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Pesher and Hypomnema Pieter B. Hartog - 978-90-04-35420-3 Downloaded from Brill.com12/17/2020 07:36:03PM via free access Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah Edited by George J. Brooke Associate Editors Eibert J.C. Tigchelaar Jonathan Ben-Dov Alison Schofield VOLUME 121 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/stdj Pieter B. Hartog - 978-90-04-35420-3 Downloaded from Brill.com12/17/2020 07:36:03PM via free access Pesher and Hypomnema A Comparison of Two Commentary Traditions from the Hellenistic-Roman Period By Pieter B. Hartog LEIDEN | BOSTON Pieter B. Hartog - 978-90-04-35420-3 Downloaded from Brill.com12/17/2020 07:36:03PM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hartog, Pieter B, author. Title: Pesher and hypomnema : a comparison of two commentary traditions from the Hellenistic-Roman period / by Pieter B. Hartog. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2017] | Series: Studies on the texts of the Desert of Judah ; volume 121 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017034638 (print) | LCCN 2017035373 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004354203 (E-book) | ISBN 9789004353541 (hardback : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Dead Sea scrolls—History and criticism. | Bible. Old Testament—Criticism, interpretation, etc., Jewish | Homer. Iliad. Classification: LCC BM487 (ebook) | LCC BM487 .H32 2017 (print) | DDC 296.1/55—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017034638 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0169-9962 isbn 978-90-04-35354-1 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-35420-3 (e-book) Copyright 2017 by Pieter B. Hartog. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Pieter B. Hartog - 978-90-04-35420-3 Downloaded from Brill.com12/17/2020 07:36:03PM via free access Contents Acknowledgements ix Abbreviations x 1 Introduction 1 1 Pesher in Context 6 1.1 Jewish Parallels 6 1.2 Ancient Near Eastern Parallels 11 1.3 Greek Parallels 14 2 A Glocal Perspective 16 2.1 Channels of Knowledge Exchange 21 2.2 The Pesharim as Glocal Phenomena 26 3 Definitions 28 3.1 “Commentary” 28 3.2 “Hypomnema” 30 3.3 “Pesher” 34 4 Outline of This Book 39 2 The Hypomnemata and the Pesharim as Expressions of Intellectual Culture 41 1 Scribes and Scholars 43 2 The Hypomnemata and Intellectual Life in Hellenistic-Roman Egypt 51 3 The Pesharim and Intellectual Life in Hellenistic-Roman Palestine 55 4 Commentaries as Scholarly Literature 59 5 Conclusion 62 3 Textual Scholarship and the Physicality of the Hypomnemata 64 1 “Ammonius, son of Ammonius” 64 2 Dimensions 68 3 Corrections and Abbreviations 70 4 Signs 71 5 Sense Dividers 77 5.1 Types of Sense Dividers 77 5.2 Different Sense Dividers in One Manuscript 79 6 Conclusion 81 Pieter B. Hartog - 978-90-04-35420-3 Downloaded from Brill.com12/17/2020 07:36:03PM via free access vi CONTENTS 4 Textual Scholarship and the Physicality of the Pesharim 82 1 Dimensions 82 2 Writing Divine Names 86 3 Corrections and Additions 88 4 Signs 92 5 Sense Dividers 97 6 Conclusion 99 5 A Bifold Structure 101 1 The Rhetoric of Commentary 102 2 Structural Variety 105 3 Conclusion 107 6 Structure and Scholarship in the Hypomnemata 109 1 Lemmata: Selection and Presentation 109 2 Interpretation Sections: Contents and Structure 112 2.1 Glosses 113 2.2 Paraphrase 116 2.3 References and Quotations 116 2.4 Formulaic Terminology 128 2.5 Multiple Interpretations 130 3 The Hypomnemata as Literary Unities 131 4 Conclusion 134 7 Structure and Interpretation in the Pesharim 136 1 Lemmata: Selection and Presentation 136 1.1 Three Principles of Selection 137 1.2 Other Levels of Selection 141 2 Interpretation Sections: Contents and Structure 144 2.1 Glosses 144 2.2 Paraphrase 150 2.3 References and Quotations 151 2.4 Formulaic Terminology 165 2.5 Multiple Interpretations 169 3 Blurred Boundaries 170 4 The Pesharim as Literary Unities 177 5 Conclusion 181 Pieter B. Hartog - 978-90-04-35420-3 Downloaded from Brill.com12/17/2020 07:36:03PM via free access CONTENTS vii 8 Describing Hermeneutics 183 1 A Quest for Categories 184 2 The Categories of This Study 188 2.1 Perspectivisation 189 2.2 Normativity and Application 190 2.3 Analogy 190 2.4 Structure 191 2.5 Single Words 193 3 “Etymology” 193 9 A Hermeneutical Profile of the Hypomnemata 198 1 Perspectivisation 198 1.1 The Interests of the Commentator 203 1.2 Implicit and Explicit Assumptions 210 1.3 Technical Terminology 211 1.4 Paraphrase 213 2 Normativity 214 3 Analogy 216 4 Structure 220 4.1 Contributions of the Co-text 221 4.2 Resolving Inconsistency 228 4.3 Word Order 232 5 Single Words 233 6 Conclusion 236 10 A Hermeneutical Profile of the Pesharim 238 1 Perspectivisation 238 1.1 The Interests of the Commentator 242 1.2 Implicit and Explicit Assumptions 245 1.3 Technical Terminology 247 1.4 Paraphrase 248 2 Application 249 3 Application and Normativity 251 4 Analogy 253 5 Structure 256 5.1 Contributions of the Co-text 256 5.2 Syntax 269 5.3 Rendering Repetition 273 Pieter B. Hartog - 978-90-04-35420-3 Downloaded from Brill.com12/17/2020 07:36:03PM via free access viii CONTENTS 6 Single Words 276 6.1 Levels of Generality 276 6.2 Stressing the Unstressed 277 6.3 Synonymy and Polysemy 278 6.4 Figurative Reading 281 6.5 Form or Appearance 284 7 Conclusion 290 Conclusion: Pesher and Hypomnema 293 Bibliography 297 Index of Modern Authors 338 Index of Subjects 344 Index of Ancient Sources 345 Plates following 356 Pieter B. Hartog - 978-90-04-35420-3 Downloaded from Brill.com12/17/2020 07:36:03PM via free access Acknowledgements This is a revised version of my KU Leuven doctoral thesis, which I defended on 19 May, 2015. I thank my advisor, Eibert Tigchelaar, for his support and advice. Working with him has shaped my thinking in numerous ways and continues to be a true pleasure. I also thank George Brooke, who hosted me as a Visiting Postgraduate Research Student in Manchester and has seen the research reflected in this book develop almost from scratch. His comments on the vari- ous stages of my work have been invaluable. Many colleagues have discussed parts of this book or my thesis with me or shared their unpublished work. I am indebted to them for their time, suggestions, and generosity. It has been a privilege to work in the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies in Leuven. I thank my colleagues in the faculty and the Research Unit Biblical Studies. Special thanks for their friendship and collegiality are due to Arjen Bakker, Marieke Dhont, Jeremy Penner, and Hanna Tervanotko. Part of the revision of my thesis was carried out during my stay as a Dirk Smilde Scholar in the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies in Groningen. I thank Mladen Popović for his hospitality and Benjamin Wright for fruitful and stim- ulating conversations. I am grateful to the Protestant Theological University, which offered me a position to continue my work on Judaism in the Hellenistic- Roman world, and to my new colleagues, who welcomed me at the PThU in Groningen. For their financial support I thank the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO-V), which funded my doctoral and postdoctoral research; the Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds, which supported my stay in Manchester; and the Smilde family and Ubbo Emmius Fund, which awarded me a Dirk Smilde Scholarship. I feel blessed to be surrounded by good friends and warm and supportive families. As I write this I think especially of my sister Jeannette, who passed away unexpectedly when I was in the final stages of preparing this book for publication. A special thank you should go to my parents, who have always offered me the opportunity to study, and to my parents-in-law, who encour- aged me along the way. But finally: thank you, Ruth and Ode, for the many ways in which you make me see the world anew! Bärry Hartog Groningen, 3 May, 2017 Pieter B. Hartog - 978-90-04-35420-3 Downloaded from Brill.com12/17/2020 07:36:03PM via free access Abbreviations Primary Sources LXX Septuagint/Old Greek MT Masoretic Text Editions BHS K.
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