DOCSLIB.ORG

Pre-Oldowan and Oldowan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pre-Oldowan and Oldowan stone age institute publication series Series Editors Kathy Schick and Nicholas Toth Stone Age Institute Gosport, Indiana and Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana Number 1. THE OLDOWAN: Case Studies into the Earliest Stone Age Nicholas Toth and Kathy Schick, editors Number 2. BREATHING LIFE INTO FOSSILS: Taphonomic Studies in Honor of C.K. (Bob) Brain Travis Rayne Pickering, Kathy Schick, and Nicholas Toth, editors Number 3. THE CUTTING EDGE: New Approaches to the Archaeology of Human Origins Kathy Schick, and Nicholas Toth, editors Number 4. THE HUMAN BRAIN EVOLVING: Paleoneurological Studies in Honor of Ralph L. Holloway Douglas Broadfield, Michael Yuan, Kathy Schick and Nicholas Toth, editors STONE AGE INSTITUTE PUBLICATION SERIES NUMBER 3 Series Editors Kathy Schick and Nicholas Toth the cutting edge: New Approaches to the Archaeology of Human Origins Editors Kathy Schick Stone Age Institute & Indiana University Nicholas Toth Stone Age Institute & Indiana University Stone Age Institute Press · www.stoneageinstitute.org 1392 W. Dittemore Road · Gosport, IN 47433 COVER CAPTIONS AND CREDITS Top: Homo habilis Utilizing Stone Tools. Painting by artist-naturalist Jay H. Matternes. Copyright 1995, Jay H. Matternes. Inspired by a prehistoric scenario by K. Schick and N. Toth in Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Origins and the Dawn of Technology (1993), Simon and Schuster, New York. Pp.147-149. Lower right: Whole fl ake of trachyte lava from the 2.6 million-year-old site of Gona EG-10, Ethiopia. Reported by S. Semaw (2006), “The Oldest Stone Artifacts from Gona (2.6-2.5 Ma), Afar, Ethiopia: Implications for Understanding the Earliest Stages of Knapping” in The Oldowan: Case Studies into the Earliest Stone Age, eds. N. Toth and K. Schick. Stone Age Institute Press, Gosport, Indiana. Pp. 43-75. Photo courtesy of Tim White. Lower left: Prehistoric cut-marks from a stone tool on Sterkfontein hominin partial cranium StW 53. Reported by T. Pickering, T. White, and N. Toth (2000) in “Cutmarks on a Plio-Pleistocene hominid from Sterkfontein, South Africa”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 111, 579-584. Scanning electron micrograph by N. Toth. Published by the Stone Age Institute. ISBN-10: 0-9792-2762-3 ISBN-13: 978-0-9792-2762-2 Copyright © 2009, Stone Age Institute Press. All right reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without permission in writing from the publisher. CHAPTER 4 ARCHAIC STONE INDUSTRIES FROM EAST AFRICA AND SOUTHERN EUROPE PRE-OLDOWAN AND OLDOWAN HENRY DE LUMLEY, DEBORAH BARSKY AND DOMINIQUE CAUCHE Over recent years, many discoveries have renewed Refi ts of fl akes onto cores allowed defi ne a system- our knowledge about the oldest stone industries and also atic reduction sequence resulting in the production of about the behaviour and lifestyle of the hominids that numerous, generally small-sized fl akes. For some cores made them, not only in East Africa, but also in the Near as many as fi fty pieces were refi tted. As is the case for East, in Trans Caucasia and in southern Europe. the Gona region sites, the Lokalalei assemblages do not If the fi rst tool-making hominids appear in East Af- comprise any standardized, small retouched tools on rica as early as 2.55 million years ago, they are present fl akes or debris, with the possible exception of a few in the Levant a little over 2 million years ago, as early as pieces. 1.81 million years ago at the gates of Europe in Trans- The archaic stone tools from the Omo Valley, such Caucasia, and a little over 1.4 million years ago on the as those from Omo 71 and Omo 84, dated to around 2,4 Mediterranean coasts of Europe (Figures 19 and 21). million years old, as well as those from Omo 57 and Omo 123, dated to around 2.34 million years old, dis- PRE-OLDOWAN OR ARCHAIC OLDOWAN covered and studied by Jean Chevaillon, yielded very numerous small quartz fl akes, with an average size of The Gona and Ounda Gona sites in Ethiopia, dated 2 to 3 cm, most often showing reduced or null striking to a little over 2.5 million years old, have yielded lithics platforms and fl at inner surfaces, bearing witness to the characterized largely by knapping products (Figure 1): frequent use of bipolar knapping on an anvil. However, fl akes and angular fragments (de Lumley, 2006; Semaw, pebble tools and percussion instruments are rare or ab- 2000 and 2005; Semaw et al., 1997 and 2003). Manufac- sent. There are no small retouched tools. Yet fl ake edges tured pebbles are rare. Bipolar knapping on an anvil was often show irregular use retouch and chips attesting to often practiced while hand-held knapping methods em- their use. ployed were sometimes unifacial, bifacial or even mul- Locally available raw materials, mainly quartz and tifacial. Core exploitation was relatively intense, with some basalt, were used in the fabrication of the stone tool numerous, generally small sized fl akes removed from assemblage from the Fejej FJ-1 site in the southern Omo each piece. The assemblage does not include standard- area of Ethiopia, around fi ve kilometres from the Ken- ized small retouched tools shaped by secondary retouch yan border (Barsky et al., 2006; de Lumley et al., 2004a modifying the edge of a fl ake or angular fragment. and 2004b; Chapon, 2007). Pebbles used were collected The Lokalalei 1 and 2C sites in Kenya, in the Na- from the environment immediately surrounding the site; chukui Formation dated to 2.340 million years old, dis- a few hundred meters at the most. Both bipolar knapping covered and studied by Hélène Roche and Pierre-Jean on an anvil and hand held techniques were used during Texier, offer an industry similar to that from the Gona knapping reduction sequences which were mainly unifa- sites (Roche et al., 1999; Delagnes et al., 2005). The as- cial, sometimes bifacial and rarely multifacial. semblages comprise mainly non-retouched fl akes, angu- The assemblage is mainly composed of small-sized lar fragments and cores (Figure 2). fl akes and angular fragments (Figure 3). Pebble tools are 56 The Cutting Edge: New Approaches to the Archaeology of Human Origins Figure 1. Gona EG 10, Hadar, Ethiopia. 2.55 million years. Pre-Oldowan or Archaic Oldowan. 1 to 3: fl akes; 4: core; 5: chopper de Lumley et al. 57 Figure 2. Lokalalei 2C, West Turkana, Kenya. 2.2 million years. Pre-Oldowan or Archaic Oldowan. 1 to 4: fl akes; 5 and 6: cores; 7: percussion instrument. (from A. Delagnes et H. Roche, 2005). 58 The Cutting Edge: New Approaches to the Archaeology of Human Origins Figure 3. Fejej FJ-1, South Omo, Ethiopia. 1.96 million years. Pre-Oldowan or Archaic Oldowan. 1 to 3: fl akes; 4: core; 5: chopper. rare: choppers (pebbles showing a bevelled cutting edge South in Kenya (Plummer et al., 1999). The tools were shaped by one or several removals on a single face), a essentially made from quartz or volcanic rock types col- few core-scrapers (rostro-carénés; massive choppers lected from the area immediately surrounding the site. with abrupt, narrow and convex cutting edges) and rare Knapping was generally executed using the hand held chopping tools (pebbles showing a bevelled cutting edge technique most often with unifacial and unidirectional shaped by one or several removals on both faces). At this removals, sometimes with multipolar or centripetal re- site, once again, there are no intentionally shaped small movals. Bifacial knapping was rarely practiced. Multi- retouched tools on fl akes or angular fragments. polar orthogonal knapping is also present. Bipolar knap- In East Africa, presently known lithic assemblages ping on an anvil was quite often used. It is important to dating to before around 1.9 million years ago show com- underline that this type of percussion; bipolar simulta- mon characteristics (de Lumley, 2006; de Lumley, 2004a neously in two opposite directions, does not necessarily and 2004b). Such industries, dated to between 2.55 and signify a poorly mastered knapping technique, but rather 1.9 million years ago, have also been discovered in Ethi- a very effi cient way to extract fl akes or sharp fragments, opia, in the Hadar region (AL666) and in the Omo Valley from small crystalline pebbles. Thus, knapping methods (Ftji1, 2 and 5, Omo 71, 84, 57 and 123) and at Kanjera and techniques for fl ake production were chosen in ac- de Lumley et al. 59 cordance with the quality of raw materials and/or ini- human groups present in East Africa between 2.55 and tial bloc or pebble morphology. It is thus that humans 1.9 million years ago. chose essentially cubic blocks offering natural striking A drier milieu and the consecutive extension of a platforms. savannah type environment constrained some hominids Generally cores were abandoned after the extraction to consume larger quantities of grains, thus favouring the of only a few fl akes, especially when raw materials were development of large teeth (Paranthropus), while others of poor quality. However, when rocks were of fi ner qual- were oriented towards ever increasing meat consump- ity, for example fi ne grained basalt, reduction sequences tion. They were scavengers who, with the help of their were systematically more intensive, as Fejej FJ-1, and primitive tools, collected meat left on large Herbivore even up to fi fty fl akes for a core at the Lokalalei 2C site carcasses abandoned by large Carnivores (Dominguez- (Roche et al., 1999). Rodrigo et al., 2005; Semaw et al., 2003).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Inspector Candidate Qualifications
    Inspector Candidate Qualifications Before you submit your questionnaire, please review the following information regarding our qualifications. You must first be approved (meet our qualifications) before you are invited to our Certification Training. Inspection Experience: You must have solely conducted the minimum of at least 250 number of commercial and/or residential inspections in which you were required to independently document the finding in a written report and to assess the physical condition of building and building systems including the roof, foundation, exterior walls, interior walls, electrical systems, mechanical systems, and all inspectable items associated with a multifamily commercial building. (This does not include termite inspections, appraisals, and site visits from property owners, managers, or real estate brokers.) * PLEASE NOTE THAT UNIT INSPECTIONS ARE NOT CONSIDERED AS A PROPERTY INSPECTION. Computer Skills: You must be able to perform the following: Emails: Send and receive messages Send an attached document with an e-mail Receive and open an attached document Access e-mails on a computer other than your primary computer Internet: Access a web site Search using a search engine tool Submit information to a web site successfully Download files and save them to a specific location on the computer Using Windows: Navigate in different folders Open and use multiple software applications at a time Create, copy, move, rename, and delete files and folders Install new software Use a computer to conduct inspections Technical Knowledge and/or General Knowledge in Residential and/or Commercial Building Trades The below list of major building trades used in commercial and residential construction, indicates those in which you must have technical knowledge or general knowledge.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bulletin
    THE BULLETIN July, 1961 Number 22 ********************************************************************************* Contents News 1 In the Looking Glass – Ourselves 11 Donald E. Lown Riverhaven Site #1 and #2, Grand Isla nd, New York 13 Edward Kochan A Fishing Village on Oak Orchard Creek – Ood 6-3 14 Stanley Vanderlaan An Approach to Iroquois – White Acculturation Through Archeology 15 Charles F. Hayes III THE BULLETIN July, 1961 Number 22 ************************************************************************************* Date Lines The National Bureau of Standards in January set 5760 years as, the new, more accurate half-life of Carbon 14. This is almost 200 years more than the half-life of 5568 formerly used in calculating CI4 dates. Without rendering unusable the dates already published, the longer half -life weights the probabilities heavily toward the plus or older extreme. Thus a date given as 10,000 ± 250 years, using the longer half-life, is much more likely to be 10,250 years than 9750. Applying the above information to the date of 9652B. C. ± 600 years obtained from the Raddatz Rock Shelter in Wisconsin excavated and reported by Warren L. Wittry in "Wisconsin Archaeologist", Vol. 40, No. 2, we can see that primal occupation of this site approaches 12,000 years. It yielded an "Archaic" type of material described by Wittry (see NYSAA Bulletin 19) as falling into pattern with that of Modoc Rock Shelter in Illinois which, in its lowest level, using the longer C14 half-life, dates at about 11,000 years. The geology of Raddatz, as interpreted by Robert F. Black, shows that the vicinity became permanently ice-free and non-boreal about 10,000 years ago and soil levels thereafter lie in simple chronological super position.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeologist Volume 44 No
    OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 44 NO. 1 WINTER 1994 Published by THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife (one copy of publication) $18.50; Life membership $300.00. EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, published quarterly, is included in 1994 President Larry L. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue SE, East the membership dues. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incor­ Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 porated non-profit organization. 1994 Vice President Stephen J. Parker, 1859 Frank Drive, BACK ISSUES Lancaster, OH 43130, (614) 653-6642 1994 Exec. Sect. Donald A. Casto, 138 Ann Court, Lancaster, OH Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 43130, (614)653-9477 Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Recording Sect. Nancy E. Morris, 901 Evening Star Avenue Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H SE, East Canton, OH 44730, (216) 488-1640 The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$20.00 add $1.50 P-H 1994 Treasurer Don F. Potter, 1391 Hootman Drive, Reynoldsburg, 1980's& 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H OH 43068, (614) 861-0673 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 1998 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Dr., Plain City, OH 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 43064, (614)873-5471 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gen­ 1994 Immediate Past Pres.
    [Show full text]
  • The Threads of Evolutionary, Behavioural and Conservation Research
    Taxonomic Tapestries The Threads of Evolutionary, Behavioural and Conservation Research Taxonomic Tapestries The Threads of Evolutionary, Behavioural and Conservation Research Edited by Alison M Behie and Marc F Oxenham Chapters written in honour of Professor Colin P Groves Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at http://press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Taxonomic tapestries : the threads of evolutionary, behavioural and conservation research / Alison M Behie and Marc F Oxenham, editors. ISBN: 9781925022360 (paperback) 9781925022377 (ebook) Subjects: Biology--Classification. Biology--Philosophy. Human ecology--Research. Coexistence of species--Research. Evolution (Biology)--Research. Taxonomists. Other Creators/Contributors: Behie, Alison M., editor. Oxenham, Marc F., editor. Dewey Number: 578.012 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press Cover photograph courtesy of Hajarimanitra Rambeloarivony Printed by Griffin Press This edition © 2015 ANU Press Contents List of Contributors . .vii List of Figures and Tables . ix PART I 1. The Groves effect: 50 years of influence on behaviour, evolution and conservation research . 3 Alison M Behie and Marc F Oxenham PART II 2 . Characterisation of the endemic Sulawesi Lenomys meyeri (Muridae, Murinae) and the description of a new species of Lenomys . 13 Guy G Musser 3 . Gibbons and hominoid ancestry . 51 Peter Andrews and Richard J Johnson 4 .
    [Show full text]
  • Paleoanthropology of the Balkans and Anatolia, Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology, DOI 10.1007/978-94-024-0874-4 326 Index
    Index A Bajloni’s calotte BAJ, 17, 19–20 Accretion model of Neanderthal evolution, 29 Balanica Acculturation, 164–165, 253 BH-1, 15, 24–29, 309 Acheulean, 80, 148, 172, 177, 201, 205, 306, 308, 310 hominin, 15–17, 29 large flake, 129, 132, 218 Mala, vi, 16, 24, 30, 139–140, 144–145, lithic artifacts, 80 148, 309–311 Lower, 308 Velika, 24, 36, 139–140, 144–145, 148 Middle, 308 Balıtepe, 214, 223–224 Admixture, vi, 29, 258 Balkan, v, 3, 139, 159, 171, 187, 218, 229, 274, 282, 303 Neanderthal, 51–64 and Anatolia, 308–310 Adriatic, 46, 154, 157, 162, 164–166 Central, vi, 3, 15–30, 139–150 Aegean, 29–30, 74–76, 116, 119, 121–122, 134–135, 148, 213, implications for earliest settlement of Europe, 220–221, 261, 283, 305, 316 187–210 Aizanoi, 221 Mountains, 69, 187 Akçeşme, 214, 223–224 and neighbouring regions, 229–261 Aktaş, 214, 217 Peninsula, 51, 70, 74, 119, 134, 150, 187, 201, 208 Alluvial plain, 125, 314 Southern, 3, 12, 47, 275 Alykes, 270, 272 Bañolas mandible, 28 Amărăști, 176–177, 181 Basalt, 201, 217–218, 220, 284 Anatolia (Asia Minor), 3, 79–80, 308–310 Basins, 51, 74, 99, 119, 139, 213, 281, 303 Central (Region), 128, 132, 134, 213, 217–218, 220, 223, 313 Anagni, 306 Eastern (Region), 217 Apennine, 310, 314 and hominin dispersals, 213–225 Beni Fouda, 307 North, 120 Čačak-Kraljevo, 140 Southeastern (Region), 215, 217, 220, 223 Carpathian, 51, 148 west, 119, 121 Denizli, 83 Anatomically modern human, 23, 36, 41, 44, 46, 55–56, 62, 70, 72, evolution on archaeological distributions, 313–317 76, 95, 111, 153, 165–166, 229 Grevena, 269, 272 Apidima, 4, 7–8, 11–12, 96, 310–311 Kalloni, 121–122 Apolakkia, 270–271 Megalopolis, 9, 12, 134–135, 298 Apollonia, 74, 270, 273, 276–277, 286–287 Mygdonia, 12, 273 Arago, 10, 25, 29, 56, 59, 87–90, 149, 312 Niš, 139, 146 Archaeological pattern, 303, 305 Pannonian, 15, 23, 319 Areopolis, 97 Thessalian, 310 Asprochaliko, 95, 148, 238–239, 253, 260 Venosa, 306 Assimilation model, 162 Belen Tepe, 221–222, 225 Atapuerca, 28, 276, 285, 287, 312, 318 Benkovski, 187, 205–209, 309 Sima de los Huesos, 27–29, 304, 306–307 BH-1.
    [Show full text]
  • Micro Flint-Knapping by Craig Libuse
    Micro Flint-Knapping by Craig Libuse Scaling traditional techniques to extremely small sizes Dan White (pictured) has been able to create his own form of art, based on what was one of the first forms of art—flint-knapping (shaping stone by breaking off chips). He calls it "micro-knapping". Prehistoric cultures learned early on that flint could be chipped to create sharp edges for knives, arrow and spear tips. The ability to make quality points was critical, as it meant the difference between eating and going hungry. Shape and size varied widely based on use and culture, but the technique has changed very little in thousands of years. Old points are popular among collectors, and some modern craftsmen have taken to duplicating the ancient techniques, but Dan has taken it to the extreme small end of the size scale. Over the last few years Dan has made over 100 miniature stone arrowheads. He uses a stereo microscope to reproduce the stone-age technology of flint-knapping in miniature. After months of experimenting, headaches, and stabbing himself in the fingers, he has been able to develop a technique where he can make miniature stone arrowheads the size of a grain of rice that have all the same proportions and flaking as the full-size originals. Each miniature takes between 1 and 2 hours to complete. Tools of a new micro-trade His tool kit consists of a thick rubber pad, a fine grinding stone, various size small nails/pins for use as pressure flakers and Scotch tape. (He must wrap his finger 4 or 5 times with tape to prevent the smaller nails from stabbing him while flaking).
    [Show full text]
  • Metate Re-Roughening, Pecking, Or Pounding?
    PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A REPLICATNE STUDY: METATE RE-ROUGHENING, PECKING, OR POUNDING? Dawn M. Reid and Mari A. Pritchard-Parker Department of Anthropology University of California Riverside, CA 92521 ABSTRACT This paper discusses the results of a replicative study on the roughening of milling equipment, specifically metates. The intent of the replication was to ascertain ifdiffering results were achieved when various percussor types were used to re-roughen a metate-like surface. Hammerstones prepared by flaking and unmodified cobbles were utilized. The results obtained in the replication were then compared with archaeological specimens in an attempt to determine more information as to the manufacturing and use behaviors associated with milling equipment. INTRODUCTION ment would be most efficiently accom­ plished with tools of different shapes and Stone metates or grinding stones have sizes, depending upon how much mass one long been a primary food processing tool for is trying to remove and where that mass is many agricultural as well as hunting and located. Where manufacture seeks to re­ gathering societies. Use of these imple­ move a relatively large amount ofmass, re­ ments to reduce both plant and animal ma­ roughening seeks to merely mar the grind­ terial has been well documented. When a ing surface to such a degree that it becomes metate is used in conjunction with a mano useful again. Identifying potential differ­ to grind foodstuffs, sharp edges are sheared ences in the types of tools used in the manu­ off ofthe metate surface and residues from facture and maintenance ofmilling imple­ the material being ground are deposited.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Members of the Genus Homo -. EXPLORATIONS: an OPEN INVITATION to BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
    EXPLORATIONS: AN OPEN INVITATION TO BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Editors: Beth Shook, Katie Nelson, Kelsie Aguilera and Lara Braff American Anthropological Association Arlington, VA 2019 Explorations: An Open Invitation to Biological Anthropology is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. ISBN – 978-1-931303-63-7 www.explorations.americananthro.org 10. Early Members of the Genus Homo Bonnie Yoshida-Levine Ph.D., Grossmont College Learning Objectives • Describe how early Pleistocene climate change influenced the evolution of the genus Homo. • Identify the characteristics that define the genus Homo. • Describe the skeletal anatomy of Homo habilis and Homo erectus based on the fossil evidence. • Assess opposing points of view about how early Homo should be classified. Describe what is known about the adaptive strategies of early members of the Homo genus, including tool technologies, diet, migration patterns, and other behavioral trends.The boy was no older than 9 when he perished by the swampy shores of the lake. After death, his slender, long-limbed body sank into the mud of the lake shallows. His bones fossilized and lay undisturbed for 1.5 million years. In the 1980s, fossil hunter Kimoya Kimeu, working on the western shore of Lake Turkana, Kenya, glimpsed a dark colored piece of bone eroding in a hillside. This small skull fragment led to the discovery of what is arguably the world’s most complete early hominin fossil—a youth identified as a member of the species Homo erectus. Now known as Nariokotome Boy, after the nearby lake village, the skeleton has provided a wealth of information about the early evolution of our own genus, Homo (see Figure 10.1).
    [Show full text]
  • H. Erectus Vs
    A Useful Question • What is the difference between valgus angle and bicondylar angle? Week 7: Lecture 7: Hypotheses about the origins and elaboration of our genus • Introduction to Life History Theory • Several hypotheses related to appearance of H. ergaster • Return to the Mid-Pleiostocene hominin fossil record Transitions Change in cranium, face, teeth, and body shape as well as size! Big Question! • What processes led from a small bodied australopithecine-like species to a larger bodied, larger brained Homo ergaster, and then eventually to us? • Useful questions sought within the framework of life history theory Introduction to Life History Theory • How do members of a species allocate energy through life to accomplish: • survival to and through their reproductive period • reproduction, and offspring care (if any) • growth and development • maintenance of organ systems • Tasks clearly interlinked and involve trade-offs Some Common Life History Parameters • Metabolic requirements • Gestation length • Number of offspring / litter size • Aspects of growth and development • Age at maturity / age at first birth • Inter-birth interval • Duration of reproductive period • Age mortality profiles etc. Life History links to Socio-ecology • Links between ecology, anatomy, and behaviour: – Niche(s) – Size of home range – Anatomy: body size, brain size, related to locomotion, dentition, gut, and patterns of growth – Diets (quality and quantity) – Social characteristics etc. Several life history parameters characterizing humans: • long gestation
    [Show full text]
  • From Left to Right, R. P. Soejono, H. R. Van Heekeren, and W. G. Solheim II Hendrik Robert Van Heekeren 1902-1974
    From left to right, R. P. Soejono, H. R. van Heekeren, and W. G. Solheim II Hendrik Robert van Heekeren 1902-1974 Received 29 September 1975 R. P. SOEJONO The friendly spirit and cooperation I found from scientists as well as from the simple peoples in small villages all over Indonesia will stay with me forever. (van Heekeren's Ceremonial Lecture Dr. H. C., University of Indonesia, 1970) R. H. R. van Heekeren passed away in Heemstede on 10 September 1974 after a four month's illness. His attendance at the "Symposium on Modern D Quaternary Research in Southeast Asia," which was held on 16 May 1974 in Groningen, was the last activity of his lifetime in the field of science. The paper he gave during this symposium dealt with problems ofthe chronology of Indonesian prehistory, which he always considered as being in its formative stage, with research on this subject continuously intensifying. His work of writing the second edition of his book The Bronze-Iron Age of Indonesia (first published in 1958), being done in cooperation with R. P. Soejono at the N.LA.S. (The Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences, Wassenaar), has not yet been accomplished, in spite of his earnest desire to have the new edition published as quickly as possible. He fell ill upon his return from Groningen, making it impossible for him to continue his writing at the N.LA.S., and this illness ended with his death. It was not expected that he would pass away so soon and so suddenly, as a few days before his death he seemed to be improving and was looking forward to his next visit, the following year, to Indonesia, which he had always considered as his second homeland.
    [Show full text]
  • Deciphering the Behavioural Heritage of Knapped Flakes Robert Patten
    Deciphering the behavioural heritage of knapped flakes Robert Patten Stone Dagger Publications. 10803 W. Connecticut Ave., Lakewood, CO, USA. Email: [email protected] Abstract: The major dimensions of a flake are shown to accurately capture how a knapper's actions manage the impact dynamics responsible for flake formation. When weight and density are also known, those same dimensions convey essential information about the volumetric geometry of a flake, including basic flake shapes typically valued for tools or to control core morphology. Combining the complementary modes of information allows the culturally imbedded heritage of a removed flake to be sufficiently represented that lithic analysts can reliably evaluate the mechanisms of flake formation without needing to be skilled flintknappers themselves. Presuming that habits of making flakes are culturally determined, it should be feasible to distinguish signature traits between lithic traditions. Keywords: flake morphology; knapping behaviour; impact dynamics; fracture mechanics 1. Introduction Flakes are the residue from one of humanities earliest technological advances and certainly its most persistent; in fact, the vast majority of archaeological evidence consists of flakes. Archaeologists routinely associate flakes and their scars with knapped tools presumed to be responsible for their creation but, unfortunately, there is no universal guide for interpreting the information available from flakes. Identifying for certain how a stone tool was made is complicated by the equifinality problem, referring to the difficulty in discerning the distinction between separate means of achieving the same result. There are three basic modes of archaeological flake manufacture: direct percussion, indirect percussion, and pressure. Each mode can be accomplished by myriad knapping tools and their capabilities are known to overlap considerably.
    [Show full text]
  • When Metal Met Stone Searching for Traces of Metal Tool Utilization During the Production of Late Neolithic Nordic Flint Daggers
    When Metal met Stone Searching for traces of metal tool utilization during the production of Late Neolithic Nordic Flint Daggers Gregory H. Strand Tanner Master’s Thesis in Archaeological Science Archaeological Research Laboratory Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies Stockholm University 2015 Supervisors: Kerstin Lidén Lena Holmquist 1 Abstract: This paper deals with the Late Neolithic Nordic Flint Daggers excavated from the gallery grave at Utbogården, Västergötland County, Sweden. Studies were undertaken in order to gain more understanding regarding the production processes and types of tools utilized during production/reduction, which can be assigned to certain specific, well preserved examples of these daggers. The results of these studies, in turn, will be able to shed light on the processes involved in producing Late Neolithic daggers in general, regardless of their individual states of preservation. This will be attempted by means of experimental flint knapping, comparative microscopic analysis, and chemical analysis. Acknowledgements: A special thanks is due to four individuals, for their aid in making this paper possible. In particular: Jackie Taffinder of the Swedish History Museum, for friendly advice, and making the Utbogården daggers freely available for non-destructive analysis, Kerstin Lidén and Lena Holmquist of Stockholm University for their supervision and support, and Sven Isaksson, also of Stockholm University for aid in the chemical analysis. Cover Image: SHM 5386: the daggers from Utbogården. (Photo by
    [Show full text]