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Gardner's Art Through the Ages Gardner’s Art Through the Ages, 13e Chapter 10 The Roman Empire Tuesday, October 9, 12 The Roman Empire A single government ruled First time in history Millions of people of different races, religions, languages, and cultures: Britons and Gauls, Greeks and Egyptians, Africans and Syrians, Jews and Christians. Roman monuments of art and architecture are the most numerous of all the remains of ancient civilization. In Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, Roman temples and basilicas serve as modern churches. The concrete vaults of ancient Roman buildings form the cores of modern houses, stores, restaurants, factories, and museums. The center of the Roman Empire was the city on the Tiber River that, according to legend, Romulus and his twin brother Remus founded on April 21, 753 BCE. Rome then consisted only of small huts clustered together on hill overlooking marshland. In the Archaic period, Rome was essentially an Etruscan city, both politically and culturally. Roman amphitheaters Held bullfights, sporting events, operas, and now, rock concerts. Concepts of law and government, languages, and the calendar are still alive in Rome today. Art was used primarily for propaganda, to make the leaders appear better off than they actually were Tuesday, October 9, 12 An Outline of Roman History MONARCHY ( 753– 509 BCE) Latin and Etruscan kings ruled Rome from the city’s founding by Romulus and Remus until the revolt against Tarquinius Superbus ( exact dates of rule unreliable). REPUBLIC ( 509– 27 BCE) The Roman Republic lasted from the expulsion of Tarquinius Super-bus until the bestowing of the title of Augustus on Octavian, the grand- nephew of Julius Caesar and victor over Mark Antony in the civil war that ended the Republic. Some major figures were Marcellus, b. 268(?), d. 208 BCE, consul Marius, b. 157, d. 86 BCE, consul Sulla, b. 138, d. 79 BCE, consul and dictator Pompey, b. 106, d. 48 BCE, consul Julius Caesar, b. 100, d. 44 BCE, consul and dictator Mark Antony, b. 83, d. 30 BCE, consul MONARCHY (753– 509 BCE) Latin and Etruscan kings ruled Rome from the city’s founding by Romulus and Remus until the revolt against Tarquinius Superbus (exact dates of rule unreliable). Tuesday, October 9, 12 An Outline of Roman History MONARCHY ( 753– 509 BCE) Latin and Etruscan kings ruled Rome from the city’s founding by Romulus and Remus until the revolt against Tarquinius Superbus ( exact dates of rule unreliable). REPUBLIC ( 509– 27 BCE) The Roman Republic lasted from the expulsion of Tarquinius Super-bus until the bestowing of the title of Augustus on Octavian, the grand- nephew of Julius Caesar and victor over Mark Antony in the civil war that ended the Republic. Some major figures were Marcellus, b. 268(?), d. 208 BCE, consul Marius, b. 157, d. 86 BCE, consul Sulla, b. 138, d. 79 BCE, consul and dictator Pompey, b. 106, d. 48 BCE, consul Julius Caesar, b. 100, d. 44 BCE, consul and dictator Mark Antony, b. 83, d. 30 BCE, consul MONARCHY (753– 509 BCE) Latin and Etruscan kings ruled Rome from the city’s founding by Romulus and Remus until the revolt against Tarquinius Superbus (exact dates of rule unreliable). REPUBLIC (509– 27 BCE) The Roman Republic lasted from the expulsion of Tarquinius Super-bus until the bestowing of the title of Augustus on Octavian, the grand-nephew of Julius Caesar and victor over Mark Antony in the civil war that ended the Republic. Some major figures were Pompey, b. 106, d. 48 BCE, consul Julius Caesar, b. 100, d. 44 BCE, consul and dictator Mark Antony, b. 83, d. 30 BCE, consul Tuesday, October 9, 12 An Outline of Roman History MONARCHY ( 753– 509 BCE) Latin and Etruscan kings ruled Rome from the city’s founding by Romulus and Remus until the revolt against Tarquinius Superbus ( exact dates of rule unreliable). REPUBLIC ( 509– 27 BCE) The Roman Republic lasted from the expulsion of Tarquinius Super-bus until the bestowing of the title of Augustus on Octavian, the grand- nephew of Julius Caesar and victor over Mark Antony in the civil war that ended the Republic. Some major figures were Marcellus, b. 268(?), d. 208 BCE, consul Marius, b. 157, d. 86 BCE, consul Sulla, b. 138, d. 79 BCE, consul and dictator Pompey, b. 106, d. 48 BCE, consul Julius Caesar, b. 100, d. 44 BCE, consul and dictator Mark Antony, b. 83, d. 30 BCE, consul Tuesday, October 9, 12 EARLY EMPIRE ( 27 BCE– 96 CE) The Early Empire began with the rule of Augustus and his Julio- Claudian successors and continued until the end of the Flavian dy-nasty. Selected emperors and their dates of rule ( with names of the most influential empresses in parentheses) were Augustus ( Livia), r. 27 BCE– 14 CE Tiberius, r. 14– 37 Caligula, r. 37– 41 Claudius ( Agrippina the Younger), r. 41– 54 Nero, r. 54– 68 Vespasian, r. 69– 79 Titus, r. 79– 81 Domitian, r. 81– 96 HIGH EMPIRE ( 96– 192 CE) The High Empire began with the rule of Nerva and the Spanish emperors, Trajan and Hadrian, and ended with the last emperor of the Antonine dynasty. The emperors ( and empresses) of this period were Nerva, r. 96– 98 Trajan ( Plotina), r. 98– 117 Hadrian ( Sabina), r. 117– 138 Antoninus Pius ( Faustina the Elder), r. 138– 161 Marcus Aurelius ( Faustina the Younger), r. 161– 180 Lucius Verus, coemperor with Marcus Aurelius, r. 161– 169 Commodus, r. 180– 192 LATE EMPIRE ( 193– 337 CE) The Late Empire began with the Severan dynasty and included the so- called soldier emperors of the third century, the tetrarchs, and Constantine, the first Christian emperor. Selected emperors ( and em- presses) were Septimius Severus ( Julia Domna), r. 193– 211 Caracalla ( Plautilla), r. 211– 217 Severus Alexander, r. 222– 235 Trajan Decius, r. 249– 251 Trebonianus Gallus, r. 251– 253 Diocletian, r. 284– 305 Constantine I, r. 306– 337 EARLY EMPIRE (27 BCE– 96 CE) The Early Empire began with the rule of Augustus and his Julio- Claudian successors and continued until the end of the Flavian dy-nasty. Selected emperors and their dates of rule ( with names of the most influential empresses in parentheses) were Augustus (Livia), r. 27 BCE– 14 CE Tiberius, r. 14– 37 Caligula, r. 37– 41 Nero, r. 54– 68 Vespasian, r. 69– 79 Titus, r. 79– 81 Domitian, r. 81– 96 Tuesday, October 9, 12 EARLY EMPIRE ( 27 BCE– 96 CE) The Early Empire began with the rule of Augustus and his Julio- Claudian successors and continued until the end of the Flavian dy-nasty. Selected emperors and their dates of rule ( with names of the most influential empresses in parentheses) were Augustus ( Livia), r. 27 BCE– 14 CE Tiberius, r. 14– 37 Caligula, r. 37– 41 Claudius ( Agrippina the Younger), r. 41– 54 Nero, r. 54– 68 Vespasian, r. 69– 79 Titus, r. 79– 81 Domitian, r. 81– 96 HIGH EMPIRE ( 96– 192 CE) The High Empire began with the rule of Nerva and the Spanish emperors, Trajan and Hadrian, and ended with the last emperor of the Antonine dynasty. The emperors ( and empresses) of this period were Nerva, r. 96– 98 Trajan ( Plotina), r. 98– 117 Hadrian ( Sabina), r. 117– 138 Antoninus Pius ( Faustina the Elder), r. 138– 161 Marcus Aurelius ( Faustina the Younger), r. 161– 180 Lucius Verus, coemperor with Marcus Aurelius, r. 161– 169 Commodus, r. 180– 192 LATE EMPIRE ( 193– 337 CE) The Late Empire began with the Severan dynasty and included the so- called soldier emperors of the third century, the tetrarchs, and Constantine, the first Christian emperor. Selected emperors ( and em- presses) were Septimius Severus ( Julia Domna), r. 193– 211 Caracalla ( Plautilla), r. 211– 217 Severus Alexander, r. 222– 235 Trajan Decius, r. 249– 251 Trebonianus Gallus, r. 251– 253 Diocletian, r. 284– 305 Constantine I, r. 306– 337 EARLY EMPIRE (27 BCE– 96 CE) The Early Empire began with the rule of Augustus and his Julio- Claudian successors and continued until the end of the Flavian dy-nasty. Selected emperors and their dates of rule ( with names of the most influential empresses in parentheses) were Augustus (Livia), r. 27 BCE– 14 CE Tiberius, r. 14– 37 Caligula, r. 37– 41 Nero, r. 54– 68 Vespasian, r. 69– 79 Titus, r. 79– 81 Domitian, r. 81– 96 HIGH EMPIRE ( 96– 192 CE) The High Empire began with the rule of Nerva and the Spanish emperors, Trajan and Hadrian, and ended with the last emperor of the Antonine dynasty. Tuesday, October 9, 12 EARLY EMPIRE ( 27 BCE– 96 CE) The Early Empire began with the rule of Augustus and his Julio- Claudian successors and continued until the end of the Flavian dy-nasty. Selected emperors and their dates of rule ( with names of the most influential empresses in parentheses) were Augustus ( Livia), r. 27 BCE– 14 CE Tiberius, r. 14– 37 Caligula, r. 37– 41 Claudius ( Agrippina the Younger), r. 41– 54 Nero, r. 54– 68 Vespasian, r. 69– 79 Titus, r. 79– 81 Domitian, r. 81– 96 HIGH EMPIRE ( 96– 192 CE) The High Empire began with the rule of Nerva and the Spanish emperors, Trajan and Hadrian, and ended with the last emperor of the Antonine dynasty. The emperors ( and empresses) of this period were Nerva, r. 96– 98 Trajan ( Plotina), r. 98– 117 Hadrian ( Sabina), r. 117– 138 Antoninus Pius ( Faustina the Elder), r. 138– 161 Marcus Aurelius ( Faustina the Younger), r. 161– 180 Lucius Verus, coemperor with Marcus Aurelius, r. 161– 169 Commodus, r. 180– 192 LATE EMPIRE ( 193– 337 CE) The Late Empire began with the Severan dynasty and included the so- called soldier emperors of the third century, the tetrarchs, and Constantine, the first Christian emperor.
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