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Ciencia Y El Arte De Los Etruscos Y La Roma Antigua

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Ciencia Y El Arte De Los Etruscos Y La Roma Antigua Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (S.E.A.), nº 53 (31/12/2013): 363–412. LOS ARTRÓPODOS EN LA MITOLOGÍA, LAS CREENCIAS, LA CIENCIA Y EL ARTE DE LOS ETRUSCOS Y LA ROMA ANTIGUA Víctor J. Monserrat Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid (España). – [email protected] Resumen: Con una breve introducción sobre los primeros asentamientos humanos en la Península Itálica durante el Neolítico, y tras las influencias de los fenicios y los griegos, nos adentramos en la enigmática civilización etrusca, que acabará por generar la fascinante civilización romana. Mucho menos documentada que la de sus conquistadores romanos, los etruscos desarrollaron una civilización hedonista y refinada, y trataremos de ahondar en los artrópodos y sus derivados que formaron parte de sus creencias y costumbres, desde los escarabeos que usaban como sellos y amuletos, al uso de la miel en multitud de sus prácticas, rituales y hábitos. Tras ello damos paso al Imperio Romano, que desde sus rurales inicios llegó a ser el primer imperio de la historia con categoría de estado. Transitaremos por su dilatada historia y su estructura militar, política, social, económica y religiosa, y nos iremos acercando a su zoológico. Comentarenos primero, de forma general, algunos datos sobre sus animales, y posteriormente sus artrópodos en particular, siendo los artrópodos unos animales que formaron parte de las creencias de esta civilización, con una enorme intencionalidad práctica y con mucho menos importancia simbólica, mágica y ritual que en otras civilizaciones mediterráneas previas, como la egipcia, la cretense o la griega. Aun así hablaremos de los artrópodos que hallamos en su mitología y sus deidades, así como los que hallamos entre sus creencias, costumbres, rituales, u ofrendas, en las que los artrópodos participaron y que dejaron constancia en multitud de ejemplos de su magnífica arquitectura, musivaria, escultura, arte mobiliario, pintura, orfebrería o numismática. También haremos un breve repaso de los artrópodos que se citan en algunos de sus textos literarios, médicos y científicos, en los que se inicia la andadura de la verdadera entomología aplicada, principalmente en relación con la apicultura, la salud frente a ciertos insectos y quelicerados y la agricultura contra ciertas plagas. Por último, mencionamos los elementos artropodianos de su conocido zodiaco (cangrejo y escorpión). Gran parte de estos conocimientos, mitos y creencias entomológicas se extendieron por el orbe mediterráneo y pasaron a Occidente, que es heredero directo del Mundo Romano, y a través de Roma llegarán al cristianismo, quien adaptará este legado a sus nuevas intenciones y lo transformará hacia elementos más maléficos y demoniacos que aún hoy día persisten sobre este gru- po animal. Palabras clave: Artrópodos, etruscos, Roma Antigua, entomología cultural, mitología, entomología aplicada, arte. Arthropods in the mythology, beliefs, science and art of the Etruscans and ancient Rome Abstract: With a brief introduction to the first human settlements in the Italian Peninsula during the Neolithic period, after the influ- ence of the Phoenicians and Greeks, we enter the mysterious Etruscan civilization, which would finally give rise to the fascinating Roman civilization. Much less documented than their Roman conquerors, the Etruscans developed a hedonistic and refined civilization, and we will try to delve into the arthropods and their derivatives that were part of their beliefs and customs, from using scarabs as seals and amulets, to the use of honey in many practices, rituals and habits. After that, we give way to the Romans who, since their rural beginnings, got the first empire in history with statehood. We will ride through their broad history and their military, political, social, economic and religious structures, and we will be closer to their zoo. First we will comment, on a general basis, some facts about their animals, and subsequently their particular arthropods, these being animals that were part of the beliefs of this civilization, with a huge practical intentionality and with much less symbolic, magic and ritual importance than in other previous Mediterranean civilizations like the Egyptians, Cretans or Greeks. Despite that, we will talk about arthropods that we found in their mythology and deities, as well as those found among their beliefs, customs, rituals, or of- ferings in which arthropods participated and left their mark in many examples on their magnificent architecture, mosaics, sculpture, furniture art, paintings, jewelry or coins. We will also do a brief review of arthropods mentioned in some of their literary, medical and scientific works, which started the journey to a real applied entomology, mainly in connection with beekeeping, health issues caused by certain insects and chelicer- ates, and agricultural practices against certain pests. Finally, we mention the arthropodian elements of their famous Zodiac (Crab & Scorpion). Much of this entomological knowledge, myths and beliefs spread through the world and arrived in the West, which is the di- rect heir of the Roman world, and through Rome it came to Christianity, which adapted this legacy to their new intentions and trans- formed it into more evil and demonic elements that live on even today about this animal group. Key words: Arthropods, Etruscans, Ancient Rome, cultural entomology, mythology, applied entomology, art. Introducción Tras haber iniciado una línea de artículos en los que contri- Fenicia o Griega, en las que directa- o indirectamente dedicá- buimos a recopilar y dar a conocer los artrópodos presentes en bamos especial interés en los artrópodos vinculados a sus las creencias y manifestaciones culturales en las diferentes creencias y/o representados en sus manifestaciones culturales, etapas y civilizaciones por las que nuestra especie ha ido científicas o artísticas (Monserrat, 2011 a, b, 2012 a, c, 2013 caminando a lo largo de su andadura y su dilatada historia, a, b; Monserrat & Melic 2012), dedicamos esta nueva contri- sea la Prehistoria, las Civilizaciones Mesopotámicas, Egipcia, bución a la enigmática Civilización Etrusca que nos llevará a 363 la del Imperio Romano, siendo ésta una de las civilizaciones entendían, que olvide por un rato sus actuales conocimientos más impresionantes y que más fascinación y mayores conse- y criterios, y se sumerja en el asombroso Mundo Etrusco que cuencias ha generado en Occidente, y aún hoy día genera nos llevará al más próximo, familiar y magnífico Mundo entre nosotros. No en vano, su herencia no escapa de cual- Romano, del que somos herederos. quier otra contribución entomológica en cualquier actividad que hemos dedicado a Occidente, sean referencias directas en Los etruscos: orígenes, desarrollo, esplendor y los grafitis romanos, en su numismática, en sus creencias o en ocaso su arquitectura y sus mosaicos en la Península Ibérica (Mon- serrat & Aguilar, 2007; Monserrat, 2011 c, 2012 a; Monserrat Antes de entrar en el Mundo Romano, hablemos algo, aunque & Melic, 2012), o sean elementos que indirectamente están sea brevemente, de sus antecedentes, y obligatorio conside- relacionados con la Civilización Romana que ahora aborda- ramos referirnos especialmente de los enigmáticos etruscos, mos, y que afloran por doquier dentro de cualquier actividad que como hemos indicado, fueron un importante referente que tratemos en relación a Occidente, ya que somos sus here- inicial en el que conviene detenerse. deros, sea sus ciudades, sus artistas, sus manifestaciones La Península Itálica estaba poblada por una enorme va- artísticas o su literatura (Monserrat, 2008, 2009 a, b, c, d, riedad de pueblos (ligures, sabinos, umbros, latinos, volscos, 2010 a, b, c, d, 2011 d, e, f, 2012 b). frimiates, vénetos, samnitas, ecuos, bricios, mesapios, luca- En lo que respecta al tema que ahora abordamos en esta nos, picenos, etc.) y, aparte de iniciales y puntuales contactos contribución, es lógico que los animales representados en las y establecimientos comerciales cretenses y micénicos en el creencias y manifestaciones tanto etruscas, como especial- sur de Italia y Sicilia (desde finales del s. XVII a.C.), también mente romanas, sean tema permanentemente referido en cual- los fenicios primero y los cartagineses después habían inicia- quier tratado general sobre los animales en el Arte (Berry, do sus contactos comerciales hacia finales del s. VIII a.C. 1929; Gredilla Rodríguez, 1958; Klingender, 1971; Dent, (instalados en el occidente de Sicilia, Cerdeña y litoral conti- 1976; Morphy, 1989; Mariño Ferro, 1996; Rawson, 1997; nental en Caere), y posteriormente llegarían los griegos, muy Charbonneau-Lassay, 1996; Comte, 2001; Campagne & poco después (instalados en las colonias del sur, Sicilia y Campagne, 2005, Morrison, 2007, etc.), pero lamentablemen- Magna Grecia) que aportarían nuevos elementos civilizadores te, y como es habitual, mayoritariamente versan sobre los (culturales, religiosos y técnicos) al conjunto (Bianchi Bandi- grandes animales silvestres o los animales domésticos o nelli, 1974), y unos y otros extenderán por esta zona elemen- fantásticos, de los que, en el caso particular de Roma, hay tos entomológicos bien conocidos del Mediterráneo oriental cierta bibliografía al respecto (Toynbee, 1973; Goguey, (Fig. 10-12), en especial la apicultura y el culto al escarabajo 2003), pero en ella, nuestros pequeños animales son habi- (Monserrat, 2011 b, 2012 a, c, 2013 a, b). También por el tualmente
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