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Diapositiva 1 018 Paleontología de Vertebrados y Humana Homo Pleistoceno medio Europa www.aragosaurus.com PALEONTOLOGÍA DE VERTEBRADOS Y HUMANA (PAVYH ULTIMO AÑO LICENCIATURA GEOLOGÍA 2012-2013) UNIVERSIDAD DE ZARAGOZA PROFESORES: GLORIA CUENCA JOSÉ IGNACIO CANUDO JARA PARRILLA DIEGO CASTANERA VICTOR SAUQUÉ “Miguelón” de la Sima de los Huesos Homo heidelbergensis está descrito a partir de una mandíbula del Cuaternario de Alemania. Sin embargo la mayor parte de su registro fósil proviene de la Sima de los Huesos en Atapuerca, con una antigüedad de unos 400.000 años. No representa un ancestro directo de Homo sapiens Cerebros grandes (1100 a 1390 cm3 ) Gran abertura nasal Altos (1,80m) y proporcionalmente muy pesados (más de 100Kg.) Industria lítica de Modo 3 Dieta omnívora, con abundante carne y evidencias de caza Conductas sociales de ayuda a miembros con problemas Distribución de Homo heidelbergensis Vivió entre los 500.000 y los 180.000 (Glaciares e interglaciares) en Europa Modo 3 Modo 2 Las especies fósiles de Homo de Modo 1 Europa Homo neanderthalensis Grandes arcos o torus supraorbitarios Cráneos alargados y bajos, con la cara proyectada hacia adelante Cráneos de hasta 1750 cm3 Descendiente de Homo heildelbergensis que aparecen por aislamiento geográfico en Europa La altura es de 1,70 metros como máximo, pero eran muy robustos Robustez de los neandertales Hombre moderno Neandertal Un varón de 1,70 pesaría alrededor de 85 kg ,por su robustez y no por su obesidad 18 17 16 TD11 15 Modo14 2/3 TD10 Modo13 2 Arvicola 12 TD8 11 10 TD7 Modo 1 TD6 TD5 TD3/4 Mimomys Mimomys TD2 TD1 0 m. Variación en las frecuencias relativas en las asociaciones de micromamíferos a lo largo de la secuencia de Gran Dolina (modificado de Cuenca-Bescós et al., 2005). Variacion del Índice de Diversidad de Shannon a lo largo de la secuencia de Gran Dolina (modificado de Cuenca-Bescós et al., 2011). Trinchera Galería. Ocupación humana en Atapuerca desde los 400.000 a los 170.000 años En Trinchera Dolina se han encontrado doce suelos de ocupación humana con abundante restos de vertebrados e industria lítica. Esto indica una ocupación bastante habitual de la cueva durante la parte alta del Pleistoceno Medio La Sima de los Huesos es el único yacimiento que se encuentra fuera de la Trinchera. Se trata del punto más bajo del sistema cárstico de Atapuerca Fue donde se encontró el primer resto de Homo de Atapuerca. Ha sido excavado por el equipo de Juan Luis Arsuaga durante más de de 20 años El yacimiento es una pequeña cavidad con un relleno cárstico formado fundamentalmente por restos de Ursus y de Homo Galería Los restos humanos son muy abundantes. Se han encontrado restos entre 28 y 32 individuos distintos. Están representadas todas las edades. Se trata de la mayor colección de homínidos del Pleistoceno Medio del Mundo Hay elementos anatómicos de todo el esqueleto en una excepcional conservación. Los restos del humano de la Sima de los Huesos se han atribuido a Homo heilderbergensis. Se trata del ancestro de Homo neanderthalensis Se han encontrado los huesos del oído. Lo que ha permitido conocer que tenían la capacidad de oír entre 2 y 4 Mhz, tal y como lo hacen los humanos actuales El enigma de como se produjo esta extraordinaria acumulación ¿Catastrófico? ¿Intencionado? Excalibur, un extraordinario bifaz de tipo achelense sin marcas de uso ¿El primer enterramiento de la historia? Algunos de los homínidos de la Sima de los Huesos presentan patologías severas de las que difícilmente hubieran podido vivir sin la ayuda de un grupo familiar infecciones Craniosinostosis La Familia de la Sima de los Huesos Mioceno Plioceno Pleistoceno Homo sapiens Homo georgicus Homo antecessor Australopithecus garhi Homo heidelbergensis / H. neanderthalensis A. ramidus Kenyanthropus platiops Homo ergaster / H. erectus Homo rhodesiensis Homo rudolfensis/ H. habilis Sahelanthropus Australopithecus africanus tchadensis Paranthropus boisei Paranthropus Australopithecus aethiopicus anamensis Orrorin tugenensis Australopithecus Paranthropus afarensis robustus (millennium man) Australopithecus bahrelghazali 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 Los4 homínidos3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 millones de años Neandertal La Ferrasie Shanidar, Iraq, 60-80ka http://donsmaps.com/clancave.html MAUER http://johnhawks.net/weblog/fossils/middle-pleistocene CEPRANO BOXGROVE ARAGO Arago XIII Arago II VÉRTESSZÖLLÖS BILZINGSLEBEN PETRALONA SIMA DE LOS HUESOS Modificado de Quam et al., 2011 STEINHEIM SWANSCOMBE BIACHE-SAINT-VAAST ALTAMURA YACIMIENTO Nº DE RESTOS Nº DE REGIÓN ANATÓMICA INDIVIDUOS MAUER 1 1 MANDÍBULA BOXGROVE 3 2 TIBIA E INCISIVOS ARAGO 70 7 CRANEO, MANDÍBULAS, COXAL, FÉMUR, HÚMERO, DIENTES PETRALONA 1 1 CRÁNEO VÉRTESSZÖLLÖS 1 1 OCCIPITAL BILZINGSLEBEN 37 3 CRÁNEO Y DIENTES STEINHEIM 1 1 CRÁNEO SWANSCOMBE 1 1 CRÁNEO CEPRANO 1 1 CRÁNEO ALTAMURA 1 1 ESQUELETO Mioceno Plioceno Pleistoceno Homo sapiens Homo georgicus Homo antecessor Australopithecus garhi Homo heidelbergensis / H. neanderthalensis A. ramidus Kenyanthropus platiops Homo ergaster / H. erectus Homo rhodesiensis Homo rudolfensis/ H. habilis Sahelanthropus Australopithecus africanus tchadensis Paranthropus boisei Paranthropus Australopithecus aethiopicus anamensis Orrorin tugenensis Australopithecus Paranthropus afarensis robustus (millennium man) Australopithecus bahrelghazali 7 6.5 6 5.5 5 4.5 Los4 homínidos3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 millones de años Homo rhodesiensis Kabwe (BROKEN-HILL) Homo rhodesiensis BODO .
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