Rape) (1997) No. 8, Consensus Document on the Biology of Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum (Potato) (1997) No. 9, Consensus Document on the Biology of Triticum aestivum (Bread Wheat) (1999) No. 10, Consensus Document on General Information Concerning the Genes and Their Enzymes that Confer Tolerance to Glyphosate Herbicide (1999) No. 11, Consensus Document on General Information Concerning the Genes and Their Enzymes that Confer Tolerance to Phosphinothricin Herbicide (1999) No. -
Four Master Teachers Who Fostered American Turn-Of-The-(20<Sup>TH
MYCOTAXON ISSN (print) 0093-4666 (online) 2154-8889 Mycotaxon, Ltd. ©2021 January–March 2021—Volume 136, pp. 1–58 https://doi.org/10.5248/136.1 Four master teachers who fostered American turn-of-the-(20TH)-century mycology and plant pathology Ronald H. Petersen Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN 37919-1100 Correspondence to: [email protected] Abstract—The Morrill Act of 1862 afforded the US states the opportunity to found state colleges with agriculture as part of their mission—the so-called “land-grant colleges.” The Hatch Act of 1887 gave the same opportunity for agricultural experiment stations as functions of the land-grant colleges, and the “third Morrill Act” (the Smith-Lever Act) of 1914 added an extension dimension to the experiment stations. Overall, the end of the 19th century and the first quarter of the 20th was a time for growing appreciation for, and growth of institutional education in the natural sciences, especially botany and its specialties, mycology, and phytopathology. This paper outlines a particular genealogy of mycologists and plant pathologists representative of this era. Professor Albert Nelson Prentiss, first of Michigan State then of Cornell, Professor William Russel Dudley of Cornell and Stanford, Professor Mason Blanchard Thomas of Wabash College, and Professor Herbert Hice Whetzel of Cornell Plant Pathology were major players in the scenario. The supporting cast, the students selected, trained, and guided by these men, was legion, a few of whom are briefly traced here. Key words—“New Botany,” European influence, agrarian roots Chapter 1. Introduction When Dr. Lexemual R. -
CONTROL of SMUT in WHEAT and OTHER SMALL GRAINS by H
Bulletin No. 116 June, 1931 Montana State College, Extension Service, J. C. Taylor, Director, Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics. Montana State College and Uni~ed States Department of Agriculture, co-operating. Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress ~ay 8 and June 30, 1.914. ~ CONTROL OF SMUT IN WHEAT AND OTHER SMALL GRAINS By H. E. Morris, Extension Plant Pathologist Waldo Kidder, Extension Agronomist Smuts cost the farmers of Montana many thousands of dollars each year. In 1930, stinking smut of wheat alone caused a loss of approximately $750;000, due to decreased yields and to a lower price per bushel. This loss and also that due to the smuts {..:Fig. 1. Smutted and normal heads of wheat. The head at the left ,is a typi:cal head affected with covered or stinking smut, The next, head IS a he'althy head. The two heads on the right show two stages of the loose smut in wheat. (-Courtesy,D. S. Dept. of Agr.) . ,( 2 MONTANA EXTENSION SERVICE of oats, barley and rye may be largely prevented by adopting the methods of seed treatment described in this bulletin. What Is Smut Smut is produced by a small parasitic plant, mould-like in appearance, belonging to a group called fungi (Fig. 2). Smut lives most of its life within and at the expense of the wheat plant. The smut powder, so familiar to all, is composed of myriads of spores which correspond to seeds in the higher plants. In the process of harvesting and threshing, these spores are dis· I Fig'. -
Physiologic Specialization Within Sphacelotheca Reiliana (Kühn) Clint
South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1960 Physiologic specialization within Sphacelotheca reiliana (Kühn) Clint. on Sorghum and the Biology of its Chlamydospores in the Soil Ibrahim Aziz Al-Sohaily Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Recommended Citation Al-Sohaily, Ibrahim Aziz, "Physiologic specialization within Sphacelotheca reiliana (Kühn) Clint. on Sorghum and the Biology of its Chlamydospores in the Soil" (1960). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2704. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/2704 This Dissertation - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. '... PHYSIOLOGIC SPECIALIZATION WITHI.N SPHACELOTHECA REILIANA (KUHN) CLINT. ON SORGHUM AND THE BIOLOOY OF ITS CHLAMIDOSPORES I.N THE SOIL BY IBRAHIM AZIZ AL-SOHAILY A thesis suanitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Ibctor of Philosophy, Department of Plant Pathology, South Dakota State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts December, 1960 '....1 A S ATE COLLEGE LIB 7 , PHYSIOLOOIC SPECIALIZATION WITHIN SPHACELOTHECA REILIANA (Kum�) CLINT. ON SORGHUM AND THE BIOLOGY OF ITS CHLAl1YOOSPORES Ill THE SOIL Abstract IBRAIIDl AZIZ AL-SO'rIAILY Under the �ervision of Professor George Saneniuk Corresponding to the title, the present study was concerned with two aspects. In the first of these, two chlamydosporous sori from corn were collected from California and Washington and 18 chlamydosporous sori from sorghum were collected from California, New Mexico, Texas and India. -
ANNOTATED CHECKLIST and KEY for SMUT FUNGI in COLOMBIA* Lista Anotada Y Clave Para Los Ustilaginales De Colombia
Caldasia 24(1) 2002: 103-119 ANNOTATED CHECKLIST AND KEY FOR SMUT FUNGI IN COLOMBIA* Lista anotada y clave para los ustilaginales de Colombia M. PIEPENBRING Botanisches Institut, J. W. Goethe-Universität, 60054 Frankfurt, Germany. FAX: 0049 69 79824822. [email protected] ABSTRACT 71 species of smut fungi known for Colombia are cited in a checklist together with their host plants, collection data, and some comments. 20 species of smut fungi are reported for the first time for Colombia. The list includes the new species Aurantiosporium colombianum and the new combination Sporisorium concelatum. Ustilago garcesi is recognized as a synonym of Sporisorium panici-leucophaei. Four species of host plants were not yet known to be infected by the respective smut species. The smuts known for Colombia are presented in a key which contains distinctive characteristics of sori and spores. Key words. Aurantiosporium colombianum, Sporisorium concelatum, Sporisorium paspali-notati, Ustilaginales, Ustilago garcesi. RESUMEN 71 especies de carbón conocidas para Colombia se citan en una lista junto con sus plantas hospederas, datos de colección y algunos comentarios. Veinte especies de carbón se reportan por primera vez para Colombia. La lista incluye la especie nueva Aurantiosporium colombianum y la combinación nueva Sporisorium concelatum. Ustilago garcesi es un sinónimo de Sporisorium panici-leucophaei. Cuatro especies de plantas hospederas se citan por primera vez como hospedero de su respectivo carbón. Los carbones conocidos para Colombia se presentan en una clave que incluye las características distinctivas de los soros y de las esporas. Palabras clave. Aurantiosporium colombianum, Sporisorium concelatum, Ustilaginales, Ustilago garcesi. INTRODUCTION they develop usually dark, powdery masses After the rust fungi (Uredinales), the smut of teliospores (“spores”) in sori. -
Fungal Pathogens of Maize Gaining Free Passage Along the Silk Road
pathogens Review Fungal Pathogens of Maize Gaining Free Passage Along the Silk Road Michelle E. H. Thompson and Manish N. Raizada * Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-519-824-4120 (ext. 53396) Received: 19 August 2018; Accepted: 6 October 2018; Published: 11 October 2018 Abstract: Silks are the long threads at the tips of maize ears onto which pollen land and sperm nuclei travel long distances to fertilize egg cells, giving rise to embryos and seeds; however fungal pathogens also use this route to invade developing grain, causing damaging ear rots with dangerous mycotoxins. This review highlights the importance of silks as the direct highways by which globally important fungal pathogens enter maize kernels. First, the most important silk-entering fungal pathogens in maize are reviewed, including Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium verticillioides, and Aspergillus flavus, and their mycotoxins. Next, we compare the different modes used by each fungal pathogen to invade the silks, including susceptible time intervals and the effects of pollination. Innate silk defences and current strategies to protect silks from ear rot pathogens are reviewed, and future protective strategies and silk-based research are proposed. There is a particular gap in knowledge of how to improve silk health and defences around the time of pollination, and a need for protective silk sprays or other technologies. It is hoped that this review will stimulate innovations in breeding, inputs, and techniques to help growers protect silks, which are expected to become more vulnerable to pathogens due to climate change. -
Diversity and Use of Traditional Mexican Medicinal Fungi. a Review
International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 10(3):209–217 (2008) Diversity and Use of Traditional Mexican Medicinal Fungi. A Review Gastón Guzmán* Instituto de Ecologia, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico * Address all correspondence to Gastón Guzmán, Instituto de Ecologia, Apartado Postal 63, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico; [email protected] ABSTRACT: In this review, more than 70 species of medicinal mushrooms from Mexico, which can help treat over 40 illnesses or health problems, are discussed. Among the latter, anxiety and rejuvena- tion are considered, as well as traditional beliefs about the evil eye or hearing the voice of a specifi c person. This article is based on an extensive bibliographic review, as well as the inclusion of fi eld work done by the author during several years of study in Mexico. Schizophyllum commune, several species of Pleurotus and Ustilago maydis, as well as some lichens, are the most important medicinal fungi considered for the treatment of specifi c illnesses or health problems. Many medicinal mushrooms are also edible and are currently sold in the marketplace. Amanita muscaria is the only toxic mushroom used in traditional medicine, as well as some hallucinogenic species of the genus Psilocybe. KEY WORDS: medicinal mushrooms, relationships, traditions, distribution, ethnomycology, Mexico I. INTRODUCTION Guzmán12,13 published two works on this subject. Unfortunately, with the development of Different ethnic groups in Mexico have extensive modern civilization, Indian traditions are affected knowledge about the use of many species of fungi, by the introduction of foreign medicinal products including medicinal mushrooms. However, this and by progress in modern medicine, as well as by knowledge about medicinal fungi has been insuf- the development of agricultural and cattle practices, fi ciently documented. -
Corn Smuts S
A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication Oregon State University • University of Idaho • Washington State University PNW 647 • July 2013 Corn Smuts S. K. Mohan, P. B. Hamm, G. H. Clough, and L. J. du Toit orn smuts are widely distributed throughout the world. The incidence of corn smuts in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) varies Cby location and is usually low. Nonetheless, these diseases occasionally cause significant economic losses when susceptible cultivars are grown under conditions favorable for disease development. Smut diseases of corn are, in general, more destructive to sweet corn than to field corn. The term smut is derived from the powdery, dark brown to black, soot-like mass of spores produced in galls. These galls can form on various plant parts. Three types of smut infect corn—common smut, caused by Ustilago maydis (= Ustilago zeae); head smut, caused by Sphacelotheca reiliana; and false smut, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens. False smut is not a concern in the PNW, so this publication deals University S. Krishna by State Mohan,Photo © Oregon only with common and head smuts. Figure 1. Common smut galls on an ear of sweet corn. Each gall represents a single kernel infected by the common Common smut smut fungus. Common smut is caused by the fungal pathogen U. maydis and is also known as boil smut or blister smut (Figure 1). Common smut occurs throughout PNW corn production areas, although it is less common in western Oregon and western Washington than east of the Cascade Mountains. Infection in commercial plantings may result in considerable damage and yield loss in some older sweet corn cultivars, but yield loss in some of the newer, less susceptible cultivars is rarely significant.