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שבת Morning Chumash Shiur • February 5, 2005 • Steven Exler

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שבת Morning Chumash Shiur • February 5, 2005 • Steven Exler Why is this Night the Same as Last Night? Lessons from Yom Tov Sheini for Israel-Diaspora Relations הגדה של פסח Passover Haggadah .1 מַהנִּשְׁ תַ נָּה הַלַ היְׁלָּ הַ זֶּהמִּ כָּלהַלֵּ ילֹות? ?Why is this night different from all the other nights משנה ראש השנה ב/ב Mishnah Rosh Hashana 2:2 .2 בראשונה היו משיאין משואות משקלקלו Originally they would light signal torches. After the Kutim הכותים התקינו שיהו שלוחין יוצאין: .disrupted them they decreed that messengers go forth תלמוד בבלי ביצה ד: Babylonian Talmud Beitzah 4b .3 אתמר, שני ימים טובים של גליות, רב It is said with regards to the day of yom tov of the אמר: נולדה בזה מותרת בזה, ורב אסי diasporas: Rav says, “If [an egg] is laid on the first day, it is אמר: נולדה בזה אסורה בזה. לימא קא [permissible on the second,” and Rav Assi says, “If [an egg סבר רב אסי קדושה אחת היא? ”.is laid on the the first day it is forbidden on the second והא רב אסי מבדיל מיומא טבא לחבריה! - ?Perhaps Rav Assi believes that it is one holiness רב אסי ספוקי מספקא ליה, ועביד הכא However, Rav Assi makes havdallah between the two לחומרא והכא לחומרא. days! It must mean that Rav Assi is in doubt, and he acts stringently in both ways. אמר רבי זירא: כותיה דרב אסי מסתברא, Rabbi Zeira said, “Rav Assi's opinion makes sense דהאידנא ידעינן בקביעא דירחא וקא because today we know the calendar, and we still perform עבדינן תרי יומי. אמר אביי: כותיה דרב two days.” Abayee said, “Rav's opinion makes sense as it מסתברא. דתנן: בראשונה היו משיאין is written in the Mishnah, 'Originally they used to light משואות, משקלקלו הכותים התקינו שיהו bonfires, but after the kutim disrupted it, they decreed that שלוחין יוצאין. ואילו בטלו כותים עבדינן messengers should be sent out.' This implies that if there חד יומא, והיכא דמטו שלוחין עבדינן חד were no kutim we would perform one day, and wherever יומא. .the messengers reached they would perform one day והשתא דידעינן בקביעא דירחא מאי Today, that we know the calendar, why do we perform two טעמא עבדינן תרי יומי? - משום דשלחו days? Because they sent from there, 'Be careful with your מתם: הזהרו במנהג אבותיכם בידיכם, ancestors' tradition that you hold, because sometime they might cast a decree, and this may lead to a disruption.'” זמנין דגזרו שמדא ואתי לאקלקולי. ר׳ ד״ר יהודה ברנדס, שיעורים על מסכתות יו״ט R. Dr. Y Brandes, Shiurim on Masekhtot Yom Tov .4 ההוראה לשמר מנהג האבות אינה תקנה The instruction to keep the custom of our ancestors is not שמחייבת שני ימים, אלא כל אופיה הוא an edict that mandates two days, rather its entire nature is להשאר עם ה'ספיקא דיומא' שמא יהיה to remain with the ‘doubt of which day’ that perhaps there שמד ובאמת לא יידעו. כביכול יושבי will be religious persecution and we truly won’t know what הגולה לעולם נמצאים בחשש הווצרות calendar day it is. It’s as if Diaspora Jews are always at ספק. גם בעידן הלוח, מבחינת יושבי risk of the creation of a doubt. Even in the age of the calendar, from the perspective of the Diaspora, we still הגולה עדיין חוגגים שני ימים טובים celebrate two days of Yom Tov out of doubt, not because of מספק, ולא מכוח תקנה. an edict. ריטב״א ר״ה יח. Ritva Rosh Hashanah 18a .5 ויש עוד שאלה גדולה שהרי לכל מקום שהיו There is another big question: the messengers would יכולין להגיע שלוחין יוצאין ואפי׳ לחו״ל go out to everywhere they could reach, and even to כדכתיבנא לעיל ולמצרים היו יכולין להגיע the Diaspora, but they could get to Egypt within 10 בעשרה ימים... ובודאי לא היו מגיעין לכל days… and they certainly could not get to all of R' Steven · Page 1 · ח' ניסן תשע"ט · Shabbat Hagadol Derashah · HIR – The Bayit · April 13, 2019 א״י... וכיון דכן היו מקומות בארץ ישראל Israel… and as such, there were places in Israel that שצריכין לעשות המועדות ב׳ ימים כמו בחו״ל would need to keep the festivals for two days as in the וא״כ אמאי נהוג כ״ע למעבד בא״י כל המועדות Diaspora. So why does the world observe one day in יום א׳ לבד מר״ה ובני חוץ לארץ עושין אותן Israel except Rosh Hashanah, and those in the Diaspora observe two days? כולם שני ימים. והתשובה ... דשלחו מתם הזהרו במנהג The answer is that… they sent from there, 'Be careful with your ancestors' tradition that you hold, because אבותיכם בידיכם דזמנין דגזרי שמדא ואתו sometime they might cast a decree, and this may lead לאקלקולי. כלומר ... שנהי׳ נוהגין כבתחלה to a disruption.' That is to say… we should practice as ונהיה בעיקר המעשה כאלו אין אנו יודעין כלום originally done and essentially be as though we don’t ומברכין בו ומקדשין בו כמו שהוא ספק בידינו know anything, and bless on the second day, and sanctify it, as though it is in doubt in our hands… ... וכשתקנו לנו שנזהר במנהג אבותינו ואבותינו And when they enacted that we be careful with our היו להם מנהגות משונים שהרי מקומות ancestors’ customs in our hands, our ancestors had מקומות יש ויש שעושין ב׳ ימים ויש שעושין יום ,divergent customs, for there were all kinds of places א׳ ויש לנו לילך אחר הרוב ובחו״ל רובא some that kept two days and some that kept one, and )הימים( לעולם שלא היו מגיעין שם שלוחים we follow the majority, and in the Diaspora the majority ולפיכך אנו עושין כאן ב׳ ימים אבל ברוב א״י did not have messengers arrive, so we do here two היו עושין יום א׳ ועושין היום ג״כ יום...: ,days, but in the majority of Israel, they did one day and so they do today… תלמוד בבלי כתובות קי:-קיא. Babylonian Talmud Ketubot 110b-111a .6 ר' זירא הוה קמשתמיט מיניה דרב יהודה, R. Zera was evading R. Judah because he wanted to go דבעא למיסק לארץ ישראל, דאמר רב :up to the Land of Israel but R. Judah had expressed יהודה: כל העולה מבבל לארץ ישראל Whoever goes up from Babylon to the Land of Israel עובר בעשה, שנאמר: בבלה יובאו ושמה transgresses a positive commandment, for it is said in יהיו עד יום פקדי אותם נאם ה' )ירמיהו Scripture, They shall be carried to Babylon, and there shall כז/כב(.... they be, until the day that I remember them, saith the Lord (Jer. 27:22).... אמר רב יהודה אמר שמואל: כשם שאסור R. Judah stated in the name of Samuel: As it is forbidden לצאת מארץ ישראל לבבל, כך אסור לצאת to leave the Land of Israel for Babylon so it is forbidden to מבבל לשאר ארצות. …leave Babylon for other countries אמר רב יהודה: כל הדר בבבל - כאילו דר R. Judah said: Whoever lives in Babylon is as though he בארץ ישראל. …lived in the Land of Israel תלמוד בבלי סנהדרין כד. Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 24a .7 מאי בבל? אמר רבי יוחנן: בלולה What does [the name] Bavel connote? R. Johanan במקרא, בלולה במשנה, בלולה answered: [That the study of] Scripture, Mishnah and בתלמוד. .[Talmud was intermingled [therein במחשכים הושיבני כמתי עולם )איכה He hath made me to dwell in dark places like those that ג/ו( - אמר רבי ירמיה: זה תלמודה של ,have been long dead (Lam. 3:6). This, said R. Jeremiah בבל. .refers to the Babylonian Talmud הא לחמא עניא - הגדה של פסח Ha Lahma Anya – Passover Haggadah .8 הָּשַתָּ אהָּ כָּא, לְׁשָּ נָּה ההַבָּאָּ בְׁאַרְׁ עָּא This year we celebrate here; Next year in the Land of דְׁ יִּשְׁרָּ אֵּ ל. .Israel הָּשַתָּ אעַבְׁדֵּ י, לְׁשָּ נָּההַבָּאָּ הבְׁ נֵּיחֹורִּ ין. .Now we are still in bonds; Next year may we all be free R' Steven · Page 2 · ח' ניסן תשע"ט · Shabbat Hagadol Derashah · HIR – The Bayit · April 13, 2019 תלמוד בבלי פסחים קטז. Babylonian Talmud Pesahim 116a .9 מתחיל בגנות ומסיים בשבח: מאי בגנות? :”Begins with disgrace and concludes with glory“ What is “with disgrace”? רב אמר מתחלה עובדי עבודת גלולים היו אבותינו Rav said: At first our forefathers were idol worshippers. ]ושמואל[ אמר עבדים היינו... ”…Shmuel said: “We were slaves Manuscript: JTS Rab. 1623 Manuscript: Vatican Ebr. 134 ירושלמי פסחים י/ה Palestinian Talmud Pesahim 10:5 .10 רב אמר )ב(]כ[תחילה. )צריך להזכיר( בעבר Rav said: At in the beginning: “On the other side of the הנהר ישבו אבותיכם וגו' ואקח את אביכם את river your ancestors dwelled…and I took your father אברהם מעבר הנהר וגו' וארבה. Abraham from the other side of the river…and I made [them] numerous.” יהושע כד/ב-ד Joshua 24:2-4 .11 )ב( ַוֹּ֨י אֶּמר ְׁי ֻׁ֜ הֹושַע ֶּאָּל־כל־ָּהָָּ֗עם ֹּֽ כה־ָּא ַַ֣מר ה' Then Joshua said to all the people, “Thus said the (2) א -ֹלֵַּ֣הי ִּיְׁשָּרֵּאל֒ ְׁב ֵַּ֣עֶּבר ַהָּנ ָָּ֗הר ָּיְׁש֤בּו ֲאֹּֽבֹוֵּתֶּיכ֙ם LORD, the God of Israel: In olden times, your ֵֹּּֽמָָּ֔עֹולם ֶֶּּ֛תַרח ֲאִִּ֥בי ַאְׁבָּר ָָּ֖הם ַוֲא ִַּ֣בי ָּנ֑חֹור ַוַיַעְׁבָ֖דּו forefathers—Terah, father of Abraham and father of אֹל ִִּ֥הים ֲאֵּחִֹּּֽרים׃ )ג( ָָּ֠וֶּאַקח ֶּאת־ֲאִּב ֶּ֤יכם ֶּאת־ Nahor—lived beyond the Euphrates and worshiped other ַאְׁבָּרָּה֙ם ֵּמ ֵַּ֣עֶּבר ַהָּנ ָָּ֔הר ָּו ִֵּ֥ אֹולְך אֹוָ֖תֹו ְׁבָּכל־ ֶַּ֣אֶּרץ gods. (3) But I took your father Abraham from beyond ְׁכָּ֑נַעןוארב ]ָּוַאְׁרֶּב֙ה[ ֶּאתַ־זְׁרָ֔עֹו ָֹּּֽוֶּאֶּתָ֖ן־לֹו ֶּאת־ the Euphrates and led him through the whole land of Canaan and multiplied his offspring. I gave him Isaac, (4) ִּיְׁצ ָֹּּֽחק׃ )ד( ָּוֶּאֵַּ֣תןְׁ לִּיְׁצ ָָּ֔חק ֶֹּּֽאת־ַיֲע ָ֖ קב ְׁוֶּאת־ֵּע ָּ֑שו and to Isaac I gave Jacob and Esau. I gave Esau the hill ָּוֶּאֵֹּּ֨תןְׁלֵּע ָֻּׁ֜שו ֶּאת־ ַ֤הרֵּ שִּעי֙רָּל ֶַּ֣רֶּשת אֹוָ֔תֹו ְׁוַיֲע ִ֥ קב country of Seir as his possession, while Jacob and his ּוָּבָָּ֖ניו ָּיְׁרִ֥דּו ִּמְׁצ ָֹּּֽרִּים׃ .children went down to Egypt דברים ו/כא Deuteronomy 6:21 .12 ְׁוָּאַמְׁרַָּ֣תְׁ לִּבְׁנָ֔ך ֲעָּבִֶּּ֛דים ָּהִִּ֥יינּוְׁ לַפְׁר ָ֖ עה You shall say to your children, “We were slaves to Pharaoh ְׁבִּמְׁצ ָּ֑רִּים ַויִֹּוצי ֵֵּ֧אנּו ה' ִּמִּמְׁצ ַָ֖רִּים ְׁבָּיִ֥דֲ חָּזָֹּּֽקה׃ in Egypt and the LORD freed us from Egypt with a mighty hand.
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