LITURGICAL PERSPECTIVES: PRAYER and POETRY in LIGHT of the DEAD SEA SCROLLS STDJ-48-Chazon.Qxd 5/27/2003 4:17 PM Page II
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STDJ-48-chazon.qxd 5/27/2003 4:17 PM Page I LITURGICAL PERSPECTIVES: PRAYER AND POETRY IN LIGHT OF THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS STDJ-48-chazon.qxd 5/27/2003 4:17 PM Page II STUDIES ON THE TEXTS OF THE DESERT OF JUDAH EDITED BY F. GARCÍA MARTÍNEZ ASSOCIATE EDITOR P.W. FLINT VOLUME XLVIII STDJ-48-chazon.qxd 5/27/2003 4:17 PM Page III LITURGICAL PERSPECTIVES: PRAYER AND POETRY IN LIGHT OF THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS proceedings of the fifth international symposium of the orion center for the study of the dead sea scrolls and associated literature, 19-23 january, 2000 EDITED BY ESTHER G. CHAZON WITH THE COLLABORATION OF RUTH CLEMENTS & AVITAL PINNICK BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2003 STDJ-48-chazon.qxd 5/27/2003 4:17 PM Page IV This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Associated Literature. International Symposium (5th : 2000) Liturgical perspectives : prayer and poetry in light of the Dead Sea scrolls ; proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium of the Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Associated Literature / edited by Esther G. Chazon with the collaboration of Ruth Clements & Avital Pinnick. p. cm. − (Studies on the texts of the desert of Judah, ISSN 0169-9962 ; v. 48) Includes index. ISBN 90-04-12162-5 (hc. : alk. paper) 1. Dead Sea scrolls—Criticism, interpretation, etc.—Congresses. 2. Judaism—Liturgy— Congresses. 3. Jewish religious poetry, Hebrew—West Bank—Qumran Site—History and criticism—Congresses. I. Chazon, Esther G. II. Clements, Ruth. III. Pinnick, Avital. IV. Title. V. Series. BM487.O75 2000 296.1'55−dc21 2003042229 ISSN 0169-9962 ISBN 90 04 12162 5 © Copyright 2003 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910 Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands ORION_F1_v-xi 5/19/03 5:37 PM Page v v CONTENTS Preface .......................................................................................... vii Abbreviations .................................................................................. x Qumran Laments and the Study of Lament Literature ........ 1 A B Poetry and Prose in 4Q371–373 Narrative and Poetic Compositiona,b,c .......................................................................... 19 M J. B Human and Angelic Prayer in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls 35 E G. C Qumran and the Roots of the Rosh Hashanah Liturgy ...... 49 T E Apotropaic Prayers in the Second Temple Period ................ 69 E E Another Fragment (3a) of 4QShirot 'Olat HaShabbatb (4Q401) 89 H E A Temple Prayer for Fast-Days ................................................ 95 D L Prayers for Peace in the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Traditional Jewish Liturgy .................................................... 113 B N The Second Temple Period, Qumran Research, and Rabbinic Liturgy: Some Contextual and Linguistic Comparisons .......................................................................... 133 S C. R ORION_F1_v-xi 5/19/03 5:37 PM Page vi vi Communal Prayer at Qumran and Among the Rabbis: Certainties and Uncertainties ................................................ 151 R S. S Some Reflections on the Function and Use of Poetical Texts Among the Dead Sea Scrolls .................................... 173 E M. S The Number of Psalms in 1QHodayota and Some of Their Sections .................................................................................... 191 H S Ma'amadot: A Second Temple Non-Temple Liturgy .............. 235 J T The Litany “Our God in Heaven” and Its Precedents in the Dead Sea Scrolls .................................................................... 263 M W Index of Modern Authors ................................................................ 271 Index of Ancient Sources ................................................................ 275 ORION_F1_v-xi 5/19/03 5:37 PM Page vii vii PREFACE This volume is based on the papers delivered at the Fifth International Symposium of the Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Associated Literature held at the Hebrew University on January 19–23, 2000. The inspiration for the symposium topic, “Liturgical Perspectives: Prayer and Poetry in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls,” was the publication of two new volumes of poetical and liturgical texts from Qumran in the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert series (DJD 11 and 29). The corpus of more than 300 prayers and psalms from Qumran, now fully accessible in DJD, is a tremendous boon particularly because, until the Scrolls’ discovery, we had pre- ciously few texts of Jewish prayers that predated the first medieval Jewish prayer books. True to the aims of the Orion Center and its symposia, the arti- cles in this volume examine the latest Scrolls publications and view the prayers from Qumran in the broader context not only of Second Temple Judaism but also of the earlier, biblical and later, rabbinic periods. A B offers a sensitive interpretation of two Qumran laments (4Q179 and 4Q501) against the background of biblical and postbiblical lament literature, paying careful attention to the artful conflation and recontextualization of biblical verses in the composi- tion of these two “poems of alienation.” M B considers the intriguing juxtaposition of poetry and prose in the recently pub- lished full edition of 4QNarrative and Poetic Compositiona,b,c; in so doing, he makes important observations about “generic identification in the Dead Sea Scrolls and related corpora.” E S explores the place of poetical works in public communal worship, breaking new ground by bringing broad considerations and factors (e.g., the use of biblical psalms outside the Temple, concurrent religious and social developments) to bear on this important issue. Other areas of religious experience and practice, related to mys- ticism and magic, are treated respectively by Esther Chazon and Esther Eshel. E C isolates three modes of joint human- angelic prayer that correspond to three types of religious experience, and addresses the question of their correlation to different social real- ities or religious outlooks. In her study of apotropaic prayers from ORION_F1_v-xi 5/19/03 5:38 PM Page viii viii the Second Temple period, E E classifies them into two groups, one of prayers composed by the Qumran Community and the other of prayers circulating more broadly; she differentiates these defensive prayers from the incantations found at Qumran, which were probably not of Qumranic origin. One of the texts discussed by Chazon, the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice, is the topic of H E’s contribution to this volume, in which he proposes the identification of yet another fragment of this influential liturgy. H S presents the fruits of over 40 years of his research on the Hodayot (Thanksgiving Hymns) in his article with appended charts, showing the number of psalms and sections of psalms in 1QHodayota. His definitive reconstruction of the 1QHa manuscript is outlined in his Appendix 1. Stegemann’s identification of the formal differences between the psalms of the Teacher and those of the Community allows him to arrive at the important conclusion that 1QHa ix 1–xvii 36 comprises “a special collection of ‘Teacher’s Psalms.’” The rest of this volume, just over half of the articles, focuses on connections between prayers from the Second Temple period and the traditional Jewish liturgy as formulated after the Temple’s destruc- tion in 70 . R S sets out to distinguish what, thanks to Qumran, can now be known with certainty about “the existence and diffusion of regular, communal prayer among Jews before and after 70 ,” over against what remains uncertain, showing also that there was “a larger common background.” B N brings together the now ample evidence from both sectarian and non-sec- tarian scrolls for prayers for peace, comparing these with the Priestly Blessing and its use in the Temple service and in the later syna- gogue liturgy. Early roots of the Rosh Hashanah liturgy and of the Yom Kippur litany, “Our God in Heaven,” are traced back to the second Temple period by T E and M W, respectively, based on parallels with the Dead Sea Scrolls (4QInstruction for Rosh Hashanah and 11QPsalmsa for Yom Kippur). D L uncovers “remnants of a Temple prayer for fast-days” in early rab- binic traditions (m. Tamid 2:4–5), noting its compatibility in form and content with other prayers from the Second Temple period. J T distinguishes between the non-Temple ma'amad liturgy and the “sacrificial” ma'amad representing all Israel at the Temple (already attested in the War Scroll), arguing that the former was the earlier institution founded when the Seleucids polluted the Temple. As such ORION_F1_v-xi 5/19/03 5:38 PM Page ix ix it was, like Qumran prayer itself, “one of the earliest, if not the ear- liest, attempts to replace the sacrificial service of the Temple with a liturgical service.” In what was the concluding paper of the sympo- sium, S R surveys the history of Jewish liturgical research from its inception through the most recent studies on Qumran prayer, focusing on the question of whether the Qumran corpus enables us to recover the “pristine version” of standard Jewish liturgical texts, as the earliest liturgists had claimed could be done, or whether it affirms the more recent skeptical view of such reconstructions. He concludes that while in the Second Temple period, some Jewish groups prayed regularly with fixed texts bearing similarities to rab- binic prayer, “there was no standard set of common compositions widely employed by Jewry.” The symposium and this volume of proceedings have been gener- ously funded by the Orion Foundation, the Sir Zelman Cowen Universities Fund, and The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The articles have undergone academic review by the editor of this vol- ume.