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Romanit〠a Roma Bryn Mawr College Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College History of Art Faculty Research and Scholarship History of Art 2012 Romanità a Roma: Le Basiliche del XII Secolo Fra Tradizioni e Innovazioni Dale Kinney Bryn Mawr College, [email protected] Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy . Follow this and additional works at: http://repository.brynmawr.edu/hart_pubs Part of the Ancient, Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Art and Architecture Commons Custom Citation Kinney, Dale. "Romanità a Roma: Le Basiliche del XII Secolo Fra Tradizioni e Innovazioni." In La Cattedrale Cosmatesca di Civita Castellana: Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi (Civita Castellana, 18-19 settembre 2010). ed. Luca Creti. Roma: L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2012. 53-76. This paper is posted at Scholarship, Research, and Creative Work at Bryn Mawr College. http://repository.brynmawr.edu/hart_pubs/64 For more information, please contact [email protected]. LA CATTEDRALE COSMATESCA DI CIVITA CASTELLANA ATTI DEL CONVEGNO INTERNAZIONALE DI STUDI (Civita Castellana, 18-19 settembre 2010) a cura di Luca Creti «L’ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER LA CATTEDRALE COSMATESCA DI CIVITA CASTELLANA Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi (Civita Castellana, 18-19 settembre 2010) a cura di LUCA CRETI Copyright 2012 © «L’ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER Via Cassiodoro, 11 – 00193 Roma http://www.lerma.it Progetto grafico: «L’ERMA» di BRETSCHNEIDER Tutti i diritti riservati. È vietata la riproduzione di testi e illustrazioni senza il permesso scritto dell’Editore ISBN 978-88-8265-761-1 Con l’Alto Patrocinio del Presidente della Repubblica della Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri della Segreteria di Stato della Santa Sede e della Conferenza Episcopale Italiana REGIONE LAZIO PROVINCIA DI VITERBO MINISTERO PER I BENI E LE ATTIVITÀ CULTURALI SOPRINTENDENZA PER I BENI ARCHITETTONICI SOPRINTENDENZA PER I BENI ARTISTICI ED ETNOANTROPOLOGICI UNIVERSITà “LA SAPIENZA” ROMA UNIVERSITÀ DELLA TUSCIA VITERBO UNIVERSITÀ DI SIENA UNIVERSITà “G. D’ANNUNZIO” PESCARA UNIVERSITÀ DI URBINO ISTITUTO STORICO ITALIANO PER IL MEDIOEVO DIOCESI DI CIVITA CASTELLANA ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SCIENZE RELIGIOSE “A. TROCCHI” Comitato organizzatore del Convegno Paolo Portoghesi Presidente Luca Creti Coordinatore scientifico Paola Amicucci Claudio Canonici Luigi Cimarra Giancarlo Palazzi Ettore Racioppa Segreteria Simona Municchi Francesca Zampaletta In copertina: Civita Castellana, dettaglio del portico della cattedrale (elaborazione grafica di Ettore Racioppa) SOMMARIO Prefazioni Marcello Meroi . » 13 Mariella Zezza . » 15 Presentazione Gianluca Angelelli. » 18 Prolusione S.E. Mons. Romano Rossi. » 21 Introduzione Francesco Paolo Fiore . » 27 La cattedrale di Civita Castellana: il punto sugli studi Luca Creti . » 29 LA CATTEDRALE COSMATESCA DI CIVITA CASTELLANA Civita Castellana nel Patrimonium del primo Duecento Massimo Miglio. » 41 Testimonianze di eterodossia nel Patrimonio di San Pietro in Tuscia durante il secolo XIII Tommaso di Carpegna Falconieri. » 47 Romanità a Roma: le basiliche del XII secolo fra tradizioni e innovazioni Dale Kinney. » 53 La lastra con scene di caccia della cattedrale di Civita Castellana Francesco Gandolfo . » 77 Construere ad lapides de filo Renzo Chiovelli . » 89 La cripta della cattedrale di Civita Castellana: architettura e vicende costruttive Donatella Fiorani . » 105 Il cantiere e il reimpiego nella cattedrale di Civita Castellana Daniela Esposito / Patrizio Pensabene . » 121 I marmi antichi nel riuso cosmatesco Dario Del Bufalo . » 167 Collaborazione e rivalità fra botteghe nella scultura figurativa cosmatesca: il caso di Civita Castellana Enrico Bassan . » 185 I disiecta membra degli arredi liturgici “cosmateschi” del duomo di Civita Castellana Giorgia Pollio . » 191 Drudo de Trivio e Luca di Cosma. Gli artisti, le opere e il loro intervento a Civita Castellana Manuela Gianandrea . » 217 Perché non tante facciate come quella di Civita Castellana? Identità e rivalità – periferia e centro Peter Cornelius Claussen . » 233 I riflessi del portico della cattedrale di Civita Castellana nell’architettura italiana del Rinascimento Paolo Portoghesi . » 243 Il futuro del pavimento cosmatesco Angela Dressen . » 253 Il Settecento religioso a Roma e nel territorio Claudio Canonici . » 267 Riscritture barocche. La cattedrale di Civita Castellana nel Settecento Claudio Varagnoli . » 275 Il riammodernamento della cattedrale, “spelonca rovinosa”: la figura dell’architetto e le fasi del cantiere tardobarocco Luca Creti . » 289 Tra amministrazione pontificia e nuovo Stato unitario: vicenda, protagonisti e aspetti significativi del restauro del portico del duomo di Civita Castellana Maurizio Caperna . » 315 Protezione e trasmissione dei valori materiali e spirituali custoditi nella chiesa cattedrale di Civita Castellana Giuseppe Simonetta . » 333 APPARATI Bibliografia. » 343 Indice dei nomi a cura di Simona Municchi . » 377 Indice dei luoghi a cura di Francesca Zampaletta . » 391 ROMANITÀ A ROMA: LE BASILICHE DEL XII SECOLO FRA TRADIZIONI E INNOVAZIONI Dale Kinney Il magnifico portico della cattedrale di Civita Castellana, firmato da “Mastro Jacobus civis romanus” e da suo figlio Cosma (Fig. 1), è un ibrido di due tradizioni: l’antico arco trionfale e il porticato ionico caratteristico delle chiese medievali romane (Fig. 2)1. “Più romano che a Roma” (römischer als in Rom), il portico di Civita Castellana è tipico delle periferie artistiche, secondo P. C. Claussen, dove i committenti amavano esibire la loro capacità di comandare le arti e gli artigiani del centro e gli artisti trovavano la libertà di esercitare la propria capacità creativa2. Nella stessa Roma non c’è niente di così grandioso come il portico di Civita Castellana. Sebbene il portico di San Lorenzo fuori le mura (Fig. 3), eretto alcuni anni più tardi da un diverso gruppo di marmorarii, mostri dettagli più raffinati, compresi fusti di colonna scanalati a spirale e un’articolazione classi- camente corretta dei capitelli e della trabeazione ionica, dal punto di vista architettonico si differenzia poco dal tipo come era stato concepito un secolo prima a San Lorenzo in Lucina3. A Civita Castellana l’arco trionfale aveva un significato propagandistico che non valeva a Roma, ma non è questa la sola ragione della resistenza dei romani a questa drammatica innovazione4. Nel XII secolo un’architettura ecclesiastica esplicitamente ‘romana’ si formava tramite un gioco delicato fra invenzione e conformismo, in cui nulla sembrava radicalmente nuovo eppure quasi tutto era diverso da quanto avveniva prima. Per dirla con Claussen, a Roma “il nuovo è sempre il vecchio o per lo meno pensa di esserlo”5. Il porticato con trabeazione ionica è un buon esempio di questo fenomeno. Era un’invenzione in un senso tipicamente limitato. In principio lo si potrebbe ricondurre al quarto braccio del quadriportico dell’atrio di una basilica paleocristiana. A Roma porticati del genere si vedevano a San Pietro, San Paolo fuori le mura e su basi- liche titolari come San Clemente6. Non tutte le chiese avevano atri, però, e quindi non tutte avevano un portico. Una maniera diversa di proteggere l’ingresso principale può essere stata adottata nella cattedrale Lateranense, dove gli archeologi hanno trovato indizi di un vestibolo rettangolare chiuso che sporgeva dalla facciata7. Gli atri rifiorirono nell’epoca carolingia ma sono pressoché sconosciuti nel XII secolo8. Gli unici esempi sicuri si tro- vano ai Santi Quattro Coronati, dove l’atrio carolingio sopravvisse alla ricostruzione, e a San Clemente, datata da Barclay Lloyd agli anni 11209. Gli atri erano caratterizzati da arcate. Quando papa Sergio II (844-847) fece rimpiazzare la struttura all’en- trata della cattedrale perché ostruiva la vista delle sue porte, volle un porticato con archi supportati da colonne e pilastri10. L’innovazione del XII secolo non era dunque il porticato a colonne in se stesso, ma la sua forma più 1 CLAUSSEN 1987, pp. 82-91. 2 CLAUSSEN 1987, pp. 88-89. 3 PENSABENE, POMPONI 1991-1992, pp. 325-330. 4 CLAUSSEN 1987, p. 88. 5 CLAUSSEN 2000, p. 218. 6 PICARD 1989. 7 KRAUTHEIMER, CORBETT, FRAZER 1977, p. 82 fig. 80, p. 85; CLAUSSEN 2008, p. 42. Cfr. HOFFMANN 1978, pp. 31-33 (a favore di un atrio nel nono secolo e forse prima); DE BLAAUW 1994, I, p. 113. BRANDENBURG 2004, p. 261 delinea la facciata senza alcun riparo per gli ingressi, il che sembra poco probabile. 8 CAPERNA 1999, pp. 34-36, 44; BARELLI 2009, pp. 15-17. 9 BARCLAY LLOYD 1989, pp. 34-36, 122, 129-130. 10 DUCHESNE 1892, p. 91: sacra pridem quae latebant populis limina ... omnibus manifesta constituit ... ibidem arcos a fundamentis construxit; HOFFMANN 1978, p. 26 fig. 32. 54 Dale Kinney Fig. 1 – Civita Castellana, duomo, il portico cosmatesco (foto dell’A.). classicista, con colonne ioniche a sostegno di una trabeazione. Il portico con trabeazione ionica apparve nei primi decenni del secolo (San Lorenzo in Lucina, intorno al 1112 secondo Mondini; forse Santa Cecilia, 1099- 1118 secondo Claussen) e fu spesso ripreso (San Crisogono, anni 1120; Santa Maria in Trastevere, anni 1140[?]; Santa Croce, anni 1140; Santa Maria Maggiore, 1145-1153; Santi Giovanni e Paolo, anni 1180[?]) fino all’epoca di San Lorenzo fuori le mura (1216-1227) e oltre11. Un’esempio colossale fu aggiunto anche alla Cattedrale Lateranense verso la fine del secolo, in sostituzione del porticato di papa Sergio II12. Il porticato ionico ecclesiastico era una forma nuova che poteva apparire moderna e al tempo stesso fami- liare13. Richiamava
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