Orce Man a Public Controversy in Spanish Human Origins Research 1982-2007

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Orce Man a Public Controversy in Spanish Human Origins Research 1982-2007 Orce Man A Public Controversy in Spanish Human Origins Research 1982-2007 Tesi Doctoral Autor: Miquel Carandell Baruzzi Director: Oliver Hochadel Tutor: Augstí Nieto-Galan Aiguafreda, Setembre 2015 Programa de Doctorat en Història de la Ciència Centre d'Història de la Ciència, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 2 3 Index Agraïments 8 A Rough Guide to the Orce Man 10 0. Introduction 16 0.1. The Orce Man 17 0.2. The Spanish Transición and the importance of being Atapuerca 20 0.3. What is this thesis? Methodology and sources 24 0.3.1. Studying scientific disagreement 28 0.3.2. Exploring ‘public’ science 31 0.3.3. Recounting the history of palaeoanthropology 34 1. Discovery 38 1.1. A key scientific background: competing for the ‘First European’ 38 1.2. Setting the local political and scientific scene 41 1.3. ‘Look what we’ve found!’: the discovery among politicians and experts 45 1.4. ‘The finding of the century’: journalists and the public get excited about the Andalusian hominid 49 1.5. A toast to the ‘First European’ in the Mari Cruz bar, Orce 54 1.6. Crusafont’s death accelerates the discoverers’ reward 58 1.7. From Orce to Sabadell: mapping the Orce Man discovery 59 1.8. Creating a ‘Spanish Olduvai’ 61 1.9. A surge of ‘First European’ sites 66 1.10. A great post-Franco discovery and a small but troubling crest 67 2. Controversy 71 2.1. A painful trip to Paris 71 2.2. A bomb was dropped and everyone tried to protect themselves from the blast 74 2.3. From man to donkey 80 2.4. A country’s ‘obsession’: ‘Is the Orce Man our ancestor?’ 84 2.5. The public display of scientific controversy 87 2.6. The authority of (public) scientific meetings 91 2.7. Science in a ‘different dimension’ 98 4 3. Conference 103 3.1. A permanent competition for the ‘First European’ 103 3.2. The end of a ‘journey through the desert’ 105 3.3. Getting ready for the conference 110 3.4. A convenient political ‘clothes peg’ 113 3.5. Using prestigious scientists to force a public debate 116 3.6. Gibert’s ‘tools’ to convince 121 3.7. Orce, Gibert’s second home 126 3.8. A triple victory 128 3.9. An unexpected attack 134 3.10. Scientific conferences: much more than debates among colleagues 141 4. End 144 4.1. Back to Orce 144 4.2. Orce excavations 1999-2005: the process of isolation 151 4.3. Cueva Victoria, Gibert’s public shelter 156 4.4. From immunology to fractal analysis: the ‘esoteric techniques’ 159 4.5. ‘The hominids that came from the south’: Gibert’s popular science book 163 4.6. The end of a long controversy 169 4.7. Orce within the context of scientific controversies 172 4.8. But, in the end, was it a man or was it a donkey? 176 5. Coda: The ‘Orce Boy’ 180 5.1. On social media and hominid bones 180 5.2. The ‘Orce Boy’: a not so new discovery of a hominid with no past 181 5.3. A new (brief) dispute: ‘temporarily removed’? 189 5.4. New media, new knowledge? 192 6. Conclusions 199 6.1. A Brazilian ‘First American’ 200 6.2. The Orce Man, concluding remarks 205 6.2.1. Geographies of science 205 6.2.2. Discourses on the limits of science 207 5 6.2.3. Success and failure in science 210 6.2.4. Politics of science 211 6.2.5. Publics of science 213 Annex I: Anatomical features of the Orce Man 216 Bibliography 220 I. Interviews 220 II: Archives 220 III: References 220 IV: The Press 241 6 7 Agraïments Res del que ve a continuació no hauria estat possible sense la direcció intel·lectual d'Oliver Hochadel. La seva dedicació i entusiasme m'han animat a continuar malgrat les dificultats. Les bones idees que apareixen en aquest treball tenen origen en els seus consells i comentaris. Les idees desafortunades son responsabilitat meva. Aquesta tesi s'ha realitzat dins el programa de doctorat del Centre d'Història de la Ciència de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. En la seva òrbita, Agustí Nieto-Galan, que ha estat tutor d'aquesta tesi, Xavier Roqué, Jorge Molero, Annette Mülbelger, Carlos Acosta, Carlos Tabernero, Fernando Vidal, Jon Arrizabalaga, Àlvaro Girón, Jesús María Galech, Mònica Balltondre, Mireia Fabra, Gisela Martínez, Lino Camprubí, Mateo Realdi i molts d'altres, formen un grup d'amics sempre disposat a ajudar: en la burocràcia administrativa, en la supervivència econòmica, i, sobretot, en el creixement com a historiadors dels que tenim la sort de sentir-nos part d'aquest centre. Pepe Pardo, que va pensar en mi en veure Domènec Campillo a la seva biblioteca, i Alfons Zarzoso mereixen menció apart. Sempre han mostrat molt d'interès per la meva recerca i iniciatives i han pensat i confiat en mi per oportunitats professionals, intelectuals i acadèmiques. Emma Sallent i tota la maquinaria de la Societat Catalana d'Història de la Ciència i la Tècnica, Pep Simon, Margarita Díaz-Andreu i, des de València, Àlvar Martínez, José Ramón Bertomeu i Pedro Ruíz- Castell, que molt amablement va llegir un borrador del primer capítol, també han contribuït a que aquest treball es portés a terme. Sorgit d'aquest ambient acadèmic, el Xehc! ha permés que les disteses però interessants discussions amb Joaquim, Laura, Sara, Òscar, Gustavo, Agustín, Andrea, Ferran, Judit, Sergi, Marc, Mar, Ignacio, Jaumes, Tania, Christian... fessin més suportable el via crucis d'aquesta tesi. Amb la seva predisposició i entusiasme han creat un off-cehic magnífic. Si les activitats d'una persona influencien en el contingut de la seva feina, el meu pas per UAB Divulga ha estat clau. Allà he aprés molt sobre comunicació científica de l'Octavi i la Maria Jesús, i, tan o més important, sobre futbolín del Dani, Lucas i Pablo. A Cambridge, l'amistat de Jesse Olszynko-Gryn ha estat un dels premis de fer la tesi. Les xerrades amb ell sobre el sentit i objectius de la història de la ciència han ‘shapejat’ el contingut d'aquest treball. A Anglaterra vaig presentar la meva feina gràcies a la Julie Lawrence, que a més ens va portar a sopar pizza. Simon Schaffer va ser un excel·lent sponsor de la meva estada a l'HPS. La seva interpretació de la història d'Orce ha engrandit l'abast historiogràfic d'aquesta tesi. Tiago Mata va tenir l'amabilitat de comentar, molt profitosament, un escrit meu. 8 L'estada a Cambridge va ser possible gràcies a una beca de la British Society for the History of Science que també m'ha ajudat en l'assistència a diversos congressos. En general, tots aquells que han realitzat comentaris i preguntes en les nombroses presentacions que he fet en relació a l'Home d'Orce han estat importants per seguir amb la investigació. Pel que fa a l'apilament d'informació sobre Orce, Jordi Agustí i Lluís Gibert m'han proporcionat gran quantitat de documents escrits i gràfics que han enriquit aquesta tesi. Sense la seva amabilitat, aquest treball hagués estat completament diferent. Ells dos, juntament amb Salvador Moyà-Solà, Doménec Campillo, Enrique García-Olivares, Michael Walker, Roger Marcet i Nora Moloney s'han prestat cordialment a que els fes una entrevista. Jorge Martínez Moreno ha estat també, malgrat l'accident del primer dia, molt interessat en la meva recerca i els seus comentaris han estat molt adients. Les converses amb Núria Montes, Eulàlia Subirà i Assumpció Malgosa han ajudat molt a donar profunditat a la tesi. L'Agustí Camòs ha seguit activament l'evolució de la meva recerca i m'ha proporcionat una valuosa font. Boris Santander hem va fer arribar fonts del cas brasiler que comentem en aquesta tesi, les xerrades amb ell han estat sempre molt interessants. El descobriment de l'arxiu Gibert ha estat la clau de volta d'aquesta tesi. Altre cop, sense aquesta font, estaríem davant d'un altre treball. En l'exploració de l'arxiu he de destacar la amabilitat i disposició de les Teres, Teresa Requena i Teresa Esquirol, de l'Institut Català de Paleontologia. Aquest treball ha estat realitzat gràcies a una beca de la Wenner-Gren Foundation obtinguda amb l'ajuda inestimable del Blai Carandell. I es que la família, i la casi família, han estat igual d'importants en aquest procés. El Daniel Tanzer em va donar una bona, inesperada, i ben pagada, oportunitat en el món de la història de la ciència. En Quim Vicente, sempre interessat en la meva feina, va ser clau per poder entrevistar Roger Marcet. La Clara ha estat la companya perfecta durant aquests anys. No només ha fet fotos magnífiques d'Orce, ha llegit, criticat i comentat la meva recerca sinó que ha aguantat la meva matusseria i tossudesa sempre amb reflexió i un somriure final. Aquesta tesi es sobretot per ella, que m'ha patit. Els dos últims anys d'aquest viatge s'han vist alterats per l'arribada de la Carla, que ha revolucionat la família. Per ella, els seus pares i germana va també aquest treball. Finalment, sense els meus pares, Cris i Lory, res no hauria estat possible. De llegir-te ‘La Historia Interminable’ abans d'anar a dormir a llegir la teva tesi doctoral, hi ha un munt de passos que sempre han fet amb dedicació, voluntat i excel·lència. Malgrat les giragonses en la meva carrera m'han mostrat sempre el seu suport, moral i econòmic, incondicional. Per ells és també aquest treball.
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