Michael Langlois Mosesversus Enoch?On the Receptionof the MosaicTorah in the Book of Enoch

Onemay be surprised to find a contrib ution dealing with the Book of Enoch in a wlwne on "the Reception of the Torah in Deuterocanonical Literature. " Is Enoch alsoamong the deuterocanonicals? As a matter of fact, the Book of Enoch is part or both the shorter and longer lists of 81 biblical books recognized by the Church or Ethiopia. As such, it is naturally included in modem, printed Ethiopic bibles. It thus qualifies as "canonical" or, more specifically, "deuterocanonical" - even though such terms are foreign to the vocabulary of the Church of Ethiopia . What, then, can be said about the reception of the Torah in the Book of Enoch? The following essay will assess various theories , ranging from frontal op · position to wholehearted acceptance, and explore a solution that takes into ac­ count the redaction history of both the Book of Enoch and the Mosaic Torah.

Mosesversus Enoch

The Bookof Enoch may be perceived as strongly opposing the Mosaic Torah. An· dreas Bedenbender, for instance, talks about a rivalry between two "sides, 'Moses'and 'Enoch'."' Each side gathers around a centra l character , to the exten t that one may speak of a "Mosaic Judai sm" versus an "Enochic Judaism." These twocompeting trends within ancient Judaism did not converge before the second century BCE,when there may have been a "beginning rapprochement between Enochicand Mosaic Judaism. "2 Accordingto this view, such diametrical opposition was , in fact, due to po­ litical tensions between competing priestly families: Mosaic Judaism was the productof the Zadokite dynasty, whereas Enochic Judaism was, in Gabriele Boc­ caccini's words, "a nonconformist, anti-Zadokite, priestly moveme nt of dis-

1 ~ Bedenbender,1"he Place or the Torah in the EarlyEnoch Literature,"In The Early ~h Literature,ed. Gabriele Boccaccinl and John J. Collins, JSJSup 121 (Leiden : Brill, 2007), . -~ .77.See also AndreasBedenbender, "Traces of Enochic Judaismwithin the Hebrew ::.• m The 01igins"! Enochic Judaism : Proceedingsof the First EnochSeminar, Universityof wan,Sesto Fi orentino,Italy, June 1 9-23, 2001, ed. GabrieleBoccaccinl and RandalA. Argall, ~och 24 (Torino: l.amorani, 2002), 39-48, 44. Bedenbender,"Place of the Torah,.. 78.

https:J/dol.or1/t0.1515/9783t t069t80 1·012 tn - Mlchatl langtols Mosesversus Enoch? - 173 sent "' Boe · · · . . c~~ IS ramous for popularizing the concept of Enochic Judaism and fifth booklets." MilliDead Sea scrolls, but he replaced ti f . · · masanq 800 m_ous onn oOuda1sm goes to Paolo Sacchi and George Nickelsburg."' lndono- the k or Giants and thus concluded that in "the first century B.C. 800 12 N,ckelsburg views Enochic wisdom as an "alternative" to the Mosaic Torah~• with thexis ed in ali probability the Pentateuch o f En oc h •" the Book or Enoch, It 1s not Moses who is the agent or divine rev . m there e t with two champions on the ring, Moses versus Enoch, each En h S ch · e 1auon, but oc • u a preeminence cannot be accidental: the authors or the Bo k -~~-with his own Pentateuch, his own followers, fighting against each other.. ~ · Enoch are "ac quainted with the Pentateuch," ' yet on oc=Ion the edo or one . this view, the reception of the Mosaic Torah in the Book of Enoch ,s a "tr f r actor ans ers the role of mediator, recipient of revelation, and lawgiver fr co~& tone In fact rather than spealcing of a "reception," one could talk of a 7 negauve o . , . . fall ·ts Moses to Enoch. " John Collins likewise states that "in the early Enoch literat om . · " of the Mosaic Torah in the Book of Enoch . Yet, m spite o 1 per- •re1ecuon . . . Enoch, not Moses , is the mediator of revelation. ( ...) This Is not to say that';;:• suasive arguments , this theory IS not without its Daws. Torah _was unknown or unheeded in Enochlc circles; the entire Animal Apoca~ lypse 1s a paraphrase of biblical history. •• The choice of Enoch as a central figure, able to champion the authority of Mosesw ith Enoch Moses and to serve as a superior mediator , is due to his unique position: unlike other antediluvian patriarchs , who simply "lived" and "died," Enoch "walked A dualistic view or Judaism, in which Moses and Enoch would be two diametri· with God" and suddenly disappeared (Gen 5:21-24).9 He is thus the perfect can­ callyopposed figures , is probably too simplistic. As pointed out by James Van­ didate to receive and mediate divine revelation. And, according to Collins, "the derKam, "the separation into different types or Judaism, the highlighting of op­ revelation to Enoch is anterior to that of Moses and in no way subordinated to positions, is too rigid if it does not allow space for the many examples of cross­ it. " 10 The competition between Moses and Enoch might even be reflected in fertilization a nested in the sources ."" Loren Stuckenbruck likewise disagrees the structure of their respective corpuses: both the Mosaic Torah and the Book with Boccaccini's dualistic view of Enochic versus Mosaic Judaism. Not that he of Enoch are literally pentateuchs, that is, composed of five books. This five­ does not see any form of polemic in the Book of Enoch against other Jewish book structure is attested by one of the oldest Ethiopic manuscripts or the groups, but he questions the identity of these opponents. They do seem to Book of Enoch in which marginal numerals indicate the beginning of the second, have "competing written traditions," but "is this a matter of one adhering to Eno­ chic tradition in contrast to others {the opponenlS) who perhaps adhere to Mo· saic tradition, as Boccaccini would have us believe? Hardly so."" 3 Gabriele Boccacdnl, "Introduction:From the EnochLiterature to EnochlcJudaism," in Enoch If Enoch and Moses are not against each other, then, what is the nature of and Qumran Origins:New Light on a ForgottenConnection, ed. GabrieleBoccaccinl (Grand Rap · Do Ids, Ml: Eerdmans, 2005), 1- 16, 6. their relationship? ls there really no latent rivalry between them? they simply 4 Boccaccini, ..From the Enoch Literatureto EnochlcJudaism," 4 . Ignore each other perhaps? Not at all, according to Paul Heger , who appeals to s GeorgeW.E . Nickelsburg," EnochicWisdom: An Alternativeto the MosaicTorah? ," in Hesed Ve-Emet:Studies in Honor of Ernest S. Frerichs,ed. JodiMagness and SeymourGitln, BJS310 (At· lanta, Scholars Press, 1998), 123-32. 11 f.t. I "r' In 1 En. 37:1,t "3" In 1 En. 72:1,0 "4" In 1 En. 83:1,and~ "S" In 1 En. 92:1:d. Ephraim 6 Georgew.E. Nickelsbwg, "Enochlcwtsdom and Its Relationshipto the MosaicTorah," In The Isaac,"The OldestEthloplc Manuscript (K-9) of the Book of Enoch and Recent Studies of the Ara · Early Enoch Literature, ed..Gabriele Boccacclniand JohnJ. Collins, 1st ed., JSJSup121 (Leiden: maleFragments or QumranCave 4, .. In Worldngwith No Data: Stmiric and Egyptian Studies Pre­ Brill, 2007), 81-94. Sfflttd to Thomas0. Lambdin,ed. David M. Golomband SusanT . Hollis (Winona Lake, IN: E· 7 Nickelsburg,"Enochic Wisdomand Its Relationshipto the Mosaic Torah,'" 89. h senbrauns, 1987), 195-207, 202. s John J. Collins, "'Enochic Judaism' and the Sect of the Dead Sea Scrolls,"In The Early Elloc 12 l6zefTadeusz Mlllk, TIit Booksof Enoch.Animate f'ragmmts of Qumnln Cave 4 (Oxford: □ar• werature, ed. Gabriele Boccacciniand John J. Collins, JSJSup121 (Lei den: Brill, 2007),283-300, endonPress, 19 76), 4. 13 J~es C. VanderKam,·Mapping SecondTemple Judaism,• In The Early Enoch Uterature, ed. 2!17. h" etphl· 9 See e.g. Michael Langlois,Le premier manu.scritdu Lfvred'Htnoch: t tude ep,grap· ,que ~bnele Boccacdnl and John J. Collins.JSJSup 121 (Leldtn: Brill. 2007). 1- 20, 20. 1 lologique des fragmentsarameens de 4Q20J d Qumrdn,Lectio Divina (Paris: _Ce~, 2008), !~ LorenT . Stuckenbruck, "Pentateuchand Biblical Interpretation,• In The QumranLegal Texts 10 JohnJ. Collins, "Howdistinctive was EnochJcJudaism ?,"Meghillot - Studies in the Dea bttwttnthe Hebrew Bible and Its Interpretation, ed. KristinDe Troyerand Armin Lange,CBET 61 (leuven, Peeters, 2011),43- 58, 52. Scrolls 5- 6 (2008): 17-34, 31. 174 - Mlcha•I Langlols Mosesversus Enoch? - 17S

rabbinical authorities and a,gues that "the later rabbis would not ha al Daws too. It is based on arguments ex silentio combined with later tradl · that Enoch entered Paradise alive, together with Elijah and oth ve assetted . . er prominent sever that may or may not reflect the historicai realities behind the compos ition sonalmes. lf they had understood the text of I Enoch as opposing th M per. - 1 · that dif •» H th e osalc tra or the Enochic and the Mosaic corpuses. Before jumping to the cone ~s1on ion . eger agrees at there aren't many references to the Torah ln the Boo· the reception of the Torah in the Book of Enoch is perfect, complete, without any of Enoch, but does It mean that Moses or his Torah are re"Jected • k , O r even 1gnorec11 1ssueor reservation, let us have a closer look at tbe textual evidence. Ab solutely not . On the contrary, knowledge and acceptance of the Mo • T · sa1c orah are presupposed by the Book of Enoch. In line with Richard Bauckham H states that "the Torah is assumed as a basic standard and that the ' eger re was,there­ Mosesin Enoch(and vice versa) '.ore, no need to mention it.••• The alleged opposition between Moses and Enoch IS thus nowhere to be found. It is solely based on argumenlS ex silentioand To prepare for this essay, I read (once more) the whole Book of Enoch, paying Heger, appealing once again to the authority of the rabb is, reminds us tha attention to elements which might be compared to the Mosaic Torah, whether ref• they "do not accept ex silentio evidence. "17 t erences, allusions, agreements or disagreemeots. I found over a hundred passag• A similar line of argumentation could be drawn from the Ethiopic tradition, es _ not counting repetitions such as the numerous mentions of fallen angels where both the Mosaic Torah and the Book of Enoch were included in the Bible which are all reminiscent of Gen 6:1-4 . Moses is not meotioned by name, without raising issues of oppositions or contradictions. Enoch and Moses wallc since be is not a contemporary of Enoch, but be does appear In Enoch's visions hand In hand among the patriarchs and heroes of the faith. They complement or the future, where we expect him to be. In particular, the Animal Apocalypse, each other, and no one is trying to replace the other. The fact that Enoch is pre­ which depicts salvation history using animals to represent various characters sented as a priest is not considered a threat against Moses or Aaron. Indeed, a from creation to eschaton, tells (I En. 89:16ff) the story of Moses' birth, flight, prayer of the preparatory service for the liturgy of the Ethiopian Church reads: vocation, leadership , the exodus, the crossing of the Red Sea, the theophany "I pray and I beseech thee , 0 Lord my God, as Thou wast well pleased with on Mount Sinai ... It even tells (v. 36) of Moses' transfonnation Into a divine the offering of Abel thy beloved, and the sacrifices of Enoch, Noah, and Abra­ being! Such divlnization Is consistent with the corresponding passage In Exod ham, and the Incense of Aaron ..."" Here Enoch - together with other patriarchs 34:29,where the skin of Moses' face is said to have horns; this, of course,is rem­ - is entitled to perfonn sacrifices without casting any shadow on Moses or inlsceot of Mesopotamian iconography where divine beings are easily recognized Aaron, who is mentioned right after them. thanks to their horns .19 Moses then builds the tabernacle, keeps leading the peo­ On the basis of both Jewish rabbinical and Christian Elhiopic traditions, one ple and, according to a textual witness , eventually leaves without dying: be is could thus argue in favor of a plenary reception of the Torah in the Book of just nowhere to be found (v. 38). 20 In other words, Moses escapes death just Enoch. This view, however, is probably as simplistic as its opponent, and has

19 Stt, t.g., ThomasRamer, La comesdt Mofse. Fairetntrtr la Bfblt dans l'hisloirt, ~ns In• ~ Heger, ..Enoch: Com plementaryor Alternativeto MosaicTorah? ," In Challengesto COn· augwales206 (Parts:Coll~ de France, 2009 ). In light or such a clear parallel between t En. ventionalOpinions on Qumranand EnochI ssues, ed. Paul Heger, STDJ100 (Leiden: Brill, 2012), 89-.36 and Exod34 :29, Nlckelsburg's alternative explanation that "perhaps the author has a prob· 163-204 , 203. For a shoner versionof this chapter, see Paul Heger,'" Old EnochlansExist? An · lem withth e Image or a sheep building something" must be abandoned; see George w. E. Nk:k· swer 10 BoccacdnJ,"in The Hebrew Bible in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls,ed. N6raD Avid et al., elsburg,I Enoch1 : A Commtntary on tht Book of 1 Enoch: Chapters 1- 36; 81- 108, Hermenela FRI.ANT239 (Gottlngen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2012), 402- t2. (MIMeapolls: FortressPress , 2001), 381. In the Animal Apocalypse, men represent dMne beings 16 Heger, ..Compl ementaryor Alternative,"1 76. See RichardBauckham, .. Apocalypses ," in The such as the archangels (1 En. 87:2). In Exod 4:16 and 7:1, Moses Is sa id be a "god " (tra~~ ). 2 Complexitiesof SecondTemple Judaism, vol. J or Justificationand Variegated Nomism, ed.Donald 0 Oneor the earliestmanuscrlp ts. Tana9. reads ml'\t1n-:tr1""0t>-1 wasakabu k"'.Hlomu "and they A. Carso n, Peter T. O'Brien, and Mark A. Sellrld, WUNT 2.140 (Tilblngen: Mohr Slebeck. lOOt), all lay down" rather than the more common reading ll'.ll'\t\01mtrn-CJ1),1 wasakabawa k.. a llomu "andhe lay down. And they all. .." According to the lane,, Mosesls the only one who lies 135-87. down, possibly rererrtngto hls death and burial. But according to the formerre ading. Moses 17 Heger, "Complementaryor Alternative,"166 n. 19. h .. A 1 18 Leslie Baynes ..Enoch and Jubilees in the canon or the EthiopianOrthodox Churc ' n is not the one who lay down, and there ts therefore no mention of his death and burial. This Teacherfor All G;,,erations:Essays in Honorof James C. VanderKam,ed. Erle Fane.I Masonet variantls recordedIn Knlbb's apparatusbut not In his translatlon and commentary, see MJchael A. Knlbb, ed., Th• Ethlopic Book of Enoch: A New Ed/Non in the Light of the Arama ic D,ad Sea al., JSJSup 153 (Leiden : Brill, 2012), 2:799- 820, 813. 176 - Michael Langlois Mosesversus Enoch? - tn

like Enoch! Overall, though the Book of Enoch does not say much bo ment almost qualified as anti-Enochic . The same goes with other pos ­ has only goo d tbi ngs to say about him, perhaps even bett tha UIMases • it ative staI e Trah0 ' if h er antheM · itive testimonies that contradict the Moses-v-:rsus-Enoch theory. . . 1tse w ere Moses ends ~P dead and buried (Deut 34,5_ 6)!

thor is referring to the Book of Enoch as we know it. In both cases , ii is possible ~- g. JamesC. VanderKam,Enoch and tM Growthof an ApocalypticTradition , CBQMS16 that the authors knew of only one part of the book - the Book of Exodus rather (Washington:Catholic Bibllca1 Association of America, 1984); JamesC. VanderKam, Enoch: A than the whole Pentateuch , for instance, or the Book of Watchers rather than the Manfor All Genenltions, SIUdies on Personalldes of the Old Testament (Columb ia, University whole Book of Enoch. Or perhaps they knew only about a section of the book, of Soulh tarolina Press, 1995). namely, the Sinai narrative or the Watchers' fall, which may have circulated In· 32 See e.g. Helge S. Kvanvlg, Roots of Apocalypdc The Mesopotam ian Badqpound of the Enoch Ffgureand of the Son of Man,WMANI' 61 (Neukirchen-Vluyn: NeukirchenerVerlag, 1988): Helge dependently before they were incorpo rated into a larger corpus. Traditions found S. Kvanvig,Primeval Hist ory: Babylonian,Bibl ical, and Enochic An Intertextu.al Reading,JSJSup 149 (Leiden, Brill. 2011). 33 See e.g. Michael Langlois,"S hemihazahet compagnle(s):Onomastique des anges dkhus 27 See e.g. Heger, "Complementaryor Alternative, .. 167. dansles manuscrltsaramttns du livre d'Hbroch,"In Aramaica Qumranica: Proceedings of the 28 for instance, the KetefHinnom amulets do not provethe existenceor the Mosa.JcTorah. lbey Conferenceon the AramaicTexts from Qumranin Aix-en-Ptovence,JO June - 1 July2008, ed. Ka­ merely attest the existenceo f a prayer very similar to the one found in Num 6:24-6. Onemight tell Berthelot and Daniel S101<1Ben Ezra, STD)94 (Leiden, Brill, 2010), 145- 80. even argue that this prayerwas later adapted and Integratedby a redactor of the Bookor Num · 14 e.g. Exod 21'22- 25 I Code ofHammura bl §209 - 214.196- 200; Exod 21'28- 29 JI §250-252. bers. lam not saying that this is my opinion, especially since the dating of these amulets Iscom · ~S See e.g. Mkhael Langlois," Loin des yeux, non du creur: l'hl!ro"ismeselon Daniel," in Le pUcated by stratigraphical and paleographical issues;see e.g. Gabriel Barkayet al., "TheAmu • ,euneh hos: Recherchessur la formationet la di/fuswn d'un theme littbaire au Proche•Orient an­ lets from Ketef ffinnom: A New Edition and Evaluation," B~R 334 (~): 41- 71-eofthe so· M, ed. Jean-Marie Durand,Thomas ROmer, and Michael Langlois,OBO 250 (Frtbourg:Academ ­ k 2011), 242-58. 29 In a recent publication, I suggesthigher dates than traditionallyascribed to som hy Press, 6 called ..paleo -Hebrew" Dead sea scrolls;see Michael Langlois,"Dead Sea ScrollsPala;::~ . 3 4Q5302 U+6- 12(?)2;4Q5312212. For the editioprinceps, see £mile Puech, ..Qumrdn grotte4, and the Samaritan Pentateuch," in The Samaritan Pentateuch and the D~adSea :~::m~ntd pe­ XX/I, Texresarameens, premlhe partie (4Q529- 549), DJD XXXI (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 200!), 28-32: 74- 7. chael Langlois, CBET94 (Leuven: Peeters, 2019), 255- 85. Ye_t,even a _date m the A 37 riod says little about the existenceand starusof the Mosaic Torah m _the Iron A~- _ S..453. See e.g. the recentedition by Andrew R. George, ed., The BabylonianGilgamesh Epic: Intro­ 66 30 For paieographical and lingulstJc dadng, see Langlois, Le pre11Uermanuscn • duction,OiHcal Edition. and CUneifonnText>, 2 vols. (Oxfonl, Oxford Unlver.;Jty Press, 2003). 181 180 - Mlcha•I Llnglo ls Mosesversus Enoch? -

·c Torah preclsely because it was in the hands of the priestly re­ conclusions from the presence or absence of references to the Mosal M the Book of Enoch and vice versa. c Torah ln jected the osai tors responsible for Gen 5!.. . . . Fourth, the Mosaic Torah and the Book of Enoch are not theolo

theory does ~01_satisfactorily exp.lain the intricacies of the Pentateuch., "'Introduction: From the Enoch lite rature to Enochlc Judaism ." Pages could a sunphsnc theory of Enoch,c versus Mosaic Judaism ace ' how soccacclnl, Gabriele. 0 . . . New Light on o Forgotten Connection . Edited by 1-16 In Enoch and Qumran r,gms . n 200s plexity of the textual evidence at our disposal? ount for the com. 1 Gabriele B~~E~~:~~~ l~~aa~::.a:~:s;h:'~! ;; !;~:•oead ~ea Scrolls ." Pages 2B3-300 ~ Fourth, the Mosaic Torah and the Book of Enoch accommodate a Wid Collins, John J. Edit d by Gabr iele Boccacclnl an d John J. Colli ns. JSJSup 12 • overlappmg spectrum of tendenci es within ancient Judaism The e and The Early Enoch Literature. e · re may ind have been groups interested in liturgy and rituals alone, who would' _eed, Leiden: Brill , 2007. E hi Judaism?" Meghillo t - Stud ies in the Dead Sea Collins. John J. "How distinct ive was noc c • most of their time reading or rewriting Leviticus, with no interest w~ed•cate Scrolls S-6 (2008), 17 - 34. m revealed w,sdom . At the other extremity of the spectrum th ISoel-er . 1 R On the Origins of Judaism. London: Equinox, 2011. . . . , ere may have Davies, Ph1dlp • R ed The Babylonia n GIigamesh Epic: Introducti on, Crltlcal Edltlon , and been groups mterested m ecstasy and apocalyptic experiences alone, who Gtora:e, An rew • · would not care at all about the amount of flour and wine accompanyingV arious Cuneiform Texts. 2 vols . Oxford : Oxfo rd University Pr~ss, 2003. brew p 1 "Old Enochians Exist? Answe r to Boccacclnl. Pages 402-12 In The He sacnfices, and who would rathe r take pleasure in reliving over and over again Hege~Jb~u;~Light of the ~ad Sea Scrolls . Edited by N6ra Oi\vid, Kristin de Troyer . Arm i n the otherworldly journeys of Enoch. But judging by the contents of the Mosaic Lange and Shani Tzoref. FRLANT239 . GOttl ngen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2012 . Torah alone or the Book of Enoch alone , it seems that most people were some­ H PauL "Enoch : Complementary or Alternatfve to Mosaic Torah?" Pages 163-204 In where in between, somehow interested in both legal issues and patriarchalDar · ege~haflengts to Conventional Opinions on Qumron and Enoch Issues. Edit ed by Paul ratives, admonitions and encounters with divine beings. Heger. STDJ100 . Leiden: Brill , 2012. Isaac, Ephraim. "1 (Ethloplc Apocalypse of} Enoch.• Pages S-89 In vol. 1 of The Old The reception of the Mosaic Torah in the Book of Enoch is just as multifac• Testament Pseudeplgropha: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments. Edited by James H. eted as ancient Judaism itself. This complex relationship explains why Enoch Charlesworth . London: Darton Longman & Todd, 1983. was strongly rejected by certain Jewish and Christian authorities while, at the Isaac, Ephraim. "The Oldest Ethiopic Manusc ri pt (K-9) of the Book of Enoch and Rec_ent . same time, canonized hy others. Studies of the Aramaic Fragments of Qumran Cave 4 ." Pages 19S-207 In Working wtth No Data: Semitic and Egyptian Studies Presented to Thomas 0 . Lambd in. Edited by David M. Golomb and Susan T. Hollis . Winona Lake, IN: E.lsenbrauns, 1987. Knibb, Michael A .• ed. The Ethiopic Book of Enoch: A New Edition in the Ligh t of the Aramaic Bibliography Dead Seo Fragments. 2 vols . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1978 . Kvanvig, Helge S. Primeval History: Babylonian, Biblical, and Enochlc An lntertextua l Barkay, Gabriel, Marilyn J. Lundberg, Andr ew J. Vaughn and Bruce Zuckerman. "The Amulets Reading. JSJSup 149. Leiden: Brill , 2011. from Ketef Hlnnom : A New Edition and Evaluation." BASOR 334 (2004) : 41- 71. Kvanvlg, Helge S. Roots of Apocalyptic: The Mesopotami an Background of the Enoch Rgure Bauckham , Richard . " Apocalypses. " Pages 13S-8 7 In The Complexities of Second Temple and of the Son of Man. WMANT 61. Neuklrchen-Vluyn : Neukirchene r Verlag , 1988. Judaism. Vol. I of Justification and Variegated Nomlsm. Edited by Donald A. Carson, Langlois, Michael. "Dead Sea Scroll s Palaeography and the Samaritan Pentateuch ." Pages Peter T. O'Brien, and Mark A. Selfr ld. WUNT 2.140. TUblngen : Moh r Slebeck, 2001. 25S-BS In The Samaritan Pentateuch and the Dead Seo Scrolls. Edited by Michael Baynes , Leslie . "Enoch and Jubilees In the Canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.• Pages Langlois. CSET94. leuven : Peeters, 2019. 799-820 In vol. 2 of A Teacher for All Generations: Essays In Honor of James C. lang1ols, Michael. "lo in d es yeux, non du cC2ur: l'h eroisme selon Daniel." Pages 242 - SS in VonderKam. Edited by Eric Farrel Mason, Samue l L. Thomas, Alison SchoOeld and Lej eune hiros: Recherches sur la formation et la diffusio n d' un thlme lltti raire au Eugene Ulrich . JSJSup 153. Leiden: Brill , 2012. Proche-Orlent anclen. Edited by Jean-Ma rie Durand, Thomas ROmer, and Michael Bedenbender, Andreas . ..The Place of th e Torah In th e Early Enoch literature." Pages 65-79 Langlois. 080 250. Fribourg: Academic Press, 20 11. in The Early Enoch Uterature . Edited by Gabriele Boccacclnl and John J. Colli ns. ISJSup Langlois, Michael. " Shemih azah et compagn le(s): Onomasti que des anges dechus dans \es 121. Leiden: Brill, 2007. manuscrlts arameens du Livre d'Hinoch ." Pages 14S-80 In Aroma/ca Qumr anlca: Bedenbender, Andreas ... Traces of Enochlc Judaism within the Hebrew Bible." Pages 39- 48 Proceedings of the Conference on the Aramaic Texts from Qumra n in Abe-en-Provence 30 1 in The Origins of Enochic Judaism: Proceedings of th e First Enoch Seminar, Universityof June - 2 July 2008. Edited by Katell Berthelot and Daniel StOk\ Ben Ezra. STOJ94 . nd Michigan, Sesto Fiorentino. Italy, June 19- 23, 200 1. Edit ed by Gabriele Boccacclnl a Leiden: Brill , 2010. Randal A. Aigall. Henoch 24. Torino: Zamo ranl , 2002 . langloi ~, Michael. Le premier monuscrit du Llvre d'Hinoch : £tude iplgraph ique et ptulologlque des fragmen ts aramiens de 4Q201 d Qumrdn. lect io Div ina Paris· Cerf 2008 . . · • ;;;-;;;:.g.the classical work by John Van Seters, The Pentateuch: A Sodal-Sdence eommentlV)', 2nd ed. (London, Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015). 184 - Michael Langlois

MIUk. J6zefTadeu.s.z . The Booksof Enoch: Aramaic Fragmentsof u Clarendon Press, 1976. Q mtdn Caw 4. Oxford: R n Stokes • D ns Nlckelsburg, George W. E. l Enoch1 : A Commentaryon the Bookof 1 Enoch• Ch ya • Torahand Defenseagainst emo 8J - 108. Hermenela . Minneapolis : Fortress Press 2001 . apters 1- 36; Mosaic Nlckelsburg, George W.E. • Enochlc Wisdom: An Alte,; atlve ;o the Mosaic Torah?'"Pa in the Bookof Jubilees U3-32 In Hesed Ve-Emet: Studies In Honor o{Emest s. Frerichs.Ed ited b ges N Magness and Seymour Gltln. BJS320 . Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998. y Jodi . irits and other maleficent superhuman beings lckelsburg, Georae W.E. "Enochlc Wisdom and Its Relationshipto the MosaicTorah. P Beliefsabout demo~s, ~ :~ort~ the tum of the era. One needs only to com· 81-94 In The Early EnochLiterature . Edited by Gabriele Boccacclnl and )ohn I ~I ~Its JSJSup121. Leiden: Brill, 2007. · hns. thriV"

1 ThatIs not to say that all texts are equallyconcerned with evil superhuman figures Many textsfrom th is perioddimini sh their Importance or Ignore them altogether(e.g., 1 En: 98:4).

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