Etruscan and Italic Literacy and the Case of Rome

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Etruscan and Italic Literacy and the Case of Rome Author Query AQ1 Please provide the complete details of the reference if published. 0002514760.indd 1 4/25/2015 12:21:34 PM CHAPTER 13 Etruscan and Italic Literacy and the Case of Rome Daniele F. Maras “Writing probably spread quite quickly from the Greeks in Italy to some of the native peoples. How and exactly why this happened we do not know …” (Harris 1989: 149). In 25 years from the publication of W. V. Harris’ valuable monograph on Ancient Literacy, much has been added to our knowledge on the acquisition of writing in Orientalizing Italy; recent achievements allow us to sketch a clearer picture of the earliest history of literacy among the peoples of pre‐Roman Italy. This chapter intends to p rovide an introduction to the subject of schooling and literacy in the late Roman Republic and Empire, and to show how literacy had actually in Italy a longer and more complex h istory than is usually admitted (Cornell 1991). 1. The Origins Writing had already arrived in Italy by way of Greek commerce in the course of the eighth century BCE (Cornell 1991: 8; Bonfante and Bonfante 2002: 7–13). The earliest epigraphic document in Italy dating from this period, a graffito from Gabii in Latium, was considered by several scholars to be Greek (ευλιν(ος), an epithet: “spinning well”; or ευοιν, a Dionysian cheer) (lastly, Guzzo 2011: 63–65, with further bibliography and a new interpretation; and Powell 2009: 235–236); but Giovanni Colonna has recently suggested that it is Latin (ni lue, “do not untie me”—G. Colonna, in Bartoloni and Delpino 2004: 478–483) (Figure 13.1). This piece of evidence is particularly striking, because it seems to provide credibility to the tradition, recorded by Plutarch (Rom. 6.2), that Romulus and Remus had studied grammata—that is to say Greek letters—in Gabii in their youth (Peruzzi 1969; Cornell 1991: 25). Apart from this isolated attestation, the earliest Italian writing system derived from Greek is Etruscan, as attested by inscriptions A Companion to Ancient Education, First Edition. Edited by W. Martin Bloomer. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 0002514760.indd 201 4/25/2015 12:21:34 PM 202 Daniele F. Maras Figure 13.1 Drawing of the early Latin inscription from Osteria dell’Osa (ancient Gabii, Latium), tomb 482. Circa 780–770 BCE. (Drawing by Daniele F. Maras.) Original Greek model (Marsiliana d’Albegna) Difference among working alphabets in the seventh and sixth centuries BCE Greek alphabet (Miletus) Etruscan alphabet (Veii) Latin alphabet Figure 13.2 Difference among working alphabets of the seventh and sixth centuries BCE: in the upper line is represented the original Greek model in the form showed by the writing tablet of Marsiliana d’Albegna (circa 675–650 BCE). (Drawing by Daniele F. Maras.) from southern Etruria, dating from the end of the eighth and the beginning of the seventh century BCE (Colonna 1976a: 1606–1608). The form of the letters shows that it has an Euboean origin, either because of the presence of Euboean traders in south Etruria, or as a consequence of the presence of Etruscan travelers in the Euboean c­olonies at Pithekoussai and Cumae, as is documented by seventh century inscriptions. The Etruscans adopted the Euboean alphabet as it was, modifying the form of gamma (into a moon‐shaped C, most probably because of the influence of Corinthian writing: Colonna 1976a: 1609), and omitting some of the letters, which did not correspond to Etruscan sounds (Figure 13.2). As a matter of fact, in the Etruscan language, voiced stops (/b g d/) and the vowel /o/ were missing, while aspirated stops (/ph kh th/) were required, as well as a wider set of fricatives than in Greek (/f ś s h/) (Bonfante 2002: 63–65; Wallace 2008a: 29–32). Therefore, the earliest adaptations of the alphabet caused the abandonment of beta, delta, and omicron, while gamma was used for /k/ as an alternative to kappa and qoppa (Rix 2000: 202–203). 0002514760.indd 202 4/25/2015 12:21:34 PM Etruscan and Italic Literacy and the Case of Rome 203 The resulting alphabet remained unchanged until the middle of the seventh century, except for the introduction (about 675 BCE) of the graphic group HV or VH in order to express the sound /f/, missing in the Greek model, but necessary for the Etruscan language. At that time, writing had spread across the whole of southern Etruria—in the towns of Veii, Caere, Tarquinii, Volcii—, in Latium, and in the Faliscan area (Cornell 1991: 14). During this earliest period, it has been said that we cannot speak of a real Etruscan alphabet, but of a Greek alphabet used to write the Etruscan language; at the same time, Greek masters were at work adapting letters to the sounds of a foreign language and teaching writing to Etruscan scribes (Pandolfini and Prosdocimi 1990: 164–166). It should be noted that even the graphic group VH was borrowed from some Greek writing systems, where it is attested in the Archaic period (see, for instance, the Pamphilian spelling ϝhε, for the pronoun ἕ— Lejeune 1955: 114–115; Colonna 1970: 1598–1599, spec. note 102, and Id. 1976a: 1609–1610; Pandolfini and Prosdocimi 1990: 218–221). 2. Writing in the Orientalizing Period The earliest texts are in most cases either gift texts or isolated letters, some of them p roduction marks used by craftsmen (Maras 2012a: 103). The former include some o nomastic inscriptions, which simply record that the object is owned by the receiver of a gift (Benelli 2005: 206–207, with further bibliography). These early attestations concern either high‐ranking social relationships, with the c eremonial aspects of the meeting between local aristocrats and the (often aristocratic) Greek sailors and dealers who brought the new, Orientalizing cultural model; or particular fields of craftsmanship, improved and modified by technological and artistic novelties coming from the eastern Mediterranean (see, in general, Riva 2006). Aristocratic relationships and craftsmanship were therefore the channels through which writing was introduced into Italy. In this regard, it is interesting to note that writing was not reserved for high‐ranking personages, but was used by craftsmen in the production of pottery, bronzes, and textiles. Clearly, literacy was a technique handed down to craftsmen and artists, whose works typically carried inscriptions (Colonna 1988a: 1703–1705; Medori and Belfiore, forthcoming). Leaving aside for the moment production marks and isolated letters, we notice that most Etruscan inscriptions from the seventh century refer to the aristocratic gift‐exchange system, and among them are some of the longest Etruscan epigraphic texts, which at times exhibit literary and even poetic features (Maras, forthcoming, b). Actually, we must not be tempted to think of an illiterate culture as primitive, incapable of producing and transmitting knowledge or even literature. In antiquity as well as in our own times, a good deal of evidence demonstrates that oral literature can reach high levels and be widely diffused long before the introduction of writing (Goody and Watt 1968: 28–34). The transmission of Greek writing in central Italy at the end of the eighth century BCE met a well‐defined oral culture in Etruria as well as in Latium, which received the new expressive means and naturally adapted it to its needs. It is worth n oting that some of the earliest vase inscriptions, in the Greek as well as in the Etruscan 0002514760.indd 203 4/25/2015 12:21:34 PM 204 Daniele F. Maras cm 05 Figure 13.3 Long inscription on the foot of a bucchero cup from Narce (Faliscan area: Monte in Mezzo ai Prati, tomb 5). Rome, Etruscan National Museum of Villa Giulia. End of the seventh century BCE. Drawing by Daniele F. Maras. world, have unusually long texts, at times with literary features (Powell 1991: 158–186; spec. 182–186; and Powell 2009: 236–240). This is the case, for instance, of the famous Cup of Nestor from Pithekoussai, one of the earliest Greek epigraphic documents (Watkins 1995: 41–42; Ammirati, Biagetti and Radiciotti 2006: 15–16), and of a group of Etruscan inscriptions dating from the seventh century BCE (figs. 3, 10; Maras, forth- coming, b). The discovery sites of the latter are concentrated in the towns of Caere and Narce (the latter in the Faliscan area), which have been called the most literate towns of archaic Etruria (Colonna 1970: 1587, and Id. 1988a: 1708). What kind of literature do these earliest documents indicate? Obviously, southern Etruria had a solid oral tradition, with literary forms dating from before the i­ntroduction of writing, and the inscriptions simply recorded what just one g­eneration before would have been communicated by word of mouth (Maras, forthcoming, b). An important feature of archaic Greek texts is their metrical form (Ammirati, Biagetti, and Radiciotti 2006: 15), which relates them to the diffusion of the early epic poetry, and throws light on the most common and important learning system of oral cultures: mnemonic r­epetition helped by formulaic modules and verse. Some of the earliest Etruscan texts also seem to have had a metrical form, but refer neither to Greek, nor to local poetry; 0002514760.indd 204 4/25/2015 12:21:34 PM Etruscan and Italic Literacy and the Case of Rome 205 Figure 13.4 Inscription incised on the golden “Fibula Prenestina.” Rome, National Prehistoric Ethnographic Museum “L. Pigorini.” Circa 650 BCE. Above, former version with no mention of the recipient; below, final version. (Drawings by Daniele F. Maras.) they belong to the sphere of aristocratic gifts or to the symposium, that is, to the most significant social events of the Orientalizing aristocracies (Maras, forthcoming, a; regarding the connection of literacy with power, see Bowman and Woolf 1994: 1–16).
Recommended publications
  • Umbria from the Iron Age to the Augustan Era
    UMBRIA FROM THE IRON AGE TO THE AUGUSTAN ERA PhD Guy Jolyon Bradley University College London BieC ILONOIK.] ProQuest Number: 10055445 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10055445 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract This thesis compares Umbria before and after the Roman conquest in order to assess the impact of the imposition of Roman control over this area of central Italy. There are four sections specifically on Umbria and two more general chapters of introduction and conclusion. The introductory chapter examines the most important issues for the history of the Italian regions in this period and the extent to which they are relevant to Umbria, given the type of evidence that survives. The chapter focuses on the concept of state formation, and the information about it provided by evidence for urbanisation, coinage, and the creation of treaties. The second chapter looks at the archaeological and other available evidence for the history of Umbria before the Roman conquest, and maps the beginnings of the formation of the state through the growth in social complexity, urbanisation and the emergence of cult places.
    [Show full text]
  • 0. Introduction L2/12-386
    Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Revised Proposal to Encode Additional Old Italic Characters Source: UC Berkeley Script Encoding Initiative (Universal Scripts Project) Author: Christopher C. Little ([email protected]) Status: Liaison Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Replaces: N4046 (L2/11-146R) Date: 2012-11-06 0. Introduction The existing Old Italic character repertoire includes 31 letters and 4 numerals. The Unicode Standard, following the recommendations in the proposal L2/00-140, states that Old Italic is to be used for the encoding of Etruscan, Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian, North Picene, and South Picene. It also specifically states that Old Italic characters are inappropriate for encoding the languages of ancient Italy north of Etruria (Venetic, Raetic, Lepontic, and Gallic). It is true that the inscriptions of languages north of Etruria exhibit a number of common features, but those features are often exhibited by the other scripts of Italy. Only one of these northern languages, Raetic, requires the addition of any additional characters in order to be fully supported by the Old Italic block. Accordingly, following the addition of this one character, the Unicode Standard should be amended to recommend the encoding of Venetic, Raetic, Lepontic, and Gallic using Old Italic characters. In addition, one additional character is necessary to encode South Picene inscriptions. This proposal is divided into five parts: The first part (§1) identifies the two unencoded characters (Raetic Ɯ and South Picene Ũ) and demonstrates their use in inscriptions. The second part (§2) examines the use of each Old Italic character, as it appears in Etruscan, Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian, South Picene, Venetic, Raetic, Lepontic, Gallic, and archaic Latin, to demonstrate the unifiability of the northern Italic languages' scripts with Old Italic.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution, Demography, Ecology and Threats of Amphibians in the Circeo National Park (Central Italy)
    Acta Herpetologica 11(2): 197-212, 2016 DOI: 10.13128/Acta_Herpetol-18061 Olim palus, where once upon a time the marsh: distribution, demography, ecology and threats of amphibians in the Circeo National Park (Central Italy) Antonio Romano1,*, Riccardo Novaga2, Andrea Costa1 1 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Via Salaria Km 29,300 I-00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy. * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] 2 Viale dello Statuto 37, Latina, Italy. Submitted on 2016, 27th February; revised on 2016, 27th June; accepted on 2016, 7th July Editor: Gentile Francesco Ficetola Abstract. The Circeo National Park lies in a territory that was deeply shaped by human activity, and represents one of the few remaining patches of plain wetland habitat in Central Italy. In this study distribution and few demographic information of the amphibians in the Park were provided. Seven species and 25 bibliographic and 84 original breeding sites were recorded, and population size estimations were carried out for a population of these three species: Pelophylax sinkl esculentus, Bufo balearicus and Rana dalmatina. For the studied populations of pool frog and green toad the oper- ational sex ratio and the demographic effective population size was also estimated. For Rana dalmatina, which is strictly associated to forest environment, a positive and significant correlation between the number of egg clutches and maxi- mum depth of the swamps was found. The State plain forest is the most important habitat for amphibians’ conservation in the park. The occurrence of dangerous alien species was investigated and they are evaluated as the major threat for amphibians in the park, especially the crayfish Procambarus clarkii in the State plain forest.
    [Show full text]
  • Falda's Map As a Work Of
    The Art Bulletin ISSN: 0004-3079 (Print) 1559-6478 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rcab20 Falda’s Map as a Work of Art Sarah McPhee To cite this article: Sarah McPhee (2019) Falda’s Map as a Work of Art, The Art Bulletin, 101:2, 7-28, DOI: 10.1080/00043079.2019.1527632 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00043079.2019.1527632 Published online: 20 May 2019. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 79 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rcab20 Falda’s Map as a Work of Art sarah mcphee In The Anatomy of Melancholy, first published in the 1620s, the Oxford don Robert Burton remarks on the pleasure of maps: Methinks it would please any man to look upon a geographical map, . to behold, as it were, all the remote provinces, towns, cities of the world, and never to go forth of the limits of his study, to measure by the scale and compass their extent, distance, examine their site. .1 In the seventeenth century large and elaborate ornamental maps adorned the walls of country houses, princely galleries, and scholars’ studies. Burton’s words invoke the gallery of maps Pope Alexander VII assembled in Castel Gandolfo outside Rome in 1665 and animate Sutton Nicholls’s ink-and-wash drawing of Samuel Pepys’s library in London in 1693 (Fig. 1).2 There, in a room lined with bookcases and portraits, a map stands out, mounted on canvas and sus- pended from two cords; it is Giovanni Battista Falda’s view of Rome, published in 1676.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Main Groups of People Settled on Or Near the Italian Peninsula and Influenced Roman Civilization
    Three main groups of people settled on or near the Italian peninsula and influenced Roman civilization. The Latins settled west of the Apennine Mountains and south of the Tiber River around 1000 B.C.E. While there were many advantages to their location near the river, frequent flooding also created problems. The Latin’s’ settlements were small villages built on the “Seven Hills of Rome”. These settlements were known as Latium. The people were farmers and raised livestock. They spoke their own language which became known as Latin. Eventually groups of these people united and formed the city of Rome. Latin became its official language. The Etruscans About 400 years later, another group of people, the Etruscans, settled west of the Apennines just north of the Tiber River. Archaeologists believe that these people came from the eastern Mediterranean region known as Asia Minor (present day Turkey). By 600 B.C.E., the Etruscans ruled much of northern and central Italy, including the town of Rome. The Etruscans were excellent builders and engineers. Two important structures the Romans adapted from the Etruscans were the arch and the cuniculus. The Etruscan arch rested on two pillars that supported a half circle of wedge-shaped stones. The keystone, or center stone, held the other stones in place. A cuniculus was a long underground trench. Vertical shafts connected it to the ground above. Etruscans used these trenches to irrigate land, drain swamps, and to carry water to their cities. The Romans adapted both of these structures and in time became better engineers than the Etruscans.
    [Show full text]
  • A Stroll in Ancient Cori Foreword
    A stroll in ancient Cori Foreword This little guide to the ancient part of Cori is meant to contribute simple and clear information to any visi- tor about the city’s many attractions. Consequently, I have chosen to divide old Cori into four or five easily manageable walks, each of which passes important historical sites, monuments and buildings. Thus, one can also choose to combine multiple routes or just a simple route, one at a time. Since the vast majority of illustrations and descriptions are numbered, you will easily be able to locate each scene on the route. Final- ly, you can, of course, choose to walk the length and breadth, as the important thing is the interesting and exciting experience you will have by moving around in this very exciting part of the city. The Danish text is drawn up on the basis of a local Ital- ian publisher, and then translated into Italian by Diletta Ferri and into English by Billie Fraser in collaboration with the undersigned. I especially thank Ivana Ferri for information and guidance about old Cori, Diletta Ferri for help with the organization and practical review of routes and Mette Brandt for professional critique of illustrations and extended patience during the process. Should there be any error the responsibility is mine. Have a good stroll and enjoy. Athena created the olive tree. Jan Dybdahl - www.cori-vista.com 2 Legends and historical track According to ancient various legends, it was said the construction of the Roman temple of Jupiter After the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth that the origin of the Latins were created by mixing (‘Giove Optimo Maximo’).
    [Show full text]
  • SPEECH in DEFENCE of TITUS ANNIUS MILO Marcus Tullius Cicero
    52 BC SPEECH IN DEFENCE OF TITUS ANNIUS MILO Marcus Tullius Cicero translated by Charles Duke Yonge, A.B. Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106-43 BC) - Rome’s greatest orator, philosopher, and rhetorician, he developed a style of speaking that was emulated for centuries thereafter. Cicero was influential in the development of Latin as more than just a utilitarian language. Speech in Defence of Titus Annius Milo (52 BC) - Milo, a candidate for consulship, and Clodius, a candidate for the praetorship, were in- volved in a streetfight in which Clodius was slain. Milo was tried for his murder. THE ARGUMENT Titus Annius Milo, often in the following speech called only Titus Annius, stood for the consulship while Clodius was a candidate for the praetorship, and daily quarrels took place in the streets between their armed retainers and gladiators. Milo, who was dictator of Lanuvium, his native place, was forced to go thither to appoint some priests, etc.; and Clodius, who had been to Africa, met him on his road. Milo was in his carriage with his wife, and was accompanied by a numerous retinue, among whom were some gladiators. Clodius was on horseback, with about thirty armed men. The followers of each began to fight, and when the tumult had become general, Clodius was slain, probably by Milo himself. The disturbances at Rome became so formidable that Pompey was created sole consul; and soon after he entered on his office, A.U.C. 702, Milo was brought to trial. This speech, however, though composed by Cicero, was not spoken, for he was so much alarmed by the violence of Clodius’s friends, that he did not dare to use the plain language he had proposed.
    [Show full text]
  • Italian Community Profile, Shepparton and the Goulburn Valley
    Italian Community Profile July 2016 Country Background Official Name Republic of Italy Location Italy is located in Southern Europe, between latitudes 35° and 47° N, and longitudes 6° and 19° E. To the north, Italy borders France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia, and is roughly delimited by the Alpine watershed, enclosing the Po Valley and the Venetian Plain. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula and the two Mediterranean islands of Sicily and Sardinia, in addition to many smaller islands. The sovereign states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The country's total area is 301,230 square kilometres (116,306 sq mi), of which 294,020 km2 (113,522 sq mi) is land and 7,210 km2 (2,784 sq mi) is water. Including the islands, Italy has a coastline and border of 7,600 kilometres (4,722 miles) on the Adriatic, Ionian, Tyrrhenian seas (740 km (460 mi)), and borders shared with France (488 km (303 mi)), Austria (430 km (267 mi)), Slovenia (232 km (144 mi)) and Switzerland (740 km (460 mi)). San Marino (39 km 1 (24 mi)) and Vatican City (3.2 km (2.0 mi)), both enclaves, account for the remainder. Population Italy has 60,656,000 inhabitants according to estimates current as of January 1, 2016 (ISTAT) Its population density, at 201 inhabitants per square kilometre (520/sq mi), is higher than that of most Western European countries. However the distribution of the population is widely uneven.
    [Show full text]
  • Discovering a Roman Resort-Coat: the Litus Laurentinum and The
    DISCOVERING A ROMAN RESORT-COAST: THE LITUS LAURENTINUM AND THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF 1 OTIUM* Nicholas Purcell St John's College, Oxford I. Introductory Otium - the concept of leisure, the elaborate social and cultural definer of the Roman elite away from its business of political and military power - is famous. We can see in Roman literary texts how the practice of otium patterned everyday experience, and how it was expressed in physical terms in the arrangement, on a large and on a small scale, of all aspects of Roman space. The texts likewise show that much of what we would regard as social life, and nearly all of what we think of as economic, belonged in the domain of otium. The complexities and ambiguities of this material have been much studied.2 Roman archaeology equally needs to be an archaeology of otium, but there has been little attempt to think systematically about what that might entail. Investigating the relationship between a social concept such as otium and the material culture that is the primary focus of archaeology must in the first place involve describing Roman culture in very broad terms. The density of explicit or implicit symbolic meaning, the organisation of space and time, degrees of hierarchy of value or prestige: it is at that level of generalisation that the archaeologist and the cultural historian will find the common denominators that enable them to share in the construction of explanations of Roman social phenomena. In this account, which is based on research into a particular locality, we shall have to limit ourselves to one of these possibilities.
    [Show full text]
  • The Letters of Cicero : the Whole Extant Correspondence in Chronological
    Ex Libris C. K. OGDEN BOffN'S CLASSICAL LIBRARY THE LETTERS OF CICERO VOL. Ill LONDON: G. BELL & SONS, LIMITED, PORTUGAL ST. LINCOLN'S INN, W.C. CAMBRIDGE: DEIGHTON, BELL& co. NEW YORK : THE MACMILLAN CO. BOMBAY : A. H. WHEELER & CO. THE LETTERS OF CICERO THE WHOLE EXTANT CORRESPONDENCE IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BY EVELYN S. SHUCKBURGH, M.A. LATE FELLOW OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE AUTHOR OF A TRANSLATION OF HOLYBIUS, A HISTORY OF ROME. ETC IN FOUR VOLUMES VOL. III. B.C. 48-44 (FEBRUARY) LONDON G. BELL AND SONS, LTD. 1915 AND CO. CHISWICK PRESS : CHARLES WHITTINGHAM TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON. LETTERS IN VOLUME III VI LETTERS IN VOLUME III LETTERS IN VOLUME III Vll Vlll LETTERS IN VOLUME III Att. XIII. INTRODUCTION HPHE correspondence in this volume (January, B.C. 48- J- February, B.C. 44) opens with a letter to Atticus from Pompey's headquarters in Epirus. There are only nine letters during the fifteen or sixteen months Cicero at which intervene between Cicero's ' departure Pharsalia. One of these is from Cselius . August, B.C. 48. (p. 4), foreshadowing the disaster which soon afterwards befell that facile intelligence but ill-balanced character in- ; and one from Dolabella (p. 6), spired with a genuine wish in which Caesar shared that Cicero should withdraw in time from the chances and dangers of the war. Cicero's own letters deal mostly with the anxiety which he was feeling as to his property at home, which was at the mercy of the Csesarians, and, in case of Pompey's defeat, would doubtless be seized by the victorious party, except such of it as was capable of being concealed or held in trust by his friends.
    [Show full text]
  • Mothers & Children in the Art of Ancient Italy
    Larissa Bonfante - October 22nd, 1988 Mothers & Children in the Art of Ancient Italy The statue type “kourotrophos” (mother holding or nursing a child or children) is widely distributed in Ancient Italy but not frequent in Ancient Greece, perhaps because of taboos on certain types of nudity. By 1000 BC (Villanovan culture) the Etruscans are already in Italy, their writing (non-Indo-European) by 800 BC. The Etruscans probably came into Italy not in one massive wave but over a long period of time, with a consequent merger with the Italic peoples (Indo-European) already there. Te Indo- Europeans hat migrated to Italy were part of the larger movement to of I-E peoples brought a sky- father religion that came into contact with the female earth divinities of the earlier peoples. In Greece the result was a marrying off of the female divinities to the I-E male divinities and a consequent diminished role for those female divinities in Greece as compared to those in Italy. (In Italy there was a multi-mix of languages but a basic unity of thought and religion.) The Etruscans taught the Italians to write and to represent the human figure. A pair of nude figures from Latium (c. 750 BC) shows a woman nursing a baby and a man having his eyes pecked out by birds (Aphrodite and Anchises, in some unknown variant?). This representation of husband and wife together is part of a general Italian tendency to show family relationships. A large (headless) statue from Syracuse shows a woman, wearing a robe which leaves her breasts exposed, nursing 2 babies (perhaps a mother who died in childbirth?).
    [Show full text]
  • Sacred Image, Civic Spectacle, and Ritual Space: Tivoli’S Inchinata Procession and Icons in Urban Liturgical Theater in Late Medieval Italy
    SACRED IMAGE, CIVIC SPECTACLE, AND RITUAL SPACE: TIVOLI’S INCHINATA PROCESSION AND ICONS IN URBAN LITURGICAL THEATER IN LATE MEDIEVAL ITALY by Rebekah Perry BA, Brigham Young University, 1996 MA, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2006 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts & Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2011 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts & Sciences This dissertation was presented by Rebekah Perry It was defended on October 28, 2011 and approved by Franklin Toker, Professor, History of Art and Architecture Anne Weis, Professor, History of Art and Architecture Bruce Venarde, Professor, History Alison Stones, Professor, History of Art and Architecture ii Copyright © by Rebekah Perry 2011 iii SACRED IMAGE, CIVIC SPECTACLE, AND RITUAL SPACE: TIVOLI’S INCHINATA PROCESSION AND ICONS IN URBAN LITURGICAL THEATER IN LATE MEDIEVAL ITALY Rebekah Perry, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2011 This dissertation examines the socio-politics of urban performance and ceremonial imagery in the nascent independent communes of late medieval Lazio. It explores the complex manner in which these central Italian cities both emulated and rejected the political and cultural hegemony of Rome through the ideological and performative reinvention of its cult icons. In the twelfth century the powerful urban center of Tivoli adopted Rome’s grandest annual public event, the nocturnal Assumption procession of August 14-15, and transformed it into a potent civic expression that incorporated all sectors of the social fabric. Tivoli’s cult of the Trittico del Salvatore and the Inchinata procession in which the icon of the enthroned Christ was carried at the feast of the Assumption and made to perform in symbolic liturgical ceremonies were both modeled on Roman, papal exemplars.
    [Show full text]