Religious Studies 300 Second Temple Judaism Fall Term 2020

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Religious Studies 300 Second Temple Judaism Fall Term 2020 Religious Studies 300 Second Temple Judaism Fall Term 2020 (3 credits; MW 10:05-11:25; Oegema; Zoom & Recorded) Instructor: Prof. Dr. Gerbern S. Oegema Faculty of Religious Studies McGill University 3520 University Street Office hours: by appointment Tel. 398-4126 Fax 398-6665 Email: [email protected] Prerequisite: This course presupposes some basic knowledge typically but not exclusively acquired in any of the introductory courses in Hebrew Bible (The Religion of Ancient Israel; Literature of Ancient Israel 1 or 2; The Bible and Western Culture), New Testament (Jesus of Nazareth, New Testament Studies 1 or 2) or Rabbinic Judaism. Contents: The course is meant for undergraduates, who want to learn more about the history of Ancient Judaism, which roughly dates from 300 BCE to 200 CE. In this period, which is characterized by a growing Greek and Roman influence on the Jewish culture in Palestine and in the Diaspora, the canon of the Hebrew Bible came to a close, the Biblical books were translated into Greek, the Jewish people lost their national independence, and, most important, two new religions came into being: Early Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism. In the course, which is divided into three modules of each four weeks, we will learn more about the main historical events and the political parties (Hasmonaeans, Sadducees, Pharisees, Essenes, etc.), the religious and philosophical concepts of the period (Torah, Ethics, Freedom, Political Ideals, Messianic Kingdom, Afterlife, etc.), and the various Torah interpretations of the time. A basic knowledge of this period is therefore essential for a deeper understanding of the formation of the two new religions, Early Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism, and for a better understanding of the growing importance, history and Biblical interpretation have had for Ancient Judaism. Method: 1-2 lectures of one hour each per week through Zoom with recordings with 1 hour reading of texts in English, ½-1 hour online work in small groups (total workload 140 hours), as well as occasional class discussions through Zoom with recordings. Books: 1) Shaye J.D. Cohen, From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, Philadelphia: Westminster Press 1987, paperback 1989 (E-book) 2) George W.E. Nickelsburg, Jewish Literature Between the Bible and the Mishnah, Philadelphia: Fortress Press 1981, 2nd print 1987 (E-book) 3) Hartmut Stegemann, The Library of Qumran: On the Essenes, Qumran, John the Baptist and Jesus, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 1998 (E-book) 4) Günter Stemberger, Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992, 2nd print 1996 (E-book) 5) James C. VanderKam, An Introduction to Early Judaism, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 2001 (E-book) Readings: Readings of the essential texts in an English translation for every week will be provided during the course (electronic course pack & e-books). Evaluation: 30% Class participation witnessed through oral contributions and/or attentive listening, as well as questions and answers during and/or emails with instructor and TA during and afterwards. N.B. Participation in small discussion and reading groups is mandatory 20% Online oral presentations, live or recorded (replaces Midterm exam) 50% Final exam: research paper on a subject of own a student’s interest in consultation with the instructor or TA; deadline: December 2nd 2020 Course Outline Introduction Week 1 Sept. 2 First day of class: Introduction Module I: Post Biblical Jewish History Week 2 Sept. 7/9 Jewish History from Ezra to Alexander the Great: Survey, Texts, Analysis. Week 3 Sept. 14/16 Jewish History from the Seleucids to the Hasmonaeans: Survey, Texts, Analysis. Week 4 Sept. 21/23 Jewish History from Pompeius to Vespasian: Survey, Texts, Analysis. Week 5 Sept 28/30 Jewish History from the Interbellum to Judah ha-Nasi: Survey, Texts, Analysis. Module II: Post Biblical Jewish Religious Concepts Week 6 Oct. 5/7 Thanksgiving / Jewish Religious Concepts from Ezra to Alexander the Great: Survey, Texts, Analysis. Week 7 Oct. 12/14 Jewish Religious Concepts from the Seleucids to the Hasmonaeans: Survey, Texts, Analysis. Week 8 Oct. 19/21 Jewish Religious Concepts from Pompeius to Vespasian: Survey, Texts, Analysis. Week 9 Oct. 26/38 Jewish Jewish Religious Concepts from the Interbellum to Judah ha- Nasi: Survey, Texts, Analysis. Module III: Post Biblical Torah Interpretations Week 10 Nov 2/4 Torah Interpretations from Ezra to Alexander the Great: Survey, Texts, Analysis. Week 11 Nov. 9/11 Torah Interpretations from the Seleucids to the Hasmonaeans: Survey, Texts, Analysis. Week 12 Nov. 16/18 Torah Interpretations from Pompeius to Vespasian: Survey, Texts, Analysis. Week 13 Nov. 23/25 Torah Interpretations from the Interbellum to Judah ha-Nasi: Survey, Texts, Analysis. Week 14 Dec. 2 Deadline for paper Reading Guide Introduction Week 1 Sept. 2 Introduction Module I: Post Biblical Jewish History Week 2 Sept. 7 Introduction to the books to be accessed and read (partly available in a course pack): 1) Shaye J.D. Cohen, From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, Philadelphia: The Westminster Press 1987, paperback 1989; 2) George W.E. Nickelsburg, Jewish Literature Between the Bible and the Mishnah, Philadelphia: Fortress Press 1981, 2nd print 1987; 3) Hartmut Stegemann, The Library of Qumran: On the Essenes, Qumran, John the wBaptist and Jesus, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 1998; 4) Guenter Stemberger, Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992, 2nd print 1996, and 5) James C. VanderKam, An Introduction to Early Judaism, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 2001. Sept. 9 Jewish History from Ezra to Alexander the Great: General Overview of the main historical events and political parties to ca. 300 BCE. Chronology, method and definition applied to the period by modern scholarship. Read: Shaye J.D. Cohen, From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, Philadelphia: The Westminster Press 1987, paperback 1989, 13-26, and George W.E. Nickelsburg, Jewish Literature Between the Bible and the Mishnah, Philadelphia: Fortress Press 1981, 2nd print 1987, 1-11. Week 3 Sept. 14 Ptolemaic (332-198 CE) and Seleucid (198-164 BCE) Influence on Palestine. Hasmonaean State (164-63 BCE). Read: James C. VanderKam, An Introduction to Early Judaism, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Pu blishing Company 2001, 11-32 Sept. 16 Jewish History from the Seleucids to the Hasmonaeans: General Overview of the main religious institutions. Temple, Sanhedrin, Sects and Schools. Read: Shaye J.D. Cohen, From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, Philadelphia: The Westminster Press 1987, paperback 1989, 104-143 Week 4 Sept. 21 The three main religious groups: Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes. Read: Shaye J.D. Cohen, From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, Philadelphia: The Westminster Press 1987, paperback 1989, 143-173 Sept. 23 Jewish History from Pompeius to Vespasian: General Overview of the main historical events and political players Week 5 Sept 28 Historical context of 300 BCE to 200 CE and its main political events. Maccabaean Rebellion, First (66-73 CE) and Second (132-135 CE) War against Rome, Diaspora Revolt (115-117 CE). Encounter of Judaism and Hellenism. Read: Shaye J.D. Cohen, From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, Philadelphia: The Westminster Press 1987, paperback 1989, 27-59 Leaders (Priests, Civil Rulers, Sanhedrin) and Groups (Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes). Read: James C. VanderKam, An Introduction to Early Judaism, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 2001, 175-193 (compare with Cohen, o.c., 143-173) Sept. 30 Jewish History from the Interbellum to Judah ha-Nasi: Lecture on the main historical events and political parties. Palestine under Roman Rule (63 BCE and beyond). Read: James C. VanderKam, An Introduction to Early Judaism, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 2001, 32-52 Module II: Post Biblical Jewish Religious Concepts Week 6 Oct. 5 Thanksgiving / The Centre of Life: Temple Worship, Festivals, and Other Worship. Read: James C. VanderKam, An Introduction to Early Judaism, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 2001, 193-217 Oct. 7 Jewish Religious Concepts from Ezra to Alexander the Great: General Overview of the main religious concepts and beliefs. The Jewish Religion: Ritual, Ethics, and the Law. Read: Shaye J.D. Cohen, From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, Philadelphia: The Westminster Press 1987, paperback 1989, 60-103 Week 7 Oct. 12 The Canonization of the Hebrew Bible: Torah, Prophets, and Writings. Read: Shaye J.D. Cohen, From the Maccabees to the Mishnah, Philadelphia: The Westminster Press 1987, paperback 1989, 174-213 Oct. 14 Jewish Religious Concepts from the Seleucids to the Hasmonaeans: General Overview of the main religious concepts and beliefs. The Essenes: The Excavations at Qumran. Read: Hartmut Stegemann, The Library of Qumran: On the Essenes, Qumran, John the Baptist and Jesus, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 1998, 12-57 The Teachings of the Essenes: Angels and Demons, Eschatology and Messiah, Resurrection of the Dead. Read: Hartmut Stegemann, The Library of Qumran: On the Essenes, Qumran, John the Baptist and Jesus, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 1998, 139-162 and 201-210 Week 8 Oct. 19 Jewish Religious Concepts from Pompeius to Vespasian: Survey: General Overview of the main religious concepts and beliefs Oct. 21 Jewish Literature of the Second Temple: The Writings outside of the Canon of the Hebrew Bible, but part of its Greek translation (Septuaginta). Read: James C. VanderKam, An Introduction to Early Judaism, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 2001, 53-88 Further Books outside of the Canon of the Hebrew Bible, but now also outside of the Septuagint. Read: James C. VanderKam, An Introduction to Early Judaism, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 2001, 88-115 Week 9 Oct. 26 Jewish Jewish Religious Concepts from the Interbellum to Judah ha-Nasi: General Overview of the main religious concepts and beliefs The Richness of the (non-canonical) Wisdom and Poetic Literature of Ancient Judaism.
Recommended publications
  • SACRED SPACES and OBJECTS: the VISUAL, MATERIAL, and TANGIBLE George Pati
    SACRED SPACES AND OBJECTS: THE VISUAL, MATERIAL, AND TANGIBLE George Pati BRAUER MUSEUM OF ART | APRIL 13 — MAY 8, 2016 WE AT THE BRAUER MUSEUM are grateful for the opportunity to present this exhibition curated by George Pati, Ph.D., Surjit S. Patheja Chair in World Religions and Ethics and Valparaiso University associate professor of theology and international studies. Through this exhibition, Professor Pati shares the fruits of his research conducted during his recent sabbatical and in addition provides valuable insights into sacred objects, sites, and practices in India. Professor Pati’s photographs document specific places but also reflect a creative eye at work; as an artist, his documents are also celebrations of the particular spaces that inspire him and capture his imagination. Accompanying the images in the exhibition are beautiful textiles and objects of metalware that transform the gallery into its own sacred space, with respectful and reverent viewing becoming its own ritual that could lead to a fuller understanding of the concepts Pati brings to our attention. Professor Pati and the Brauer staff wish to thank the Surjit S. Patheja Chair in World Religions and Ethics and the Partners for the Brauer Museum of Art for support of this exhibition. In addition, we wish to thank Gretchen Buggeln and David Morgan for the insights and perspectives they provide in their responses to Pati's essay and photographs. Gregg Hertzlieb, Director/Curator Brauer Museum of Art 2 | BRAUER MUSEUM OF ART SACRED SPACES AND OBJECTS: THE VISUAL, MATERIAL, AND TANGIBLE George Pati George Pati, Ph.D., Valparaiso University Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad 6:23 Only in a man who has utmost devotion for God, and who shows the same devotion for teacher as for God, These teachings by the noble one will be illuminating.
    [Show full text]
  • Israel and Judah: 18. Temple Interior and Dedication
    Associates for Scriptural Knowledge • P.O. Box 25000, Portland, OR 97298-0990 USA © ASK, March 2019 • All rights reserved • Number 3/19 Telephone: 503 292 4352 • Internet: www.askelm.com • E-Mail: [email protected] How the Siege of Titus Locates the Temple Mount in the City of David by Marilyn Sams, July 2016 Formatted and annotated by David Sielaff, March 2019 This detailed research paper by independent author Marilyn Sams is one of several to follow her 2015 book, The Jerusalem Temple Mount Myth. Her book was inspired by a desire to prove (or disprove) Dr. Ernest Martin’s research in The Temples That Jerusalem Forgot. Ms. Sams wrote a second book in 2017, The Jerusalem Temple Mount: A Compendium of Ancient Descriptions expanding the argument in her first book, itemizing and analyzing 375 ancient descriptions of the Temple, Fort Antonia, and environs, all confirming a Gihon location for God’s Temples.1 Her books and articles greatly advance Dr. Martin’s arguments. David Sielaff, ASK Editor Marilyn Sams: The siege of Titus has been the subject of many books and papers, but always from the false perspective of the Jerusalem Temple Mount’s misidentification.2 The purpose of this paper is to illuminate additional aspects of the siege, in order to show how they cannot reasonably be applied to the current models of the temple and Fort Antonia, but can when the “Temple Mount” is identified as Fort Antonia. Conflicts Between the Rebellious Leaders Prior to the Siege of Titus A clarification of the definition of “Acra” is crucial to understanding the conflicts between John of Gischala and Simon of Giora, two of the rebellious [Jewish] faction leaders, who divided parts of Jerusalem 1 Her second book shows the impossibility of the so-called “Temple Mount” and demonstrate the necessity of a Gihon site of the Temples.
    [Show full text]
  • Architecture of Light of the Orthodox Temple
    DOI: 10.4467/25438700ŚM.17.058.7679 MYROSLAV YATSIV* Architecture of Light of the Orthodox Temple Abstract Main tendencies, appropriateness and features of the embodiment of the architectural and theological essence of the light are defined in architecturally spatial organization of the Orthodox Church; the value of the natural and artificial light is set in forming of symbolic structure of sacral space and architectonics of the church building. Keywords: the Orthodox Church, sacral space, the light, architectonics, functions of the light, a system of illumination, principles of illumination 1. Introduction. The problem raising in such aspect it’s necessary to examine es- As the experience of new-built churches testifies, a process sence and value of the light in space of the of re-conceiving of national traditions and searches of com- Orthodox Church. bination of modern constructions and building technologies In religion and spiritual life of believing peo- last with the traditional architectonic forms of the church bu- ple the light is an important and meaningful ilding in modern church architecture of Ukraine. Some archi- symbol of combination in their imagination tects go by borrowing forms of the Old Russian church archi- of the celestial and earthly worlds. Through tecture, other consider it’s better to inherit the best traditions this it occupies a central place among reli- of wooden and stone churches of the Ukrainian baroque or gious characters which are used in the Saint- realize the ideas of church architecture of the beginning of ed Letter. From the first book of Old Testa- XX. In the east areas the volume-spatial composition of the ment, where the fact of creation of the light Russian “synod-empire” of the church style is renovated as by God is specified: “And God said: “Let it be the “national sign of church architecture” and interpreted as light!”(Genesis 1.3-4), to the last New Testa- the new “Ukrainian Renaissance” [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Architecture for Worship: Re-‐Thinking Sacred Space in The
    Architecture for Worship: Re-Thinking Sacred Space in the Contemporary United States of America RICHARD S. VOSKO The purpose of this paper is to examine the symbolic value of religious buildings in the United States. It will focus particularly on places of worship and the theologies conveyed by them in an ever-changing socio-religious landscape. First, I will cite some of the emerging challenges that surface when thinking about conventional religious buildings. I will then describe those architectural "common denominators" that are important when re-thinking sacred space in a contemporary age. Churches, synagogues, and mosques exist primarily because of the convictions of the membership that built them. The foundations for these spaces are rooted in proud traditions and, sometimes, the idealistic hopes of each congregation. In a world that is seemingly embarked on a never-ending journey of war, poverty, and oppression these structures can be oases of peace, prosperity, and justice. They are, in this sense, potentially sacred spaces. The Search for the Sacred The search for the sacred is fraught with incredible distractions and challenges. The earth itself is an endangered species. Pollution is taken for granted. Rain forests are being depleted. Incurable diseases kill thousands daily. Millions have no pure water to drink. Some people are malnourished while others throw food away. Poverty and wealth live side by side, often in the same neighborhoods. Domestic abuse traumatizes family life. Nations are held captive by imperialistic regimes. And terrorism lurks everywhere. What do religious buildings, particularly places of worship, have to say about all of this? Where do homeless, hungry, abused, and stressed-out people find a sense of the sacred in their lives? One might even ask, where is God during this time of turmoil and inequity? By some estimates nine billion dollars were spent on the construction of religious buildings in the year 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Visiting a Hindu Temple: a Description of a Subjective
    Ciencia Ergo Sum ISSN: 1405-0269 [email protected] Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México México Gil-García, J. Ramón; Vasavada, Triparna S. Visiting a Hindu Temple: A Description of a Subjective Experience and Some Preliminary Interpretations Ciencia Ergo Sum, vol. 13, núm. 1, marzo-junio, 2006, pp. 81-89 Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Toluca, México Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=10413110 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Visiting a Hindu Temple: A Description of a Subjective Experience and Some Preliminary Interpretations J. Ramón Gil-García* y Triparna S. Vasavada** Recepción: 14 de julio de 2005 Aceptación: 8 de septiembre de 2005 * Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy, Visitando un Templo Hindú: una descripción de la experiencia subjetiva y algunas University at Albany, Universidad Estatal de interpretaciones preliminares Nueva York. Resumen. Académicos de diferentes disciplinas coinciden en que la cultura es un fenómeno Correo electrónico: [email protected] ** Estudiante del Doctorado en Administración complejo y su comprensión requiere de un análisis detallado. La complejidad inherente al y Políticas Públicas en el Rockefeller College of estudio de patrones culturales y otras estructuras sociales no se deriva de su rareza en la Public Affairs and Policy, University at Albany, sociedad. De hecho, están contenidas y representadas en eventos y artefactos de la vida cotidiana.
    [Show full text]
  • The Psalms As Hymns in the Temple of Jerusalem Gary A
    4 The Psalms as Hymns in the Temple of Jerusalem Gary A. Rendsburg From as far back as our sources allow, hymns were part of Near Eastern temple ritual, with their performers an essential component of the temple functionaries. 1 These sources include Sumerian, Akkadian, and Egyptian texts 2 from as early as the third millennium BCE. From the second millennium BCE, we gain further examples of hymns from the Hittite realm, even if most (if not all) of the poems are based on Mesopotamian precursors.3 Ugarit, our main source of information on ancient Canaan, has not yielded songs of this sort in 1. For the performers, see Richard Henshaw, Female and Male: The Cu/tic Personnel: The Bible and Rest ~(the Ancient Near East (Allison Park, PA: Pickwick, 1994) esp. ch. 2, "Singers, Musicians, and Dancers," 84-134. Note, however, that this volume does not treat the Egyptian cultic personnel. 2. As the reader can imagine, the literature is ~xtensive, and hence I offer here but a sampling of bibliographic items. For Sumerian hymns, which include compositions directed both to specific deities and to the temples themselves, see Thorkild Jacobsen, The Harps that Once ... : Sumerian Poetry in Translation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), esp. 99-142, 375--444. Notwithstanding the much larger corpus of Akkadian literarure, hymn~ are less well represented; see the discussion in Alan Lenzi, ed., Reading Akkadian Prayers and Hymns: An Introduction, Ancient Near East Monographs (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2011), 56-60, with the most important texts included in said volume. For Egyptian hymns, see Jan A%mann, Agyptische Hymnen und Gebete, Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999); Andre Barucq and Frarn;:ois Daumas, Hymnes et prieres de /'Egypte ancienne, Litteratures anciennes du Proche-Orient (Paris: Cerf, 1980); and John L.
    [Show full text]
  • The Qumran Collection As a Scribal Library Sidnie White Crawford
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Sidnie White Crawford Publications Classics and Religious Studies 2016 The Qumran Collection as a Scribal Library Sidnie White Crawford Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/crawfordpubs This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Classics and Religious Studies at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sidnie White Crawford Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. The Qumran Collection as a Scribal Library Sidnie White Crawford Since the early days of Dead Sea Scrolls scholarship, the collection of scrolls found in the eleven caves in the vicinity of Qumran has been identified as a library.1 That term, however, was undefined in relation to its ancient context. In the Greco-Roman world the word “library” calls to mind the great libraries of the Hellenistic world, such as those at Alexandria and Pergamum.2 However, a more useful comparison can be drawn with the libraries unearthed in the ancient Near East, primarily in Mesopotamia but also in Egypt.3 These librar- ies, whether attached to temples or royal palaces or privately owned, were shaped by the scribal elite of their societies. Ancient Near Eastern scribes were the literati in a largely illiterate society, and were responsible for collecting, preserving, and transmitting to future generations the cultural heritage of their peoples. In the Qumran corpus, I will argue, we see these same interests of collection, preservation, and transmission. Thus I will demonstrate that, on the basis of these comparisons, the Qumran collection is best described as a library with an archival component, shaped by the interests of the elite scholar scribes who were responsible for it.
    [Show full text]
  • Daniel R. Schwartz from the Maccabees to Masada
    Daniel R. Schwartz From the Maccabees to Masada: On Diasporan Historiography of the Second Temple Period Around the time Prof. Oppenheimer invited me to this conference, I was prepar- ing the introduction to my translation of II Maccabees, and had come to the part where I was going to characterize II Maccabees as a typical instance of diasporan historiography. I was thinking, first of all, about the comparison of such passages as I Macc 1:20-23 with II Macc 5:15-16, which both describe Antiochus IV Epiphanes' robbery of the Temple of Jerusalem: I Macc 1:20-23: He went up against Israel and came to Jerusalem with a strong force. He ar- rogantly entered the sanctuary and took the golden altar, the lampstand for the light, and all its utensils. He took also the table for the bread of the Presence, the cups for drink offerings, the bowls, the golden censers, the curtain, the crowns, and the gold decoration on the front of the temple; he stripped it all off. He took the silver and the gold, and the costly utensils... (Revised Standard Version) II Macc 5:15—16: Not content with this (i.e., slaughter and enslavement), Antiochus dared to enter the most holy temple in all the world, guided by Menelaus, who had become a traitor both to the laws and to his country. He took the holy vessels with his polluted hands, and swept away with profane hands the votive offerings which other kings had made to enhance the glory and honor of the place.
    [Show full text]
  • 쿰란 사본과 성서 연구: 4Q285, 4Q448, 4Q246, 7Q5, 11Q13을 중심으로 / 송창현
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.28977/jbtr.2005.4.16.7 쿰란 사본과 성서 연구: 4Q285, 4Q448, 4Q246, 7Q5, 11Q13을 중심으로 / 송창현 쿰란 사본과 성서 연구 - 4Q285, 4Q448, 4Q246, 7Q5, 11Q13을 중심으로- 송창현* 머리말 20세기 최대의 고고학적 발견이라 불리는 사해 두루마리(Dead Sea Scrolls)는 1947년 봄 베두인 목동 무하마드 아드-디브에 의해 우연히 발견되었다. 그는 다 른 동료들과 함께 쿰란 근처에서 가축 떼를 돌보던 중 잃어버린 염소를 찾다가 동굴을 발견하였고 그곳에서 두루마리들이 발견되었다. 그 후 1956년까지 사해 서안 유대 광야의 여러 곳, 즉 키르벳 쿰란, 마사다, 와디 무라바트, 나할 헤베르, 나할 세일림, 나할 미쉬마르 등에서 발견된 고대 유대 사본들을 넓은 의미의 사 해 두루마리라고 부른다. 그리고 특히 사해의 북서 연안에 위치한 키르벳 쿰란 주변의 열한 개 동굴에서 발견된 850여 종류의 사본을 좁은 의미의 사해 두루마 리, 즉 쿰란 사본이라고 부른다. 쿰란 사본은 세 종류로 나누어지는데 즉, 구약성서의 사본들, 외경과 위경의 사본들, 그리고 쿰란 공동체와 관련 있는 사본들이다. 첫째, 쿰란에서는 에스델 서를 제외한 모든 구약성서의 사본이 200여 개 발견되었다. 이 성서 사본들은 레 닌그라드 사본(1008년경)이나 알렙포 사본(925년경)보다 1000년 이상 더 오래 된 것이다. 쿰란의 이 사본들은 구약성서의 정경이 확정되기 이전 단계의 본문으 로서, 마소라 본문, 70인역 본문, 사마리아 오경 본문 등과 함께 구약성서 본문 형성의 역사를 연구하는데 매우 중요한 자료이다. 둘째, 쿰란 사본의 발견 이전 에는 전혀 알려지지 않았거나, 그리스어, 에디오피아어, 라틴어 등 고대 언어의 번역으로만 알려졌던 구약성서의 외경(apocrypha)과 위경(pseudepigrapha)의 히 브리어, 아람어 원본들이 쿰란에서 발견되었다. 그리고 셋째, 전체 쿰란 사본의 약 삼분의 일은 쿰란 공동체의 조직, 생활과 사상을 반영하는 사본들이다. 이 사 본들을 통해 우리는 에세네파와 쿰란 공동체에 대한 더 정확하고 더 풍부한 지식 을 가지게 되었다.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of the Apocalyptic Kingdom of God in Second Temple Jewish Literature and the Teachings of Jesus in Matthew
    LIBERTY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE APOCALYPTIC KINGDOM OF GOD IN SECOND TEMPLE JEWISH LITERATURE AND THE TEACHINGS OF JESUS IN MATTHEW A THESIS SUBMITTED TO DR. C. FRED SMITH IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COURSE THESIS DEFENSE THEO 690 BY JEREMIAH STALLMAN MAY 8, 2013 ii THESIS APPROVAL SHEET _____________ GRADE ____________________________________________ THESIS CHAIR- DR. C. FRED SMITH ____________________________________________ READER- DR. GAYLEN LEVERETT iii ABSTRACT A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE APOCALYPTIC KINGDOM OF GOD IN SECOND TEMPLE JEWISH LITERATURE AND THE TEACHINGS OF JESUS IN MATTHEW Jeremiah Stallman Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary, 2013 Chair: C. Fred Smith The apocalyptic kingdom of God is a common theme in Second Temple Jewish literature. This kingdom is often presented differently in the various literary works of this era. This first chapter of this thesis considers the various aspects of the kingdom in relation to God’s coming judgment and the coming messiah who is often seen as the one bringing judgment and setting up the kingdom of God. The second chapter elaborates upon Jesus’ teachings about the apocalyptic kingdom of God and compares and contrasts them with the teachings of the kingdom in His day as understood through the Second Temple Jewish literature. Abstract Length: 102 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE: THE KINGDOM OF
    [Show full text]
  • Underground Jerusalem: the Excavation Of
    Underground Jerusalem The excavation of tunnels, channels, and underground spaces in the Historic Basin 2015 >> Introduction >> Underground excavation in Jerusalem: From the middle of the 19th century to the Six Day War >> Tunnel excavations following the Six Day War >> Tunnel excavations under archaeological auspices >> Ancient underground complexes >> Underground tunnels >> Tunnel excavations as narrative >> Summary and conclusions >> Maps >> Endnotes Emek Shaveh (cc) | Email: [email protected] | website www.alt-arch.org Emek Shaveh is an organization of archaeologists and heritage professionals focusing on the role of tangible cultural heritage in Israeli society and in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. We view archaeology as a resource for strengthening understanding between different peoples and cultures. September 2015 Introduction Underground excavation in Jerusalem: From the middle of the The majority of the area of the Old City is densely built. As a result, there are very few nineteenth century until the Six Day War open spaces in which archaeological excavations can be undertaken. From a professional The intensive interest in channels, underground passages, and tunnels, ancient and modern, standpoint, this situation obligates the responsible authorities to restrict the number of goes back one 150 years. At that time the first European archaeologists in Jerusalem, aided excavations and to focus their attention on preserving and reinforcing existing structures. by local workers, dug deep into the heart of the Holy City in order to understand its ancient However, the political interests that aspire to establish an Israeli presence throughout the topography and the nature of the structures closest to the Temple Mount. Old City, including underneath the Muslim Quarter and in the nearby Palestinian village The British scholar Charles Warren was the first and most important of those who excavated of Silwan, have fostered the decision that intensive underground excavations must be underground Jerusalem.
    [Show full text]
  • 4QINSTRUCTION Wisdom Literature from the Ancient World
    4QINSTRUCTION Wisdom Literature from the Ancient World Leo G. Perdue, General Editor Reinhard Gregor Kratz, Associate Editor Area Editors Bendt Alster Pancratius C. Beentjes Katharine Dell Edward L. Greenstein Victor Hurowitz John Kloppenborg Michael Kolarcik Manfred Oeming Bernd U. Schipper Günter Stemberger Loren T. Stuckenbruck Number 2 4QINSTRUCTION 4QINSTRUCTION By Matthew J. Goff Society of Biblical Literature Atlanta 4QINSTRUCTION Copyright © 2013 by the Society of Biblical Literature All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by means of any information storage or retrieval system, except as may be expressly permit- ted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to the Rights and Permissions Office, Society of Biblical Literature, 825 Houston Mill Road, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Goff, Matthew J. 4QInstruction / Matthew J. Goff. p. cm. — (Wisdom literature from the ancient world ; number 2) ISBN 978-1-58983-782-9 (paper binding : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-58983-783-6 (electronic format) — ISBN 978-1-58983-784-3 (hardcover binding : alk. paper) 1. 4QInstruction. 2. Wisdom literature—Criticism, interpretation, etc. I. Title. BM488.A15G635 2013 296.1'55—dc23 2013005788 Printed on acid-free, recycled paper conforming to ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R1997) and ISO 9706:1994 standards for paper permanence. For Meegan בת חכמה ישמח אב Proverbs 10:1 (with some modifi cation) Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xi A Note on the Critical Text xv Introduction 1.
    [Show full text]