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Goldman Et Al. (2016) Monitoring of the Ecological Security in the North-Western Region of the Republic … ISSN 2056-9386 Volume 3 (2016) issue 3, article 2 Monitoring of the ecological security in the north- western region of the Republic of Sakha, Russian Federation 俄罗斯联邦萨哈共和国西北地区的生态安全监测 Albina A. Goldman, Elena V. Sleptsova, Raissa P. Ivanova Mirny Polytechnic Institute (branch) of Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University (NEFU), Mirny, Tikhonova street 5, build.1, Russian Federation [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Accepted for publication on 3rd September 2016 Abstract – The paper is devoted to the environmental diamonds and hydrocarbon crude are located in western and impact of industrial sector in Western Yakutia and the south-western parts of the republic. The largest diamond, oil role of the Mirny Polytechnic Institute (branch) of the and gas fields are situated in Western Yakutia. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University in training specialists for oil and gas and diamond mining industries II. INDUSTRIAL SECTORS OF THE REGION and the research carried out at the educational and scientific laboratory of complex analysis of The area of disturbed lands in Mirny district ranks second anthropogenic disturbances of the Institute on in the Republic after the Neryungrinsky district (about 9 compliance with the requirements. thousand hectares). Key words – environment, industry, oil and gas, diamond The history of diamond mining in Yakutia dates back to mining, ecological monitoring, East Siberia. 1954, when prospectors discovered the first diamond pipe, Zarnitsa (‘Summer Lightning’). In 1957 the Soviet I. INTRODUCTION government established Yakutalmaz Group of enterprises, and diamond mining operations commenced. Two years later The Mirny Polytechnic Institute (branch) of the the USSR sold the first parcel of Yakutian diamonds on the Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University is located in the world market. In 1963 the USSR entered into its first industrial centre of Western Yakutia, Mirny city, the heart of contracts with De Beers to sell its diamond production. the diamond mining province of Russia and the centre of the The history of ALROSA started in January 1957 as oil and gas industry of the Republic. Yakutalmaz Group of enterprises. The Soviet diamond Western Yakutia is adjacent to the Arctic territory with a mining industry developed on the basis of the Mir open-pit harsh climate and permafrost, which complicates mining mine and adjacent diamond placers. In those years its main operations, and slows recovery of ecosystems, exacerbating open-pit mines, processing plants and related energy the anthropogenic impact on the environment. The Arctic generating facilities were commissioned. environment is known to be fragile, climate conditions are In February 1987 the USSR Ministry of Non-Ferrous harsh and the operational season is short. Success in this Metals reorganized Yakutalmaz Group of production remote area will depend on appropriate selection of existing enterprises into Yakutalmaz Research and Production technologies and development of novel, more efficient ones Association. The subsequent reorganization of Yakutalmaz [1]. and a number of stately-owned enterprises into a single joint The core of Yakutian diamond, oil and gas complex is in stock company called Almazy Rossii-Sakha (Diamonds of its western part, as the majority of positive reserves of 109 ©2016 Goldman et al. (2016) Monitoring of the Ecological Security in the North-Western Region of the Republic … Russia and Sakha) – ALROSA took place in 1992. ALROSA joined to the East Siberia – Pacific Ocean pipeline system changed its legal entity form to public corporation. and put into operation and maintenance. In Talakanskoye field, a pilot operation of a bitumen plant is being held at the Nowadays, ALROSA is the only diamond mining moment. company which incorporates all the stages of diamond mining and beneficiation. In 2010 and 2011 it accounted for Chayandinskoye oil and gas condensate field is located nearly one third of the global rough diamond production by in the Lensk district of Sakha (Yakutia) Republic in the Far volume, outperforming legendary De Beers. ALROSA is East region of Russia. The onshore field, also known as the among the top ten of Russia’s most efficient enterprises. The Chayanda field, is being developed by GAZPROM. The main operations of the company create 31,026 jobs [2]. onshore oil and gas field development forms a key part of the $38bn project to build the Yakutia gas production centre Oil and gas extraction is a comparatively new industrial along with the Yakutia-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok pipeline. sector for Mirny district. The integrated project is expected to create 15,000 Russia possesses nearly a quarter of the world's proven construction jobs. The first oil production from the natural gas reserves and produces around 18% of world Chayandinskoye field is expected in 2015 and gas output, second only to the US (BP, 2010 and IEA, 2012). production is expected to start in late-2018. The field Historically, the bulk of Russia's gas production came from development cost is estimated to be $13.66bn. [9]. the West Siberian area, which provided some 85% of the TAASYURIAKH plans to produce up to 1 million tonnes country's production in the 1990s and early 2000s. Today, a year (20,000 barrels per day) from its East Siberian the region's three major fields – Urengoyskoe, Yamburgskoe Srednebotuobinskoye field and aims to increase its output to and Medvezhje – are in steady decline [3]. Many analysts 6.15 million tonnes (120,000 bpd) by 2016. The field with suggest that future of Russia’s oil and gas sector will be reserves of almost 1 billion barrels is connected to the East connected with the Arctic region [4; 5; 6]. Siberia – Pacific Ocean by a 160 km pipeline [10]. The Sakha Republic of the Russian Federation the vast The foundation of the Yakutian oil and gas production territory of which is located in the Arctic and sub-Arctic centre will increase local employment. Over 3,000 local regions possesses 34 deposits of natural gas (2716 billion petroleum engineers will be in demand to serve this sector cubic metres) and crude oil (546 billion tons). Inferred [11]. resources of the Republic are estimated at 12 trillion cubic metres of gas and 546 million tons of oil. At the moment, The Mirny Polytechnic Institute (branch) of the only 20% of the inferred resources of the Republic have been Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University was founded in exploited [7]. 1994 by the decision of Mikhail E. Nikolaev, the first President of the Sakha Republic who proclaimed this Gas prospecting in Yakutia has reached 2.3 billion cubic education policy to be the priority in the development of the metres, and oil development 300 billion tons. In the two Republic for the decades hence. It was intended to provide neighbouring regions of the Republic – Lensk and Mirny – the ALROSA Company with needed specialists [12]. the largest oil, gas and condensate fields are located: Chayandinskoye, Talakanskoye, Srednebotuobinskoye and To meet the needs for specialists in oil and gas sector, the Taas-Yuriakhskoye. These fields are included in the federal government of the Republic has opened the Petroleum oil and gas transportation project “Power of Siberia”. Engineering Department in the Mirny Polytechnic Institute (branch) of Yakut State University (today’s NEFU) in 2008. All in all, 21 license holders are operating in 60 license blocks on the territory of Yakutia. The most prominent of At present the institute has prepared 2504 specialists, them are GAZPROM, ROSNEFT, SURGUTNEFTEGAZ, including 1438 mining engineers (976 of them employed by SAKHATRANSNEFTEGAZ, Yakut Fuel Energy Co., ALROSA) and 151 petroleum engineers. The majority are TAASYURIAKH NEFTEGAZODOBYCHA, employed in ALROSA and leading oil and gas enterprises: IRELYAKHNEFT, GAZPROMNEFT ANGARA, GAZPROM, SURGUTNEFTEGAZ, LUKOIL, IRKUTSK Oil Company, and others. SAKHALINENERGY, SAKHATRANSNEFTEGAZ, LENSKGAZ, ALROSA GAS, IRELYAKHNEFT, BAKER The crucial year in the development of the oil and gas HUGHES. industry was 2004, when one of the most prominent Russian oil and gas companies SURGUTNEFTEGAZ OJSC became a license holder in Yakutia. The entrance of this company III. ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE resulted in the rapid growth of the oil and gas industry. The REGION lion's share of this volume belongs to the Talakanskoye field. Severo-Talakanskoye, Vostochno-Alinskoye, Peleduyskoye As investigators write, diamond mining development, and Yuzhno-Talakanskoye fields were discovered by accompanied by infrastructure and industrial development, SURGUTNEFTEGAZ OJSC in the Sakha Republic during caused significant negative environmental and social impacts the period of 2007-2011 [8]. Talakanskoye, Alinskoye, in the diamond province, including: Severo-Talakanskoye and Vostochno-Alinskoye fields were 110 Journal of Energy Challenges and Mechanics ©2016 Goldman et al. (2016) Monitoring of the Ecological Security in the North-Western Region of the Republic … contamination of the river Vilyuy by dispersion of stimulated ALROSA to invest heavily in environmental ground waters from kimberlite pipes and disposal of protection measures. waste water from the processing operations; To prevent or minimize disruptions to the areas where Twelve ‘peaceful’ underground nuclear explosions ALROSA operates the following principles aimed at were carried out in Yakutia during 1967–1988; all reducing environmental risk are included: but one were detonated on the territory of the present diamond province and one of them was
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