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Early Palaeolithic (2010 with Revisions in 2017 and 2019) South-East Research Framework: Resource Assessment and Research Agenda for the Early Palaeolithic (2010 with revisions in 2017 and 2019) The Early Palaeolithic in the South-East Francis Wenban-Smith, Martin Bates, David Bridgland, Peter Harp, Matt Pope and Mark Roberts Contents Resource Assessment ................................................................................................ 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 5 Background and approach ...................................................................................... 7 The Early Palaeolithic .......................................................................................... 7 Researching the Palaeolithic: ‘sites’ and evidence ............................................ 12 A deposit-centred approach .............................................................................. 16 Pleistocene Background: landscape, processes and dating ................................. 17 Landscape and topography ............................................................................... 17 Chrono-stratigraphic framework and fluvial system development ..................... 20 Sequence problems: discontinuities, abnormalities and complexities ............... 23 The Early Palaeolithic resource in the South-East: distribution and potential ....... 24 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 24 Fluvial terrace deposits and plateau gravel ....................................................... 30 Residual surface deposits (including Clay-with-flints) ........................................ 49 Coombe/Head deposits (colluvial/solifluction) ................................................... 53 Aeolian/loessic silt, plateau brickearth ............................................................... 65 Marine littoral deposits (MB Roberts) ................................................................ 67 Lacustrine contexts ........................................................................................... 71 Calcareous precipitates: tufas and travertines ................................................... 72 Fissure infills ...................................................................................................... 72 The Early Palaeolithic in the South-East: current understanding .......................... 76 Regional overview ............................................................................................. 76 The South-East in national context .................................................................... 79 Economy ........................................................................................................... 80 Subsistence, diet and society ............................................................................ 81 Belief, ritual and funerary practices ................................................................... 83 Research Agenda ..................................................................................................... 84 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 84 Primary research themes ...................................................................................... 85 Framework priorities ............................................................................................. 86 1 South-East Research Framework: Resource Assessment and Research Agenda for the Early Palaeolithic (2010 with revisions in 2017 and 2019) Research objectives and priority projects.............................................................. 89 Specific research objectives for key resource areas/elements .......................... 89 Specific and immediately desirable projects ...................................................... 91 Summary, conclusions and transition to the Upper Palaeolithic ............................ 94 The Early Palaeolithic in the South-East ........................................................... 94 Transition to Upper Palaeolithic ......................................................................... 94 References ............................................................................................................... 96 Appendix 1. Framework Documents and Regional Reviews for the Early Palaeolithic of the South-East .................................................................................................... 106 Appendix 2. British Geological Survey Mapping Sheets and Memoirs for the South- East Region ............................................................................................................ 108 List of Tables: Table 1. Quaternary epochs and the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) framework Table 2. Palaeolithic period in Britain (traditional) Table 3. Revised chronological/cultural terminology for the Early Palaeolithic Table 4. Palaeolithic remains and relevant information Table 5. The Quaternary sequence in the lower reaches of the Medway showing lithostratigraphic sequence and suggested correlations with Thames formations and with chronostratigraphic, climatic and marine isotope (MI) stages (modified from Bridgland, 2003). Table 6. Presence and abundance of principal Pleistocene deposit groups in the SE region, with key areas named [Abundant; moderately common; scarce; - none known; ? Uncertain] Table 7. Resource summary, deposit group 1a: High-level terrace deposits and "plateau gravels". Table 8a. Resource summary, deposit group 1b: Lower-level post-Anglian fluvial terrace deposits (Province 1 - N of Weald) Table 8b. Resource summary, deposit group 1b: Lower-level post-Anglian fluvial terrace deposits (Province 2 - Wealden Basin) Table 8c. Resource summary, deposit group 1b: Lower-level post-Anglian fluvial terrace deposits (Province 3 - S of Weald) Table 9a. Resource summary, deposit group 2: Residual surface deposits (Clay-with-flints) Table 9b. Resource summary, deposit group 2: Residual surface deposits (other than Clay- with-flints) Table 10. Resource summary, deposit group 3a: Coombe/Head deposits (colluvial) 2 South-East Research Framework: Resource Assessment and Research Agenda for the Early Palaeolithic (2010 with revisions in 2017 and 2019) Table 11. Resource summary, deposit group 3b: Head/solifluction gravel Table 12. Resource summary, deposit group 3c: Head/Valley Brickearth, named silt bodies Table 13. Resource summary, deposit group 4: Aeolian/loessic silt, plateau brickearth Table 14. Resource summary, deposit group 5: Marine littoral (raised beach, intertidal/estuarine) Table 15. Primary Research Themes for the Early Palaeolithic in the South-East Table 16. Framework Priorities for the Early Palaeolithic in the South-East Table 17. Specific Projects for the Early Palaeolithic in the South-East List of Figures: Figure 1. Location of the SERF area. Figure 2. Solid geology and major rivers of the SERF region. Figure 3. Pleistocene deposits in the SERF region. Figure 4. Correlation scheme for river terraces in the Middle and Lower Thames formed in the past 1.0 million years, also showing the marine oxygen isotope curve (with numbered stages) and named British terrestrial stages. The oxygen isotope data are from benthic microfossils, from Ocean Drilling Program site 677 (Shackleton et al. 1990). Modified from Westaway et al. (2002). Figure 5. Idealized transverse section through the Middle Thames terrace staircase (modified from Bridgland 1994). Figure 6. Idealized transverse section through the Lower Thames terrace staircase (modified from Bridgland (1994, 2006)). Note that the starting point for this sequence is the Anglian glaciation, which caused the Thames to be diverted into its modern valley through London and is represented beneath the highest and oldest terrace at Hornchurch (Hornchurch till). The occurrences of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic assemblages is indicated. Figure 7. Drift geology map of the Hoo Peninsula. Figure 8. Schematic section through the Medway floodplain Quaternary sequence between Allhallows and the Isle of Grain. Figure 9. The fissure in the Lower Greensand at Ightham (Abbot 1894). Figure 10. Schematic of the ‘Sackung’ hypothesis (Collcutt 2001). Figure 11. Cleaver and ficron handaxes from Cuxton, found 2005 (Wenban-Smith 2006). 3 South-East Research Framework: Resource Assessment and Research Agenda for the Early Palaeolithic (2010 with revisions in 2017 and 2019) Figure 1. Location of the SERF area 4 South-East Research Framework: Resource Assessment and Research Agenda for the Early Palaeolithic (2010 with revisions in 2017 and 2019) Resource Assessment Introduction This paper presents a review of the Early Palaeolithic resource in the South-East (Fig 1), alongside an agenda defining current research priorities. The "Early Palaeolithic" covers the periods conventionally labelled as ‘Lower’ and ‘Middle’ Palaeolithic. Exploring our Past (1991), identified three main themes for national Palaeolithic research: physical evolution; cultural development; and global colonisation. These national themes have subsequently been kept under review and periodically updated (English Heritage/Prehistoric Society 1999 and 2008). Alongside the broad national framework, it has become increasingly apparent that the diversity of the Palaeolithic resource at the regional level merits the development of regionally-focused frameworks for Palaeolithic research, identifying
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