DOCSLIB.ORG

H. Erectus Vs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
H. Erectus Vs A Useful Question • What is the difference between valgus angle and bicondylar angle? Week 7: Lecture 7: Hypotheses about the origins and elaboration of our genus • Introduction to Life History Theory • Several hypotheses related to appearance of H. ergaster • Return to the Mid-Pleiostocene hominin fossil record Transitions Change in cranium, face, teeth, and body shape as well as size! Big Question! • What processes led from a small bodied australopithecine-like species to a larger bodied, larger brained Homo ergaster, and then eventually to us? • Useful questions sought within the framework of life history theory Introduction to Life History Theory • How do members of a species allocate energy through life to accomplish: • survival to and through their reproductive period • reproduction, and offspring care (if any) • growth and development • maintenance of organ systems • Tasks clearly interlinked and involve trade-offs Some Common Life History Parameters • Metabolic requirements • Gestation length • Number of offspring / litter size • Aspects of growth and development • Age at maturity / age at first birth • Inter-birth interval • Duration of reproductive period • Age mortality profiles etc. Life History links to Socio-ecology • Links between ecology, anatomy, and behaviour: – Niche(s) – Size of home range – Anatomy: body size, brain size, related to locomotion, dentition, gut, and patterns of growth – Diets (quality and quantity) – Social characteristics etc. Several life history parameters characterizing humans: • long gestation relative to most mammals, but… • usually born singly and very dependent (secondarily altricial) • weaned relatively early • an extended period of dependency on kin • relatively late puberty and even later first reproduction • relatively short inter-birth intervals & relatively high infant and child survival rates • long life spans that extend well beyond reproductive period in women, and most men Accounting for changes in brain size, body size and body shape • Several important hypotheses – Heat adaptations including radiator hypothesis – Expensive tissue hypothesis – Assisted birthing, alloparenting and changes in the nature and course of growth and development – Mental mapping – Social group size Hominins Adapting to Environmental Change? • Late Pliocene environments – Cooling – Aridification – Patchier environments – Increased Seasonality • More grazers Heat adaptations • Bipedal posture reduces body surface exposed to solar radiation • Hair on head and shoulders to keep heat out • Greater applicability in accounting for appearance of Radiator Hypothesis Homo - Related to patterns of blood flow through brain - A. africanus and Homo have pattern that is different than in Paranthropus Stone Tools • Earliest: Gona, Ethiopia 2.6-2.5 MYA • Percussion flaking • OLDOWAN INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX • Cores, Flakes, Manuports • Who were the first stone tool- makers? – A. garhi? Homo habilis? – Maybe even P. boisei?? Tool Use • Animal bones and stone tools associated at Olduvai • FLK Zinj site: bordering ancient Olduvai lake – 2500 Oldowan artifacts – 60,000 bones from small mammals to large • 1970’s: Hunters / home-base concept Hunting or Scavenging? Shipman in 1980s finds … • No evidence for disarticulation of skeletons • Kinds and proportions of bones found • Specimens with both cut marks and carnivore tooth marks – 5/13 cut marks overlay carnivore tooth marks! Tool Use (cont’d) • Rick Potts: “butchery” sites – Stone tools “cached” at sites around landscape – Like chimps: stone caches for nut-cracking – Temporary processing areas Significance of these data? • Expensive tissue hypothesis and brain evolution • Changes in diet represent continuation of trends in hominin evolution • Early Homo: – Stone tools, butchery sites: more meat in diet, but… – Importance of increasing technology to access things like underground storage organs Expensive Tissue Hypothesis (continued) • Constraint on evolution of brain – The brain is energetically expensive! – Selection pressures may act, but only if benefits outweigh costs – Within living species of primates, EQ associated with dietary quality – This suggests that foraging strategy, diet and brain evolution may be linked Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Body Weight in Mammals Allometric relationship between brain size and body weight Kleibers Law BMR = kW0.75 How does our basal metabolic rate compare with other mammals? • Humans have similar BMR as other mammals our size • but a higher percentage of energy used to maintain brain • ~ 20 to 25% in adult humans; higher in infants and children • ~ 8 to 10% in adult chimps • ~ 3 to 5% in many other adult mammals The Expensive Tissue Hypothesis (Aiello and Wheeler) The Expensive Tissue (continued) Mental mapping (Milton) • Spider monkey (above) • Howler monkey (to right) Sociality, Development, & Brain Evolution • How to grow a bigger brain when you • Processes that face anatomical & energetic constraints? complement changes in foraging strategies • Advantages of early weaning and alloparenting • Need for changes in patterns of growth – Insertion of childhood phase in human evolution • Intelligent care-givers and increasing survival of infants and children • Increasing group size and neocortex size • Reduced aggression, more cooperation Evidence for changing development? • Bipedalism + encephalopelvic disproportion (Trevathan) • Dental development & eruption patterns – link between M1 eruption, adult brain size, weaning age, sexual maturity across primate species (Holly Smith) Development of modern human sociality • Improved conditions for individual survival & growth, longer lifespans, reduced inter-birth intervals – higher net reproductive success! • increased cortical control of sexual behaviour • family - divisions of labour • recognition of socially-defined kinship • economic cooperation based on sexual bonds and kinship • primate dominance hierarchy replaced by kinship • broader social groups with economic and territorial basis For Self-Review • What is life history theory? • Describe important life-history parameters that distinguish humans from other apes • Describe the expensive tissue hypothesis • Describe archaeological evidence of early Pleistocene hominin scavenging. How does this relate to hypotheses about human evolution? • How are greater cooperation and allo-parenting hypothesised to influence the net reproductive success of earlier members of our genus? Return to the Pleistocene hominin fossil record • When does the Pleistocene begin? – I have been reporting the wrong date! Up until 2009 it was 1.806 mya (~1.8 mya). – Now it is defined as 2.588 mya (~2.6 mya) – So our genus (Homo) probably appeared toward the very end of the Pliocene, or early Pleistocene • Earliest representatives? Ledi-Geraru, Ethiopia (2.8 mya) • Hadar, Ethopia, 2.3 mya; Koobi Fora, Kenya, 1.9 mya H. Erectus vs. H. sapiens sapiens Features of “Classic” H. erectus • Classic from Java and China • Ave cranial capacity ≈ 1000 (range 850-1225 cc) • Large supra-orbital torus / sulcus • Face moderately prognathic • Angled occipital region • Thick cranial bones • Nuchal torus • Greatest breadth of cranium is low Features of Classic H. erectus (continued) • Sagittal keel /parasagittal depression • Some post-orbital constriction • Nasal bones project: beginnings of modern nose! • No chin • Some with shovel-shaped incisors African H. ergaster (or H. erectus?) • East Lake Turkana: KNM-ER 3733 and (~1.8 mya) • ~850 cc cranial capacity • East Lake Turkana: KNM-ER 3883 • (~1.6 mya) • ~ 800 cc cranial capacity Homo ergaster: differences from classic H. erectus • Generally: thinner supra-orbital torus • Less sagittal keeling • Occipital region less angled • Somewhat thinner cranial bones • Smaller average cranial capacity Homo erectus to Homo sapiens • Middle Pleistocene: ~780,000 - 125,000 ya • Transitional forms in Africa, Europe and Asia • Not H. erectus but not H. sapiens sapiens either • ‘Archaic Homo sapiens’ ??? – includes Homo antecessor, Homo heidelbergensis, Homo rhodesiensis, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo helmei, Denisovans, and early Homo sapiens? Homo erectus in Europe? • Numerous sites of Acheulian tools – but perhaps made by “archaic” H. sapiens (aka H. heidelbergensis), not H. erectus • Ceprano “Man” - 850,000 yrs old from Italy Gran Dolina - H. antecessor? • Found in northern Spain (as part of the Atapuerca sites), the crania from Gran Dolina date to 780 kya. • The best preserved individual is a juvenile • Estimated cranial capacity ~1000 cc • Broader frontal than H. erectus • Separated brow ridges and more modern looking mid- face of later humans Mid-Pleistocene Homo in Europe • Gran Dolina, Petralona, Arago, Steinheim, Swanscombe and a mandible from Mauer (others too) • Some argue this grouping represents new species: Homo heidelbergensis Europe – Mauer • 500,000-400,000 ya • Type specimen for Homo heidlebergensis Same Location – Different Deposit Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain • ~ 500-350 kya • Sima de los Huesos • 28+ individuals • H. heidlebergensis • “Young” population • Deliberate burial? African Middle Pleistocene Discoveries • Evidence of divergence from an H. erectus like species early in the Mid-Pleistocene • Probably in either Africa or western Eurasia • Represented by African fossils such as Bodo (600 kya) and Kabwe (600 – 400 kya ?) • Jebel Irhoud (~315 kya) • Omo Kibish 1 and 2 (200 kya) Africa – Kabwe • ~300,000 ya • Broken Hill/Kabwe, Zambia • 1280 cc cranial capacity • Homo rhodesiensis or heidelbergensis • Extremely robust
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Threads of Evolutionary, Behavioural and Conservation Research
    Taxonomic Tapestries The Threads of Evolutionary, Behavioural and Conservation Research Taxonomic Tapestries The Threads of Evolutionary, Behavioural and Conservation Research Edited by Alison M Behie and Marc F Oxenham Chapters written in honour of Professor Colin P Groves Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Taxonomic tapestries : the threads of evolutionary, behavioural and conservation research / Alison M Behie and Marc F Oxenham, editors. ISBN: 9781925022360 (paperback) 9781925022377 (ebook) Subjects: Biology--Classification. Biology--Philosophy. Human ecology--Research. Coexistence of species--Research. Evolution (Biology)--Research. Taxonomists. Other Creators/Contributors: Behie, Alison M., editor. Oxenham, Marc F., editor. Dewey Number: 578.012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press Cover photograph courtesy of Hajarimanitra Rambeloarivony Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2015 ANU Press Contents List of Contributors . .vii List of Figures and Tables . ix PART I 1. The Groves effect: 50 years of influence on behaviour, evolution and conservation research . 3 Alison M Behie and Marc F Oxenham PART II 2 . Characterisation of the endemic Sulawesi Lenomys meyeri (Muridae, Murinae) and the description of a new species of Lenomys . 13 Guy G Musser 3 . Gibbons and hominoid ancestry . 51 Peter Andrews and Richard J Johnson 4 .
    [Show full text]
  • Cheek D 2016 MA.Pdf (660.8Kb)
    CAPTURING THE EXOTIC: MOBILITY AND PERFORMANCE IN PAUL MORAND’S “GOOD-BYE, NEW YORK!” AND JOSEPHINE BAKER’S PRINCESS TAM-TAM “HEADS FULL OF KUNG FU AND KARATE CHOPS”: THE PERFORMANCE OF REVOLUTIONARY MASCULINITY IN KIRAN DESAI’S THE INHERITANCE OF LOSS COMING-AROUND-THE-BEND: THE FOSSIL RECORD AND EXPERIENCING THE LAND IN DG NANOUK OKPIK’S CORPSE WHALE ___________________________________ By Dylan Cheek ___________________________________ A THESIS Submitted to the faculty of the Graduate School of the Creighton University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of English _________________________________ Omaha, NE May 10, 2016 iii Abstract Performance is a key aspect of representation, the means through which culture is disseminated and comprehended – and thus, how it comes to be understood within a normative conception of the world. Work such as Paul Morand’s Black Magic look to exploit this ability of representation to affect performance and vice versa, limiting the mobility of his characters while amplifying his own as he moves effortlessly through the anthology’s exoticized locales. The Other comes to be constituted through these acts of representation, expected to perform these roles which are laid out for them, but Josephine Baker is an exemplar of how these classifications can become muddled. Through her work, Baker demonstrated the irony inherent to these performances, in a way that both appealed to the desire for the exotic and made that desire ridiculous. Similarly, Kiran Desai tackles the expectations inherent to the rhetoric of revolution, which puts the primacy of revolutionary action and its sense of agency in highly masculine terms.
    [Show full text]
  • Hominin Responses to Environmental Changes During the Middle Pleistocene in Central and Southern Italy R
    Hominin responses to environmental changes during the Middle Pleistocene in central and southern Italy R. Orain, Vincent Lebreton, E. Russo Ermolli, Anne-Marie Sémah, S. Nomade, Q. Shao, J.-J. Bahain, U. Thun Hohenstein, C. Peretto To cite this version: R. Orain, Vincent Lebreton, E. Russo Ermolli, Anne-Marie Sémah, S. Nomade, et al.. Hominin re- sponses to environmental changes during the Middle Pleistocene in central and southern Italy. Climate of the Past, European Geosciences Union (EGU), 2013, 9 (2), pp.687 - 697. 10.5194/CP-9-687-2013. hal-01828349 HAL Id: hal-01828349 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01828349 Submitted on 4 Aug 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access Open Access Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Clim.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Evolution
    Human Evolution Dr Giby Kuriakose II MSc Botany 2015-16 Human Evolution I. Primate Heritage A. First primates were arboreal B. 3 major groups C. Apes: Gibbons D. Apes: Orangutans E. Apes: Gorillas F. Apes: Chimps G. Apes: Humans II. Hominid Evolution A. family Hominidae B. The human branch C. Evolution of upright poster & bipedalism D. Larger brains & the genus Homo E. Origins of the “wise man” Human Evolution I. Primate Heritage A. First primates were arboreal – associated features that we’ve inherited. Human Evolution I. Primate Heritage B. 3 major groups 1. Prosimians part 1: Lorises, lemurs 10 cm lorises Human Evolution I. Primate Heritage B. 3 major groups 1. Prosimians part 1: Lorises, lemurs 10 cm lemurs Human Evolution I. Primate Heritage B. 3 major groups 2. Prosimians part 2: Tarsiers 10 cm Human Evolution I. Primate Heritage B. 3 major groups 3. Anthropoids: monkeys, Gibbons, Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimps, Humans Human Evolution Human Evolution I. Primate Heritage B. 3 major groups 3. Anthropoids: Monkeys, Gibbons, Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimps, Humans New World Monkeys Human Evolution I. Primate Heritage B. 3 major groups 3. Anthropoids: Monkeys, Gibbons, Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimps, Humans Old World Monkeys baboons Human Evolution I. Primate Heritage B. 3 major groups 3. Anthropoids: Monkeys, Gibbons, Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimps, Humans Old World Monkeys baboons Human Evolution I. Primate Heritage B. 3 major groups 3. Anthropoids: Monkeys, Gibbons, Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimps, Humans Old World Monkeys mandrills I. Primate Heritage A. First primates were arboreal B. 3 major groups C. Apes: Gibbons D. Apes: Orangutans E. Apes: Gorillas F. Apes: Chimps G.
    [Show full text]
  • Hominin Responses to Environmental Changes During the Middle Pleistocenecentral in and Southern Italy R
    Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Clim. Past Discuss., 8, 5181–5207, 2012 www.clim-past-discuss.net/8/5181/2012/ Climate doi:10.5194/cpd-8-5181-2012 of the Past © Author(s) 2012. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Discussions This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Climate of the Past (CP). Please refer to the corresponding final paper in CP if available. Hominin responses to environmental changes during the Middle Pleistocene in Central and Southern Italy R. Orain1, V. Lebreton1, E. Russo Ermolli2, A.-M. Semah´ 1,3, S. Nomade4, Q. Shao1, J.-J. Bahain1, U. Thun Hohenstein5, and C. Peretto5 1Departement´ de Prehistoire,´ Museum´ National d’Histoire Naturelle, UMR7194, CNRS, 1 rue Rene´ Panhard, 75013 Paris, France 2Universita` di Napoli Federico II, corso Umberto I, 80138 Napoli, Italy 3Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement,´ LOCEAN – Paleoproxus,´ UMR7159, CNRS, 32 avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143 Bondy Cedex, France 4Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, UMR8212, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France 5Dipartimento delle Risorse Naturali e Culturali, Universita` di Ferrara, C.so Ercole I d’Este 32, 44100 Ferrara, Italy Received: 28 September 2012 – Accepted: 16 October 2012 – Published: 23 October 2012 Correspondence to: R. Orain ([email protected]) Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 5181 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract The palaeobotanical record of early Palaeolithic sites from Western Europe indicates that hominins settled in different kinds of environments.
    [Show full text]
  • Orce Man a Public Controversy in Spanish Human Origins Research 1982-2007
    Orce Man A Public Controversy in Spanish Human Origins Research 1982-2007 Tesi Doctoral Autor: Miquel Carandell Baruzzi Director: Oliver Hochadel Tutor: Augstí Nieto-Galan Aiguafreda, Setembre 2015 Programa de Doctorat en Història de la Ciència Centre d'Història de la Ciència, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 2 3 Index Agraïments 8 A Rough Guide to the Orce Man 10 0. Introduction 16 0.1. The Orce Man 17 0.2. The Spanish Transición and the importance of being Atapuerca 20 0.3. What is this thesis? Methodology and sources 24 0.3.1. Studying scientific disagreement 28 0.3.2. Exploring ‘public’ science 31 0.3.3. Recounting the history of palaeoanthropology 34 1. Discovery 38 1.1. A key scientific background: competing for the ‘First European’ 38 1.2. Setting the local political and scientific scene 41 1.3. ‘Look what we’ve found!’: the discovery among politicians and experts 45 1.4. ‘The finding of the century’: journalists and the public get excited about the Andalusian hominid 49 1.5. A toast to the ‘First European’ in the Mari Cruz bar, Orce 54 1.6. Crusafont’s death accelerates the discoverers’ reward 58 1.7. From Orce to Sabadell: mapping the Orce Man discovery 59 1.8. Creating a ‘Spanish Olduvai’ 61 1.9. A surge of ‘First European’ sites 66 1.10. A great post-Franco discovery and a small but troubling crest 67 2. Controversy 71 2.1. A painful trip to Paris 71 2.2. A bomb was dropped and everyone tried to protect themselves from the blast 74 2.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Reconstruction of the Ceprano Calvarium (Italy), and Implications for Its Interpretation
    University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health 1-1-2017 Digital reconstruction of the Ceprano calvarium (Italy), and implications for its interpretation Fabio Di Vincenzo Sapienza University of Rome Antonio Profico Sapienza University of Rome Federico Bernardini The 'Abdus Salam' International Centre for Theoretical Physics, [email protected] Vittorio Cerroni Italian Ministry of Culture, Anthropological Service Diego Dreossi Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons, and the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Di Vincenzo, Fabio; Profico, Antonio; Bernardini, Federico; Cerroni, Vittorio; Dreossi, Diego; Schlager, Stefan; Zaio, Paola; Benazzi, Stefano; Biddittu, Italo; Rubini, Mauro; Tuniz, Claudio; and Manzi, Giorgio, "Digital reconstruction of the Ceprano calvarium (Italy), and implications for its interpretation" (2017). Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A. 5033. https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/5033 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Digital reconstruction of the Ceprano calvarium (Italy), and implications for its interpretation Abstract The Ceprano calvarium was discovered in fragments on March 1994 near the town of Ceprano in southern Latium (Italy), embedded in Middle Pleistocene layers. After reconstruction, its morphological features suggests that the specimen belongs to an archaic variant of H. heidelbergensis, representing a proxy for the last common ancestor of the diverging clades that respectively led to H.
    [Show full text]
  • Hominin Responses to Environmental Changes During
    EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access Open Access Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Clim. Past, 9, 687–697, 2013 Climate www.clim-past.net/9/687/2013/ Climate doi:10.5194/cp-9-687-2013 of the Past of the Past © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Discussions Open Access Open Access Earth System Earth System Dynamics Dynamics Discussions Hominin responses to environmental changes during the Middle Open Access Open Access Pleistocene in central and southern Italy Geoscientific Geoscientific Instrumentation Instrumentation R. Orain1, V. Lebreton1, E. Russo Ermolli2, A.-M. Semah´ 1,3, S. Nomade4, Q. Shao1, J.-J.Methods Bahain1, and Methods and U. Thun Hohenstein5, and C. Peretto5 Data Systems Data Systems 1Departement´ de Prehistoire,´ Museum´ National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS – UMR7194, 1 rue Rene´ Panhard, Discussions Open Access 75013 Paris, France Open Access 2 Geoscientific Universita` di Napoli Federico II, corso Umberto I, 80138 Napoli, Italy Geoscientific 3Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement,´ LOCEAN – Paleoproxus,´ CNRS – UMR7159, 32 avenue Henri Varagnat, Model Development Model Development 93143 Bondy Cedex, France Discussions 4Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, CNRS-CEA-UVSQ – UMR8212, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France Open Access Open Access 5Dipartimento delle Risorse Naturali e Culturali, Universita` di Ferrara, C.
    [Show full text]
  • Assemblages with Bifacial Tools in Eurasia (Third Part)
    Assemblages with bifacial tools in Eurasia (third part). Considerations on the bifacial phenomenon throughout Eurasia Marie-Hélène Moncel, Marta Arzarello, Éric Boëda, Stéphanie Bonilauri, Benoît Chevrier, Claire Gaillard, Hubert Forestier, Li Yinghua, François Sémah, Valéry Zeitoun To cite this version: Marie-Hélène Moncel, Marta Arzarello, Éric Boëda, Stéphanie Bonilauri, Benoît Chevrier, et al.. Assemblages with bifacial tools in Eurasia (third part). Considerations on the bifacial phenomenon throughout Eurasia. Comptes Rendus Palevol, Elsevier Masson, 2016, 10.1016/j.crpv.2015.11.007. hal-01325860 HAL Id: hal-01325860 https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01325860 Submitted on 2 Jun 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License G Model PALEVO-938; No. of Pages 21 ARTICLE IN PRESS C. R. Palevol xxx (2016) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Comptes Rendus Palevol www.sci encedirect.com Human Palaeontology and Prehistory Assemblages with bifacial tools
    [Show full text]
  • Background to Neanderthal Presence in Western Mediterranean Europe
    Quaternary Science Reviews 217 (2019) 7e44 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quascirev Background to Neanderthal presence in Western Mediterranean Europe * Jose S. Carrion a, , Michael J. Walker b a Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain b Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain article info abstract Article history: This paper provides a background to Neanderthal presence in Western Mediterranean Europe. Habitual Received 18 April 2018 tool-use underpinned human survival in late Early Pleistocene western Mediterranean Europe. By the Received in revised form onset of the early Middle Pleistocene, early humans (descendants of Homo antecessor in all likelihood) 21 August 2018 were exploiting diverse biotopes, sometimes (perhaps often) attaining primary access to large game, and Accepted 10 October 2018 deploying a variety of stone artifacts and rock types, which implies not only manual dexterity but also Available online 22 November 2018 technical competence and cognitive versatility. Late Early Pleistocene human behaviour foreshadowed that of Middle Pleistocene pre-Neanderthal humans whose background conceivably had deep regional Keywords: Human evolution roots. By the mid-Middle Pleistocene Homo heidelbergensis, some of whose anatomical features herald Palaeoanthropology Neanderthal morphology, was exploiting a wide range of natural resources in western Mediterranean Archaeology environments, including small game and plants. Neanderthal morphology began to emerge during the Palaeoecology second half of the Middle Pleistocene, accompanied by increasing technological diversity and an Palaeolithic expanding variety of small tools, conjecturally favoured by hafting, perhaps following development of Quaternary wooden spears (or other tools) and adhesive and binding technologies, and generation and heat-control Europe of fire (which undoubtedly was necessary for activities inside Bruniquel cave).
    [Show full text]
  • The Phylogenetic Relationships of Ceprano, Bodo, Daka, Kabwe and Buia
    11. Variation in the Early and Middle Pleistocene: The phylogenetic relationships of Ceprano, Bodo, Daka, Kabwe and Buia Debbie Argue Introduction Despite the increased number of hominin fossils available for the period from one million years ago to c.600 ka clarity about their phylogenetic relationships has not emerged. This is because, while studies of each of these hominins typically include comparative analyses with similar fossil material, in most cases this has resulted in controversy as to their affinities and phylogenetic relationships. Variation during this period is explained by some as representing a single species, H. erectus. For others it represents multiple taxa among which H. erectus is an exclusively Asian species; or a modified version of this in which observed variation is viewed as continual remodelling of the vault and face that does not involve speciation events (Mbua and Bräuer, 2012). As well, the morphological boundaries of H. erectus continue to be stretched. Asfaw and others (2002) referred the Daka cranium (Middle Awash, Ethiopia dated c.800 ka years ago) to H. erectus despite clear differences in cranial characters fromH. erectus s.s., and concluded from cladistic analyses that its morphology is consistent with the hypothesis of a widespread polymorphic and polytypic species existing one million years ago representing a single evolving lineage series of Homo erectus fossils in Africa. Ascenzi and others (1996) referred the Ceprano cranium (Italy), at the time thought to be c.800 ka but recently dated to c.450 ka (Muttoni et al., 2009), to H. erectus while acknowledging differences from H. erectus s.s.
    [Show full text]
  • Early–Middle Pleistocene Transitions: Linking Terrestrial and Marine Realms Martin J. Head , Philip L. Gibbard Department of E
    Early–Middle Pleistocene transitions: linking terrestrial and marine realms Martin J. Head a,*, Philip L. Gibbard b a Department of Earth Sciences, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada b Cambridge Quaternary, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK * Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected] (M. J. Head) Key words: Early–Middle Pleistocene, terrestrial climate, paleoceanography, hominins, integrated review ABSTRACT Marked by a progressive increase in the amplitude of climate oscillations and a shift towards a quasi-100 kyr frequency, the Early–Middle Pleistocene transition (EMPT), previously known as the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (or Mid-Pleistocene Revolution) (1.4–0.4 Ma), represents a fundamental shift in the Earth’s climate state. The physical and biotic responses to this transition, amplified by the growth of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, have been profound. Two important paleomagnetic episodes characterize the EMPT, the Jaramillo Subchron (1.07–0.99 Ma) and the Matuyama–Brunhes Chron boundary (~773 ka). The latter has been chosen as the primary guide for the Lower– Middle Pleistocene Subseries boundary, as it lies at the approximate midpoint of the EMPT and aids in global recognition both in marine and terrestrial deposits. The Jaramillo Subchron has received less attention, but the late Early Pliocene is important in Europe because it saw the progressive transition from the Villafranchian to Galerian mammal faunas, and expansion of hominins into western and northern Europe. The Jaramillo Subchron is represented by Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 31 to 28, with MIS 30 already showing the asymmetrical (saw-tooth) pattern characteristic of the Middle Pleistocene.
    [Show full text]