Index

A al-Jilani, ʿAbd al-Qadir (founder of Qadiri Abbasid (caliphal ), 291, 315, 317, tariq), 338, 339 333, 337, 368 al-Khalili, Jim (historian), 318 ʿAbdullah ʿAnṣārī of Herāt, 321 al-Khwarizmi, Muḥammad ibn Mūsā Aboriginal Australians, 408 (mathematician), 318, 322 Abraham, 109, 289, 295 al-Kindi, Abu Yusuf Ya’qub (philosopher), Abu Abdallah al-Qaim bi Amrillah (Saadi 318, 319 emir), 362 al-Kurani, Ibrahim (teacher), 365, 374 Acts of the Apostles, 114, 115 al-Maʾmun (caliph), 317 A Faithful Narrative of the Surprizing Work of Almamy (Imam), 378 God, 166, 167 al-Mansur, Abu Yusuf Yaqub (ruler of Afghanistan, 14, 361, 376 ), 326, 329 , 10, 29, 87, 90, 339, 361, 377, 378 al-Marri (Abū l-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarri, African Methodist Episcopal Church, 225 rationalist), 319 Agape (άgάph, selfess love), 116 Almohad dynasty, 326, 329, 330, 361, 362, Age of Reason, 21, 402 373, 378 Ahl al-Shaikh (Shaikh al-Waḥhab’s Almoravid dynasty, 326, 329, 362, 373, 378 dynasty), 373 Al Qaeda, 340, 395 Al-Biruni, Abu Rayhan (polymath), 318 al-Qushayri, ʿAbd al-Karim ibn Hūzān (Suf Aldersgate Street, 173, 206 chronicler), 320 Algebra, al-jabr, 322 al-Rashid (caliph Haroun), 317 , 88, 378 al-Ṣanʿani (Muḥammad Ibn Ismāʿīl al-Amīr Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muḥammad, 318, al-Ṣanʿānī), 373 319, 322–326, 328–331, 339, 340 al-Shawkani (Muḥammad Ibn ʿAlī Al-Hallaj, Abū ‘l-Muġīth Al-Ḥusayn bin al-Shawkānī), 366, 373 Manṣūr (mystic), 338, 339 al-Sindi (Muḥammad Ḥayyā al-Sindī), 363, Al-Haytham (Alhazen) (physicist), 318 366, 374 Al-Hujwiri, Abu ‘l-Ḥasan ʿAlī (Suf al-Tusi, Nasir al-Din (astronomer), 318 biographer), 319 al-Warrāq, Abū ʿĪsā Muḥammad ibn Hārūn al-Isfahani, Ahmad ibn `Abdullah ibn Ahmad, (philosopher), 319 Abu Nu`aym (Suf biographer), 321 al-Zawahiri, Ayman (Al Qaeda leader), 340 Alive, son of Awake (by Ibn Tufail), 328 Amish, 405

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 437 Switzerland AG 2021 W. R. Everdell, The Evangelical Counter-Enlightenment, Boston Studies in Philosophy, Religion and Public Life 9, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69762-4 438 Index

Amsterdam, 19, 80, 89, 126, 253, 254, B 298, 371 ba‘alei shem, 287 Anabaptist, 124, 126, 405 Ba‘al Shem Tov (Israel ben Eliezer, BESHT), Anatoli, Jacob (translator), 329 284–289, 299–301, 306 Ancients and Moderns (Quarrel of), 178 Bach, J.S., 93 , 288, 289, 315, 318, 326 Badr, Battle of, 335 Anglican, 5, 6, 24, 93, 117, 161, 164, 172, , 318, 319, 322, 323, 333, 334, 338, 201, 204, 207, 214, 221 365, 402 Ansar Dine, 341 Baptism of fre, 17 Anthropological, anthropology, 166, 318, 397, Baptist, 1, 3–7, 13, 18, 27, 158, 163, 164, 202, 401, 408, 415 214, 222, 223, 225, 286, 397, 402 Anticlerical, anticlericalism, 8, 15, 23, 119, baqa, 12 160, 254, 255, 268, 297, 319, 404, 407 Barbier, E.J.B., 249, 258 Antinomian, Antinomianism, 15, 119, 124, Baron d‘ Holbach, P.-H.T., 16, 18, 19, 216, 125, 289, 290, 294, 296–298, 300, 305, 395–397, 402, 412 306, 315, 319, 324, 338, 339, 395 Bartlet, P., 167, 170 Appalachian, 29, 164 Baxter, R., 125 Aquinas, Saint Thomas, 118, 292, 325, 329 Bayreuth, 88 Arabia, 11, 14, 29, 159, 330, 342, 361, Bebbington, D., 7, 11 365–367, 370, 371, 373, 379 Beccaría, C., 369 Aristotle’s Master Piece, 178 Beghards, 118, 119 Arminian, Arminianism, 126, 127, 162, 170, Beguines, 110, 118, 119 174, 213, 217, 218, 264, 266 Beiser, F., 22 Arminius, Jacobus (Jakob Hermanszoon), Belarus, 301 126, 264 Ben Menahem, Azriel, of Gerona, 291 Armstrong, K., 8, 292, 399 Beni Hassan (people), 378 Arnauld family, 252 Berber, 378 Arndt, J., 110 Berger, P., 395, 396, 398 Asad, T., 400 Berlin, I., 20–22, 265, 268, 400, 415 Asbury, F., 220 Bernard, Saint, 92 as-Sulami, Abu ʿAbd al-Rahman (Suf Berthelsdorf, Saxony, 83–85, 98 biographer), 321 Bescherand (abbé), 249, 250, 258 Atheism, 19, 29, 116, 396, 397, 402, Bethabara, Pennsylvania, 90 404, 413 Bethania, Pennsylvania, 90 Athens, 295, 329 Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 88–90, 94 Aufklarung, 317 bid‘ah (heretical innovations), 336 Augustans, 16 bida‘ , bidat (innovation), 337 Augustine, Saint, 111–114, 118, 119, 122, Billah, ʿAbdullāh al-, 362 126, 162, 254, 261, 264, 265 Bissy, Henri-Pons de Thiard de, Cardinal Augustinianism, Augustinian, 6, 17, 88, 111, Bishop of Meaux, 250, 253 113, 114, 120, 122, 126, 159, 251, bittul ha-yesh (annihilation of reality)., 285 253–256, 260–263, 265, 267, 315 Blake, W., 97, 412 Augustinus (by Jansen), 251, 254 Blood and wounds” (Blut und Wunde), Austen, Jane, 20 91, 94–96 Austria, 87 Bloodlands, 299 Averroës (ʾAbū l-Walīd Muḥammad Ibn Blue-Blouse (George Cajacob Rushd), 318, 325–330, 362, 367 “Blaurock”), 124 Avicenna (Ibn Sina), 15, 318, 322 Blumenberg, H., 399 Avigdor of Pinsk (Rabbi), 303 Boehme, Jacob (Böhme, Behmen), 110 avodah be-gashmiyut (worship through the Bohemia, 80, 81, 83, 110 material), 285 Bohemian Brethren, see Hussites Awakening, 82, 125, 158, 201, 258, Böhler, P., 87, 95, 206, 213 283, 326 Boisseau’s Chapel, 1 Axioms, 402, 403, 412 Bonaventure, Saint, 118 Index 439

Born again, 94, 117, 162, 169, 170, 263 Conclusive Argument from God, The (by Shah Boston (Massachusetts), 8, 165, 166, 213 Waliullah), 376 Brethren of the Common Life, 110 Confessions (by Rousseau), 111, 112, 157, Brethren of the Free Spirit 169, 177, 204, 261, 263–266, 409 (Joachimites), 119 Confucius, 20 Bristol (England), 202, 209–213, 216, Congregational, 1, 6, 7, 10, 90, 158, 163, 164, 217, 224 166, 171, 174, 176, 178, 202, 204, 213, , 376, 377 214, 221, 222 Broad, C.D., 411 Connecticut (colony), 6, 8, 124, 160, 163, 164, Brotherly Union and Compact of the Brethren 170–173, 176, 177, 204, 213, 214, (Brüderlicher Verein und Willkür), 83 222, 296 Bubba (people), 378 Constantinople, 295, 299 Buber, M., 284, 409 Constitution, see Unigenitus Bundu, 378 Continental Congress, 1 Bunyan, J., 125, 126 Conventicle, 89, 110, 203, 206, 207, 218, Busskampf and Durchbruch, 86, 111 286, 301 Bynum, C., 92 Conversion, convert, 10, 79, 111, 157, 201, 263, 287, 315, 371, 395 Convicted, Conviction, 3, 4, 6, 8, 14, 118, 162, C 171, 172, 177, 203, 207, 218, 222, 257, Cagliostro, A., 97 262, 324, 369, 412, 416 Cairo, 295, 296, 319, 321, 339, 365 Cooper, 3rd Earl of, 205, 207 Calvin, J. (Jean Cauvin), 214 Cordovero, R.M. ben J., 294, 295, 303 Cambuslang, Scotland, 8 Corinthians, 116, 119, 174, 263, 268 Camp meeting, 7–9 Cosby, G.W., 171 Cane Ridge, 5, 223 Cossack (Khazakh), 299 Caritas (generosity, love), 116 Council of Vienne, 120 Carter, R. III, 223 Counter-Enlightenment, 9, 84, 126, 159, 225, Catholic, 9, 10, 16–19, 29, 81, 111, 112, 125, 254, 306, 315, 363, 398 158, 161, 250, 251, 253–256, 258–261, Cranz, D., 92, 95 264–268, 298, 315, 317, 405, 408, Cruz, Sor Juana Inés de la, 97 416, 418 Culte, 401 Catholic Counter-Enlightenment, 254 Czartoryski family, 284, 286, 299 Cévennes, 29 Chabad Lubavitch, 287 Change of heart, 6, 8, 127, 373 D Charis (÷άñéò, grace), 116 D’Aquili, E., 410, 411 Charitos (|αριτοσ, generosity), 115 da‘at (revealed knowledge), 305 Chauncy, C., 14, 175, 176, 178, 214 , Syria, 114, 323, 331, 334, 335, Chesterton, G.K., 405 338, 410 Chevalier d’Eon, 97 Dan Fodio, U., 14, 362 Chmielnicki (Poland) massacres, 296 Dar al-, 14, 15, 315, 317, 318, 320, 322, , 8, 80, 109, 163, 202, 253, 288, 326, 330, 332, 334, 362, 369, 373, 316, 379, 398 374, 377 Churchill, W., 18, 362 Dark Ages (European), 118 Clement V (Pope), 119 Davenport, J., 176, 177, 214, 296 Cloude of Unknowyng, 120 David, C., 84, 87, 95 Colbert (de Croissy), Charles-Joachim Bishop Davies, S., 221 of Montpellier, 250, 253, 256 Da'wah and tableegh, 375 Coleridge, S.T., 23, 162, 225, 416 Dawkins, R., 29, 396, 404 Comenius, J.A., 81 de Balmes, A. (translator of Averroës, Hebrew Commonwealth, 4, 160, 163 to Latin), 329 Companions (of ), 16, 17, 86, 98, de Bellaigue, C., 15, 316, 374 161, 337, 368, 373, 409 de Bérulle, P., 252, 256 440 Index de Bonald, L., 23 Elementary Forms of the Religious Life, The de Chateaubriand, F.R., 20 (by Durckheim), 407, 409 Deism, deist, 15, 164, 259, 402, 415, 418 Emden, J., 298 De León, M. (Moshe ben Shem Tov), 292, Émile (by Rousseau), 264–267, 407, 409, 413 293, 298 Emir (military and political commander), 11, Delhi, India, 14, 29, 341, 374–377 337, 361, 362, 367–369, 371, 373, 376 Deliverance from Error (Al-Munqidh min Empiricism, empirical, 16, 20, 28, 160, 207, al-Dalal, by al-Ghazali), 323–325 266, 317, 319, 324, 325, 328, 329, Democracy, 5, 18, 79, 163, 221, 225, 331, 410 265, 268 Enlightenment (Lumières, Illuminismo), 4, 14, Denmark, 77, 88 84, 109, 159, 202, 254, 288, 315, Dennett, D., 29 363, 396 Deoband (madrassa), 377 Enlightenment Now! (by Pinker), 398, 414 Depravity, 123, 158, 162 Enthusiasm (ενθουσιασμος), enthusiastic, 4, Descartes, R., 14, 15, 110, 298, 322, 324, 325, 85, 111, 166, 201, 257, 298, 317, 397 401, 402 Enthusiasm Described and Cautioned Against Desidaimonia ( (δεσιδαιμονια, superstitious (by Chauncy), 175, 214 fear), 117 Episcopal, 1, 5, 225 Devekut (ecstatic union), 11, 285, 299 Epistemology, 14, 16, 28, 160, 268, 411 Dhawq (ecstatic taste, Suf), 320, 321, 323 Epworth, Lincolnshire, England, 201, 220 Dhikr (remembrance of God, Suf), 9, Estonia, 87 321, 323 Ethics, 15, 25, 28, 116, 170, 291, 318, Diderot, D., 14, 16, 22, 25, 216, 261, 263 403–406, 408, 410, 412–416, 418 Dionysius (Pseudo-Dionysius) the Ethics (by Spinoza), 16 Areopagite, 120 Ethiopia, 87, 89 Dippel, J.C., 91, 96 Eusebeia (εὐσεβεια, piety), 11 Dirʿiyah, 361, 370, 371 Evangelical, 5, 79, 119, 157, 201, 250, 361, Discourse on Method, 14, 325 379, 398 Dissenters, 126, 158, 202, 204, 214, 216, 221 Experience (religious), 4, 24, 28, 29, 117, 161, Dome of the Rock, 323 167, 168, 209, 256, 268, 325, 341, 342, Dov Ber (Rebbe), 300, 301, 304 361, 366, 396, 401, 402, 407, 409–411 du Châtelet, E., 97 Durkheim, É., 407–409, 416 Duties of the Heart, The Book of Direction to F the (by Ibn Pakuda), 289–292 Falasifah, 319, 325, 327 fana‘ or fanaa (passing-away or annihilation of self, Suf), 11, 320, 321, 397 E Fanatic, fanaticus, 19, 81, 117, 418 Early Romantic, Frühromantik, 22 Fanaticism, fanatisme, 4, 14, 97, 160, 167, Eckhart, “Meister” Johannes, 110, 118, 119 207, 402, 405, 417, 418 Ecstasy (εκστασιοσ), 3, 85, 109, 158, 201, faqih (jurists), 341, 375 285, 320, 367, 373, 395 Faraj, Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Salam, 340 Ecstatic experiences, 9, 11, 12, 17, 26, 28, 30, Fatah, 397 88, 127, 158, 160, 162, 207, 213, 222, Fatimid, 362, 373 289, 323, 375, 411, 416–419 Fatwa, 334–337, 340, 363, 373, 374 Edirne (Turkey), 296 Ferré, F., 413 Edwards, J., 7, 9, 10, 124, 127, 157–178, 201, Fetter Lane, 203, 207, 218, 219 204, 213, 214, 218, 221, 258, 266, Fez (Morocco), 331 283, 374 Fichte, J.G., 22 Edwards, T., 160 Fielding, H., 225 Egotism, 264, 400, 402 Finney, C.G., 126 18th century, 260, 283, 341, 417 (jurisprudence) Ein Sof (the endless), 291, 293 hanaf, 332, 373 Einstein, A., 415 , 11, 334, 335, 363, 366 Index 441

, 327, 328, 368 Gospel of John, 174 shaf’i, 368 Goya, Francisco, 20 Firman (ruler’s decree), 371 Grace, 5, 6, 8, 11, 12, 17, 28, 77, 78, 81, Fitzgerald, T., 409 84–86, 88–92, 94–96, 111, 114–119, Foundry Society, 219 121–127, 157–159, 161–167, 170, Francis of Assisi, S., 118, 209, 410 172–174, 178, 201–203, 205–207, 209, Francke, A.H., 86 211, 213, 214, 216–219, 221–225, 250, Frank, J., 297, 298 251, 253, 254, 257, 258, 262, 263, Frankfurt-am-Main, 89 265–267, 285, 299, 315, 398 Frankism, F., 297 Great Awakening, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 158, 166, 167, Franklin, B., 5, 13, 14, 97, 172, 207–209, 171, 173, 176, 177, 204, 213–215, 258 213, 214 Greek religion, 109, 117 Frederick II ( Emperor), 329 Greenland, 87, 89, 90, 219 Freedom of the Will (by Edwards), 162 Grünewald, M., 92 Free grace (doctrine), 217–219 Guide for the Perplexed (by , “Free grace” (wesley sermon), 122, 217, 219 original Dalālat al-ḥāʾirīn), Frelinghuysen, T., 171, 172 291, 292 French Prophets (Camisards), 13 (Guinée), 378, 410 Freud, Freudian, 219, 294, 401 Guinea-Bissau, 378 Freundlich, R., 77, 78, 90 Friends of God, 119, 321, 370 Fula, 378 H Fulani, 4, 362, 378 ha’alat nitzotzot (raising of sparks), 285 Fundamentalism, 9, 332, 342, 379, 400, 405 Habermas, J., 29, 399 Fundamentals, The, 110, 118, 263, 288, 299, Hadith, ahadith, 26, 322, 335, 337, 363, 366, 315, 325, 338, 377–379, 402, 408, 415 368, 369, 371, 374 Futa Jallon, 29, 378 Hafez (Khwāja Shamsu d-Dīn Muhammad Hāfez-e Shīrāz), 332 hafkhat ha-ani le-ayin (making the ego into G nothing), 294 Galatians (Paul’s Epistle to), 112, 122 , 363, 374, 378 Galicia (province), 283 Hal (ecstatic state or feeling, Suf), 320, 321, Gaon of Vilna, 301 323, 330, 332 Garrard, G., ix, 22 Halakha, halacha, halachah, 26 Gass, W.H., 395 Half-Way Covenant, 165, 178 Gegenaufklärung, 21 Halle (University), 88, 110 Geneva (Switzerland), 29, 122, 266 Hamann, J.G., 22, 23, 25, 26, 416 Genghis (or Chinghis, Mongol Khan), 333 Hamas, 397 Gentz, F.V., 23 Hamilton, A. Dr., 177, 218 Georgia (colony), 201, 203 Harris, H., 173, 204, 218 Gerstorff (Gersdorf), H.v., 85 Harris, S., 29, 121, 396, 411 Ghalaba (ecstasy itself, Suf), 320 Hartford (Connecticut), 164, 177 Ghaybat (ecstatic selfessness, Suf), 320, 321 Harvard (College), 164, 174, 176, 213, 214 Ghazan (Mongol Khan), 335 Hasidism, ḥasid, Ḥasidim, 16, 17, 26, Ghazu (war party), 370 284–286, 288, 294, 299–301, 303–305, Gibson, M., 92 315, 395, 418 Gnadenberg, 94 Hasidus, hasidut (piety), 286, 290, 300, Gnadenhutten (Ohio), 90 301, 305 gnosis (γνοσις), 117 Ḥaskalah (wisdom of the Enlightenment), 14, Godly Club, 202 300, 305, 306 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von Hawley, J., 171 West-östlicher Divan, 333 Hay ibn Yaqsin (by Ibn Tufail), 328 Golden Age, 318–321, 325, 330, 333 Hebron (Palestine), 295, 323 Görres, J., 23 Hegel, G.W.F., 22 442 Index

Hemings, S., 5 Imam (congregation leader), 11, 332, 337, Herder, J.G., 15, 22, 25, 98, 118, 299, 409, 338, 341, 361, 362, 366–369, 371, 373, 415, 416 374, 378 Herrendyk, Netherlands, 89 Incoherence of the Incoherence, The (by Herrnhaag, H., 89, 90, 94–96 Averroës), 325, 326, 328, 329 Herrnhut, S., 29, 77, 80, 82–90, 94, 98, 210, Incoherence of the Philosophers, The (by 218, 300 al-Ghazali), 325, 326, 328 Hesed (immediate grace), 285 Indian “Mutiny” (independence rebellion, Hilton, W., 120 1857), 377 Hindus, 375, 376 Inferno (Dante), 329 Hippies, 268 Infnity, Infnites, 20, 23, 24, 28, 112, 121, Hitchens, C., 29 267, 293, 319, 401, 403, 413, 415 Hitkal’lut (absorption in God), 294 Inspire, 374 Hokhmah (wisdom not of the Enlightenment), Inspire (inspirare), Inspiration, 8, 11, 14, 18, 293, 305 19, 28, 87, 116, 158, 159, 174–176, Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d‘, 18 205, 267, 286, 298, 315, 324, Hölderlin, F., 22, 23 397, 416–418 Holland (Province), 89, 126, 163, 405 Irfan (gnosis, Suf), 320, 341, 375 Holmes, O.W., 28, 29 Iroquois, 13 House of Wisdom, 317, 318, 333 Isaac the Blind (Yitzhak Saggi Nehor), 291 Hugo, V., 20 Isenheim Altarpiece, 92 Huguenots, 87, 163 Islam Hulagu (Mongol Khan), 318 Ash‘arite, 122, 331 Hume, D., 5, 13–16, 19, 25, 166, 207, 215, Mu’tazila, 338 225, 397, 400, 401, 406, 416–418 Shi’ah, 318 Hungary, 84, 87, 299 suf, 9, 11, 12, 14, 26, 158, 250, 290, 292, Huntingdon, Selina, Countess of, 215 315, 319–324, 327, 330–333, 337–341, Huraymila, 367 361–363, 365, 366, 370, 373–375, 377, Hus, J., 80, 255 379, 395, 416 Hussites, 80, 81, 120 Sunni, 11, 18, 26, 334, 341, 361, 371, 373, Hutterites, 125 377, 378, 395 Hutton, J., 84, 210–212, 217–219 Shi’ah, 318, 362 Zaydi, 368, 373 Israel, 5, 10, 14, 16, 22, 116, 159, 261, 283, I 286–288, 292, 298–300, 303, 315, Iberia, 362 396, 398 Ibn al-Rawandi, Abu al-Hasan Ahmad ibn Ittihadiyah, 337 Yahya ibn Ishaq, 319 Ivan Karamazov, 397 Ibn ‘Arabi, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad, 330 Ibn Mu‘ammar, ʿUthman ibn Hamid (emir), 367–370 J Ibn Pakuda (Paquda, Pachuda), B.B.J., 290 Jadhbat (ecstatic attraction, Suf), 320, 321 Ibn Rushd, see Averroës Jadidism, jadidist, 316 , Taqī ad-Dīn Abul ‘Abbās Jains, 405 Aḥmad, 315, 332, 333, 335–342, 362, Jalal, A., 27, 376 363, 365, 371, 373, 374, 376, 395, 397 James, W., 29, 121, 401, 407, 409, 410 Ibn Tufail, Muhammad, 327, 328 Jansen, C., 251–255 , Muḥammad (emir), 362, 373 Jansenism, 6, 88, 250, 253, 256, 257, Ibn Yasin, ʿAbdullāh (emir), 362, 373 259–261, 284 (individual judgment beyond Jansenist convulsionaries, 216, 250, 259 precedent), 337, 366, 369, 373 Jarratt, D., 221 Ilkhan Mongols, 335 Jefferson, T., 1, 2, 4–6, 13, 14, 117, 202, 397 Ilm al-yaqin (certainty of knowledge), Jena (University), 87, 88, 110, 409 322, 323 Jensen, J., 409 Index 443

Jerusalem, 23, 114, 117, 285, 295, 303, 323 Lawrence, B., 400 Jihad fatwa, 335, 363, 373, 374 Legalism, 289, 305, 338, 375, 377, 395, 412 Jihad, Jihadism, Jihadist, 9, 27, 111, 325, “Legal terrors”, 162, 166, 168 335–337, 340, 341, 362, 363, Leibniz, G.W., 87, 298 367–370, 373–379 Leland, J., 1, 2, 6, 7, 221, 222 Johnson, S. Dr., 97, 224 Levinsohn, I.B., 306 Libya, 378 Haredi, 398, 408 Likute amarim (Compilation of Teachings), Hasidic, 12, 26, 85, 284, 300, 305, 306 304, 305 orthodox, 9, 20, 26, 91, 125, 222, 259, 284, Lilla, M., 22, 400 285, 298, 299, 303, 319, 326, 331, 334, Lithuania (province), 288, 299 377, 378, 398, 408 Lititz, Pennsylvania, 81, 90 reform, 14, 284, 289, 306 Locke, J., 121, 160, 170, 417 Julian of Norwich, 92, 120, 256 Log College, 172, 213 Just Caliphs (), 371 Lollards, 120 Justifcation by faith, 123, 170, 207 London (England), 10, 89, 124, 159, 201, 250, 296, 317, 363, 397 Long Acre chapel, 216 K “Love feast” (αγαπη), 84, 89, 207, 217 Kabbala, Kabbalism, 287–299, 301, 303, Lowell, R., 171 304, 315 Löwith, K., 398 , Lurianic, 295, 304 luma‘ /lawami’ (fashes, Suf), 320 Kadri, S., 340 Lunsford, Rev. Lewis, 223 Kafr, kifr (unbeliever), 337, 362, 366, Luria, I., 294, 295, 303 370, 377 Luther, M., 24, 80, 81, 85, 111, 114, 119, 120, (Islamic theology), 319, 322, 342 123, 201, 203, 206, 219, 367 Kant, I., 13, 14, 20, 24, 25, 97, 317, 412, 415, 418 Karamoko Alfa Barry, 14 M Karbala, , 11, 342, 372 MacLeish, A., 114 Keats, J., 20 Madrassa, 341, 365, 375 Kessler, J., 125 Maggid, 300, 304 khatrat (enlightenment as illumination, Suf), Maghrib, , 329, 361 320, 321 ma’rifa (gnosis, Suf), 320 Khazakh (Cossack), 299 Muhamad Saman, see Teungku Chik di Tiro King, Martin Luther, 402 Mahdi, , 14, 361, 362, 374 Kitab al-Nikah (The Book of Marriage), Maimonides, 289, 291, 292, 294, 298, 325, 368, 369 326, 329, 402 Kitab al- (The Book of Unicity), 366, Maistre Joseph de, 16, 22, 23 367, 369 , 22, 341, 378, 400 Kitab al-Shubhat (The Book of Debate Malik Sy, 378 with Idolaters), 369, 370 Mamluks, 335 Knox, R., 26, 97, 201, 205, 215 Mandinké, 378 kufr (unbelief), 124, 206, 319, 367, 370, Manichæism, 111, 112 378, 396 Manji, Irshad, 27, 340 Kühnel, S., 84, 169 Manorial Injunctions and Prohibitions (by Zinzendorf), 83 Mansa Musa I, 378 L Mantino, Jacob (translator of Averroës, laisiyah (Suf state of nonbeing), 320 Hebrew to Latin), 329 Langlet, Pierre, Bishop of Boulogne, 253 maqam (station of Suf spiritual progress), 320 Lapland, 87 Maragha (north Persia), 318 Latvia, 89 Maratha , 376 Law, W., 24, 125, 409 Marsden, G.W., 159, 171 444 Index

Marsh, J., 162 Molinism, 254 Marshall, D., 222 Montaigne, Michel de, 17 Marty, M., 9, 28 Moral Majority, 408 Maskil, maskilim, 305 Moralisms, 12, 109, 305, 332, 338, 375, Massachusetts, 1, 7, 124, 163–167, 170, 171, 395, 412 176, 204, 213, 221 Morality, 20, 25, 119, 400, 402, 413, 416, 418 Materialism, materialist, 263, 397, 402, Morattico Baptist Church, 223 410, 413 Moravia, Moravians, 10, 77, 110, 283, 397 Mather, C., 166 Morocco, 291, 323, 326, 362, 373, 378 Mathnawî-yé Ma‘nawî (Rhyming Couplets, by Möser, Justus, 22, 23 ), 332 Mughal Emperor Mawlawiyya (Ṣuf tariq), 331 Akbar, 374 McCutcheon, R.T., 409 Jahangir, 374 McMahon, D.M., 21, 261 Muhamad Saman, 362 , 11, 159, 323, 342, 362, 363, 367, 373, Muḥammad (the Prophet), 361–363, 370 374, 378 Muḥammad Ahmed (the Mahdi), 362 Meccan Openings, The (al-Futûhât mujahidin (jihadists), 341, 375 al-makkiyya by Ibn ʿArabī), 331 mujtahid (judge who may rely on ijtihad), 337, Mechthild of Magdeburg, 118, 256 373, 376 , Arabia, 11, 29, 323, 342, 362, 363, Müller, A., 23 365–368, 373–375 murabitun (marabouts, holy men), 361 Mehmet IV (Sultan), 296 mushrikin, meshrekin (heretics), 370 Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk (Rebbe), mutakallim (legal scholars), 341, 375 301, 303 mutawihin (religious police), 371 Mendelssohn, M., 13, 14, 16, 268, 299, muwaḥhidun (believers in the oneness of 305, 402 God), 11, 370, 371 Mennonites, 96, 125 Mystic (mystikos), mysticism, 11, 12, 14, 27, Mesmer, Franz Anton, 97 28, 117, 119–121, 125, 207, 255, 265, Messiah, 285, 286, 292, 294–297, 300, 303, 284–286, 288–291, 293–295, 297–299, 361, 362 301, 305, 306, 315, 319–321, 326, 328, Meta-mathematics, 403, 412 330, 338, 361, 363, 373–375, 395, 409, Metaphysics of the masses, 401 411, 412, 416, 418 Methodism, Methodist, 10, 23, 98, 173, 204, 205, 207, 212, 220, 221, 225 Methodist Church, South, 225 N Methodist Conference, 220 Nadir Shah, 376 Mezhbizh, 300 Nahman of Bratslav (Rebbe), 306 (European), 92, 118, 120, 256, Naqshabandi, Naqshabandiya (Suf tariq), 289, 291 365, 375 Międzybóż (Mezhbizh), Galicia, 10, 29, 159, Nasr al-Din, 362, 378 283, 285–287, 299, 300, 306, 397 Nathan of Gaza (Abraham Nathan Ashkenazi), Milanese, 112 295–297, 303 Miller, P., 160 Nationalism, 413 Minyan, minyanim (congregation), 286, 301 Nejd, Arabia (Najd), 29, 367 Miracles, 5, 16, 116, 249, 250, 257–260, 267, Neoplatonism, 117 287, 300, 305, 319, 339 New Birth (doctrine), 93, 205, 207, 209, Mirror of the Simple Souls, 119 216, 218 Mithnagdim, mithnagdic Judaism, 26, 289, New England, 4, 6–8, 12, 13, 124, 125, 127, 301, 303, 305, 395 158, 160, 161, 163–166, 168, 171, 173, Miṭpaḥat Sefarim, 298 174, 176, 178, 201, 204, 213, 214, Mitzvah, mitzvot, 285 218, 361 Moach shalit al halev (“ruling the brain with New Jersey, 90, 164, 171, 215 the heart”), 305 New Testament, 112, 114, 254 Molina, Luis de, 254 New Light Presbyterian, 172 Index 445

New York City, 157, 164, 171 Pennsylvania (colony), 10, 88–90, 92, 95, 96, New York (colony), 157, 164, 171, 221 171, 172, 290 Newberg, A.B., 410, 411 Pentecost, 117 Newton, I., 14, 15, 21 Pentecostal, Pentecostalism, 4, 164, 204, 221, Newton, J.A., 160, 223 395, 396, 417 Niebuhr, H.R., 28, 264, 405 Perfection perfectionism (doctrine), 218 Nietzsche, F., 21, 24, 115, 116, 396, 406 Perl, J., 305 nigleh, 26 Pharisee, 162, 172, 209 Nishapur (Persia), 324 Philadelphia, 2, 172, 175, 209, 215, 221, Nitschmann, A., 92, 98 223–225, 290 Nitschmann, D., 87, 95, 173, 203 Philippines, 379 Nitschmann, M., 84, 87 Philosophe, 5, 14, 19, 369, 404 Nizamiyya, 322 Phinehas ben Judah of Polotsk (Rabbi), 303 Noailles, Louis-Antoine de, Cardinal Pietism, P., 16, 23, 86, 96, 109–111, 125, 171, Archbishop of Paris, 88, 250, 251, 284, 315 253–257, 264 Piety, pietas, 12, 18, 85, 109, 123, 125, 127, North West Frontier, 377 167, 178, 203, 204, 285, 289, 290, 301, Northampton (Massachusetts), 8, 29, 127 305, 332, 375, 395, 408, 410 Northampton Covenant, 177 Pigliucci, M., 411 Novalis” (Friedrich von Hardenberg), 22 Pinker, S., 398, 399, 414 Nuremberg, 88 Pious Wishes (Pia desideria), 110 Podolia (province), 283, 288, 299, 301 Poe, E.A., 20, 178 O Poland-Lithuania, 284 Old Calvinism, 163 Polytheism, polytheist, 291, 298, 337, 370, Old Light Presbyterian (Old Side), 172 378, 401 Ontology, 160 Pope, A., 16, 20 Opiate of the people, 401 Porete, M., 119 Oratorian order, 250, 252, 254 Predestination, 124, 126, 217, 219, 254 Order of the Grain of Mustard Seed, 86, 251 Priestley, J., 14 Order of the Little Fools, 93, 283 Princeton (University), 2, 3, 16, 17, 19, 21–24, Orthodox (Judaism), 299 173, 265, 268, 298, 409 Osama bin Laden, 340 Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Oxford (University), 3, 4, 22, 26, 201, 254, (by Weber), 124, 398 317, 400 Protestantism, Protestant Baptist, 126, 163 Calvinist, 266 P Congregational, 123 Pakistan, 27, 338, 341, 396 Dutch Reformed, 123 Panipat, Battles of, 376 Fundamentalist, 27, 29 Pantheism, 298, 331, 339 Huguenot, 163 Paquda, see Ibn Pakuda Lutheran, 14, 111, 125, 251 Paris (), 5, 88, 118, 298, 318, 361, 395 Pietist, 10, 24, 86, 91, 251 Pâris, D.F., 249, 250, 257, 259 Presbyterian, 123, 202 Parsons, J., 172, 173 Primitive Baptist, 222 Partition of Poland, 299 Puritan, 123, 202 Pascal, B., 17, 21, 252, 254, 255, 267, 406 Reformed (Huguenot), 163 Passion (emotion), 12, 19, 23–26, 166, 174, Separate Baptist, 222 175, 266, 397, 405, 417, 418 Prothero, S., 396 Passion (of Christ), 92 Proust, M., 406 Paul, S., 111, 114, 116, 174, 223, 268, Providence Church (Louisa County, 323, 410 Virginia), 221 Pecorino, P., 413, 416 Prussia, 89, 163 Pelagius, 111, 113, 116, 122, 126, 254, 264 Psychology, 21, 160, 167, 176, 407, 410, 411 446 Index

Q Romantic, Romanticism, 16, 93, 178, 225, QadArites, 338 265, 398 Qadiryah (Qadiri Suf tariq), 338 Rothe, J.A., 84, 85 Quakers, 119, 125, 202, 211, 215, 221, 409 Rothe, J.R., 84 Quesnel, P., 252, 254, 255 Rousseau, J.-J., 13, 16, 21, 23, 126, 260, 261, Qur’an, 26, 320, 328, 330, 335, 370 263–268, 361, 397, 413, 419 Qutb, S., 340, 341 Rowland, D., 173, 204 Royal Society, 170 Rūh al-Quds (by Ibn ʿArabī), 330 R Rumi, Jalalu-‘d’Din Muḥammad i, Rabelais, F., 123 330–332, 334 Rabi‘a al-‘Adawiya, 27 Russell, B., 15, 18 Racine, J., 252 Rahimia (madrassa), 341, 375 Randall, J.H., 407 S Rankin, T., 1 Saadi (dynasty), 362 Rapture, raptus, 6, 11, 18, 19, 115–117, 263, (Sevi), 286, 294, 296–299, 303 285, 299, 303, 320, 419 Sabbatian and Frankist, 283, 297 Raritan (New Jersey), 171 Salafsm, Salafst, Salafn, 17, 29, 322, 326, Rationalism, 28 327, 329, 332, 337–342, 361, 366, 373, Reason (goddess), 395 374, 397, 408 Reason (faculty), 8, 14, 18, 20, 21, 23–25, 28, Salem, North Carolina, 90 77, 117, 119, 176, 205, 207, 219, 266, Salonika, 294 267, 322, 324, 325, 333, 338, 395, Salvation, 8, 78, 84, 92, 96, 111, 122, 158, 398–400, 414–415, 417 161, 162, 168, 169, 171, 172, 175–177, Rebbe, 285, 299–301, 304 203, 206, 209, 212, 214, 217, 219–221, Reformation, 81, 85, 87, 111, 118, 122, 124, 251, 263, 265, 267, 285, 297, 395, 398 125, 260, 289 Sama (ecstatic hearing, Suf), 320 Religion, 4, 88, 109, 161, 215, 249, 284, 315, Sanaa (Yemen imamate), 373 368, 395 Sanctifcation, 17, 92, 96, 219–221 Religious Affections (by Edwards), 175–177 Sandy Creek meeting house (North Religious Experience Reconsidered (by Carolina), 222 Taves), 409, 410 Santayana, G., 412 Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), 125 Saʿud, ʿAbd al-Aziz ibn (1765–1803), 371 Remonstrants (Arminian), 126 Saʿud, Muhammad ibn al- (1744-1766), Renaissance, 110, 118, 290, 318, 329, 361, 370 376, 399 Saul, J.R., 114, 399 Revelation (Bible book), 170 Savannah (Georgia), 88, 90, 204, 213, 214 Revelations, 16, 109, 111, 112, 115, 116, 120, Savonarola, G., 23, 176 170, 207, 214, 216, 259, 264, 266, 267, Sayed Muḥammad of Jaunpur, 374 285, 287, 291, 293, 301, 305, 315, 319, Sayyid Ahmed , 362 323, 325, 328, 331, 417–419 Scharf, R., 409 Revival, 1, 84, 125, 158, 204, 284, 325, 375 Schelling, F., 22 Revival of the Religious Sciences (by Schiller, F., 20, 22, 23, 416 al-Ghazali), 322 Schlegel brothers, 22 Revolution, Revolutionary (French), 5, 20, Schleiermacher, F., 22, 98, 409 256, 259, 260, 266 Schmidt, J., 21, 22 Rhazes (Abūbakr Muḥammad ibn Zakaria Scholem, G., 285, 290, 291, 293, 297 ar-Rāzī), 319 School of Athens (by Raphael), 329 Rhode Island, 163, 164 Schwärmer, S., 24 Rifa‘iyah (Rifa‘i Suf tariq), 337, 339 Schwenkfeld, C., 91 Rock, J.F., 91, 96 Scientifc attitude, 14, 319 Rolle, R., 120 Scot, M. (translator of Averroës, Arabic to Romans (Paul’s Epistle to), 114, 126 Latin), 329 Index 447

Scotland, 8, 13, 124, 172, 174, 202, 204, Southeast Asia, 362, 377 213, 221 Southey, R., 23, 225 Scots-Irish, 164, 171, 204 Spangenberg, August Gottlieb, 87, 250 Scougal, H., 125 Spener, Philipp Jakob, 86, 109, 110 Second birth (doctrine), 8, 28, 85, 88 Spinoza, B., 298 Secularism, secularization, 17, 284, Spirit possession (in worship), 3, 222 396, 398–400 Spiritual gifts, “gifts of the Spirit”, 17, 116 Sefer ha-Zohar (Book of Splendor), 288, St. Cyran, Jean Duvergier de Hauranne, 289, 293 abbé de, 251 Sefrot (emanations), 291, 293 Staël, Madame de (Germaine de Staël-­ Seku Amadu, 362 Holstein), 20, 24 , 378 Star Trek, 406 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl Stark, R., 396, 408 of, 19, 205, 207, 417 Stearns, S., 13, 222 Shah Abdul Aziz, 341 Stoddard, S., 160, 164, 166, 174, 213 Shah Ismail Shaheed, 341 Storm and Stress (Sturm und Drang), 22 Shahid (martyr), 371 , 14, 340, 362, 365, 378 Sheikh (shaikh), 336, 338, 339, 342 Suf, Sufsm, 11–12, 14, 17, 26–27, 250, 263, Shah Waliullah (Ahmad ibn ʿAbd ar-Rahim 284–286, 288, 290, 292, 299, 301, al-Dahlawi), 374 315–316, 326–359, 361–363, 365–366, Shakers, 16, 404 370, 373–377, 379, 397, 416, 418 Shamanism, 13, 335 Sukr (ecstatic intoxication, Suf), 320, 321 shariʿah (path, law), 11, 26, 337, 338, Sumatra, 14, 362, 379 361, 395 (tradition), 11, 26, 317, 374 shathiyat (words of ecstasy, Suf), 320 Superstition, superstitio, 4, 19, 85, 167, 215, Shekhinah (God’s presence in creation), 317, 397, 417 293, 294 Suriname, 87, 90 Shiʿah Islam, 11 Suso (Heinrich Seuse), 118, 119 Shirb (ecstatic drinking, Suf), 320, 321 Sweden, 88 Shirk (polytheism, idolatry), 337, 370, 373 Swedenborg, E., 23, 97 Shout (in worship), 8, 222 Swift, J., 404, 417 Siberia, 87 Synod of Dort, 126 Sierra Leone, 378 Sifting Period, 91, 94, 95 Sikhs, 375 T Silsila (Suf succession), 338, 374 Tajikistan, 332 Singer, I.B., 121 takfīr (excommunication), 370 Sirhindi, A., 374, 375 Taliban, 377 Smart, Christopher “Kit”, 97 Tanya, see Likute amarim Smith, A., 13, 24, 207 taqlid (legal precedent), 369, 373 Smith, J.Z., 409 tariq, tariqat (Suf way), 158, 285, 292, 321, Smollett, T., 225 339, 361, 375, 395 Smyrna (Izmir), 294–296 Tauler, J., 110, 119 Snyder, T., 299 Taves, A., 2, 222, 407, 409–411 Society for the Propagation of Christian tawhid (oneness of Allah), 320, 338, 370 Knowledge (Anglican), 87 Tawney, R.H., 163 Society for the Propagation of the Faith Taylor, C., 396, 399 Among the Heathen (Moravian), 90 Tea Party (U.S.), 402 Sociology of Religion, 398 Tennent, Charles, 172 Socrates, 267, 413 Tennent, G., 172, 177, 213 Somalia, 14 Tennent, W., 172, 213 Sondheim, S., 113, 123 Tennent, William Jr., 172 Songhai, 378 Teungku Chik di Tiro, 362 Sori, I. (Fula emir), 14 Thirty Years War, 81, 110, 401 448 Index

Tieck, L., 22, 23 Louisa County, 221 Tikkun (redemption), 86, 123, 161, 204, 217, Petersburg, 2 259, 294, 297 Virginia Manumission Act, 223 Tillich, P., 407 Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom, 5 Tillotson, J. (Archbishop of Canterbury), 177, Volhynia (province), 288 213, 216 Voltaire, 4, 13–16, 97, 207, 254, 258, 400, 404 Timbuktu, 340, 341 Tłuste (Galicia), 10, 14, 29, 283, 284, 287, 288, 305 W Treatise or Epistle on Sufsm, 320 Wachau, 90 Torah, 14, 116, 285, 287–289, 292, 293, Wachovia (North Carolina), 90 295–298, 301, 303, 304, 315, 368, 395 Waḥhab, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-, 159, 315, Treeing the Devil, 3 342, 361–379 Trench, Battle of the, 335 Waḥhabiya, , 11, 342, 361, 365, True Christianity, 110 366, 375, 377, 395 Tsaddiq, see Ẓaddik (ecstatic intuition, Suf), 11, 320, 321, Tuanku Haji Miskin, 362 338, 397 Tübingen, Germany (Württemberg), 94 Waldensians, 81, 120 TULIP formula, 163 waliya Allah, awaliya’ (friends of Turkey, 87, 294, 331, 332, 334, 335, 338 Allah), 321 Twelfth Imam, 362 waqt (moment of spiritual change, Suf), 320 Twelve-Step, 416 Wasilah (means to approach Allah), 11 Waqfat (station of religious development), 12 Wars of Religion, 15, 163 U Was ist Aufklarung? (by Kant), 317 Ukraine, 283, 284, 288, 299, 300, 306 Watteville, J., 95 , ulema (shari’ah council), 15, 334, 363, Weber, M., 26, 124, 163, 398 368, 369, 371, 373 Weinlick, J.R., 80, 83, 89, 91, 93, 95, 96, 98, ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (Caliph), 368 218, 219, 250, 253 Umar Tall, 362 Wesley, C., 88, 216 ummah (Muslim community), 15, 337, 363, Wesley, J., 9, 10, 23, 24, 87–89, 119, 120, 126, 367, 370 159, 166, 167, 173–175, 201–225, 266, Unigenitus Dei Filius (bull), 252, 253 374, 419 Unitarian, Unitarianism, 14, 16, 178, Wesley, S., 201, 202, 211 213–215, 267 West Indies, 77, 88, 89, 219, 283 Unitas Fratrum (United Brethren), 10, Wetterau, Hesse (Wetteravia), 89, 95 13, 81, 95 Whitefeld, G., 7, 10, 13, 89, 124, 125, 159, United Church of Christ, 163 172–174, 176, 177, 201–225, 266, United Provinces of the Netherlands, 126 283, 361 Usman ibn Fudi, see dan Fodio Wilayat ʿAlī, 362 ibn Hamid ibn Mu‘ammar, 367 Wilberforce, W., 225 ʿUyayna (al-ʿUyayna, Arabia), 367 Williams, R., 163, 164 Wittgenstein, L., 291, 406, 413 Woodbridge, F.J.E., 159 V Woodstock, New York, 29 van Beethoven, L., 20 wujûd (ecstatic perception, Suf), 331 Varieties of Religious Experience, The, 401, 407 Velazquez, 20 Y Vico, G., 22 Ya‘akov Yosef of Polnoye (Rebbe), 301 Virgin Islands, 77, 221 Yale (College), 117, 121, 127, 164, Virginia (colony) 173–175, 214 Charlottesville, 4 Yemen, 342, 367, 368, 373 Dinwiddie County, 1 Yeocomico Baptist Church, 223 Index 449

Z Zenger, J.P., 171 ẓaddiḳ (righteous one), 285, 286, 290, 304 zina’ (adultery), 368 zakkat (tithe), 371 zindiq (atheist), 336 Zalman, Eliyahu ben Shelomoh Zalman, see Zinzendorf, Christian Renatus, 94, 95, 251 Gaon of Vilna Zinzendorf, Erdmuth, 98 Zalman, Shneur (Schneur) Zalman of Liadi Zinzendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig, Graf von, (Rebbe), 301, 303–305 10, 79, 250 zaouiya (Suf shelter), 323 Zionism, zionist, 300 Zayd ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, 368 Zohar, see Sefer ha-Zohar Zeeland, 163 Zurich, 88, 124