480 BC SUMMARY Roman art was about Exam question: POWER, PLEASURE & PRACTICALITY In 480 BC, the Greeks fought a major battle with the Persians. We consider this date to ARCHitecture be the beginning of the ______era. ART: media: mosaic, fresco a. Hellenistic b. Archaic SCULPTURE: Realism c. Good Times d. Classical MUSIC: not much to say e. Imperial

(don’t bother to copy down wrong answers!)

map ANCIENT ROME

The Spirit of better map Empire p. 72

Romulus & Remus Etruscan

Apollo from Veii 500 b.c Life size Baked clay (terracotta)

Archaic Greek influence (smile, stance)

p. 71 But first some connections and 3 Roman Periods comparisons . . . Ancient Greek Hellenistic Age ends in • Roman Republic 509 - 27 BC 145 BC – why? • Early empire 27 BC - 180 AD PAX ROMANA ends with the reign of Marcus Aurelius • Late empire 180 - 395 AD ROMAN

about 900 years CONQUEST

Other cultures 3 timelines Ancient Egypt 3150 – 702 BC ROME – about 2500 years 900 years China Roman Republic Early & Late Imperial Rome Shang Dynasty starts 1523 BC; more-or-less

continuous Chinese culture since then, Classical Greek Hellenistic about 3500 years Archaic Greek Qin Dynasty consolidates China, 221-206 BC, about 16 years HAN DYNASTY - CHINA Chin Zhou Qin 3 Kingdoms Han Dynasty 206 BC – 220 CE classical phase of Chinese civilization, 0 about 400 years

Classical – some definitions Roman contributions

1. [culturally inclusive] Definitive (defining) and enduring • Literature 2. [narrow sense] art & architecture of Greek & Roman antiquity • Continuation of Greek models in art & philosophy 3. [another general sense] ‘art which aspires to emotional and physical • Architecture equilibrium, rationally rather than intuitively constructed’ Post & Lintel Post & Lintel drawbacks LINTEL construction P P O O LINTEL GREEK S S P P T T O O S S PARTHENON thick thick T T narrow

Something new under the sun . . . Roman ARCHitecture

Pont du Gard (in France)

Arches – strength through compression

Inventions reached their limit a long time ago, and I see no hope for further development. Julius Frontius, 1st century AD Archways for Aquaducts Pantheon

p. 82-83

Pantheon

Pantheon plan

Interior views

Engineering marvel Concrete! Missing pedimental Pantheon commentssculpture (would have been later used Interior more like Parthenon) as church spectacular than exterior

Tuscan order of columns (with Corinthian capitals)

Coliseum • Brings together the violence and the achievements of Roman society • Home of gladiatorial contests…man vs.man, man vs. animal, animal vs. animal • Seating designed for comfort with an expandable covering over the top • Plumbing which could wash away the blood or create an ‘inland sea’ on which to have mock sea battles

POWER (POLITICS) & PLEASURE

plan Taxi! Art as propaganda

Hail, Caesar Augustus! a.k.a. Octavian Ruled 27 BC – 14 AD PAX ROMANA MEMORIZE DATE: 0

Hailing Caesar p. 74

Ara Pacis Augustae

2:1 length:height p. 75 Altar of Augustan Peace Column of Trajan

A family affair p. 76

SCALE! art as propaganda p. 77

Portrait Sculpture Livia Augustus’ Wife Livia Roman Realism Life as it is – fidelity to nature Statue of an old market woman, 1st century A.D.; Roman

On the way to a rite of Dionysus? Probably intentionally damaged by Early Christians Middle Aged Young Flavian woman Flavian woman

Emperor Caracalla

Philippus the Arab, ruled 244-249

2-D work Mosaics

• Mosaics • From Greek Hellenistic period • Wall painting - fresco MEDIA • Tessare - colored glass • Ceramic pieces • Narrow color range • Technology and artistry improves to create what look like paintings Trompe l’oiel Unswept Floor Roman copy of Hellenistic original. p. 86 “fool the eye” Roman Painting

• Fresco (buon affresco, true frecso, compared to fresco secco, dry fresco) • Pigment mixed with limewater and added to wet plaster • Wax added to surface after paint had dried to give a sheen to surface.

Villa of the Mysteries at Pompeii 65-50 b.c. Pompeii

Buried by volcanic eruption of Vesuvius 79 AD Prosperous community of 25,000

p. 87

depicts initiation Rites of the Cult of Bacchus NOT actually religious—just decorative Summer house of wine merchant, richest in town Content not currently fully explained

Characteristic p. 87 from the Villa of Mysteries Pompeii p. 87 red background From Pompeii, c. 62- 79 CE. Sacral-idyllic (sacred and ideal) landscapes depict allegorical scenes in Nature.

"Gardenscape" Villa of Livia, Primaporta (Rome), c. 30 - 20 B.C.E.

Still Life from Herculaneum 50 a.d. SUMMARY small town Roman art was about near Pompeii POWER, PLEASURE & PRACTICALITY

Still life – a genre ARCHitecture of painting featuring ART (2-D) – media: mosaic, fresco inanimate objects (usually (?) SCULPTURE: Realism associated with material well- MUSIC: not much to say being)

Taxi! KEY IMAGE KEY IMAGE WHAT (SUBJECT): WHAT: PANTHEON CAESAR AUGUSTUS CULTURE: WHERE: ROMAN ROME IDEA: IDEA: ART AS PROPAGANDA INNOVATIONS -- ARCH, concrete WHEN: around 0 p. 74 KEY IMAGE KEY IMAGE CULTURE: WHERE: HELLENISTIC/ROMAN from Pompeii IDEA: CULTURE: REALISM, PLEASURE ROMAN MEDIUM: IDEA: MOSAIC PLEASURE TECHNIQUE: MEDIUM: FRESCO TROMPE L’OIEL

p. 86 p. 87

Up to Dates? UP NEXT

480 BCE - ROME FALLS 410 BEGINNING OF GREEK CLASSICAL CONSTANTINE AND EARLY ERA/GOLDEN AGE CHRISTIANITY Chapter 5 0 - CAESAR AUGUSTUS IN POWER – END OF REPUBLIC, START OF http://www.mapsofwar.com/images/EMPIRE17.swf EMPIRE – PAX ROMANA