Kent Kimliğini Yansitmada Müzelerin Rolü: Selanik Müzelerinden Örnekler

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Kent Kimliğini Yansitmada Müzelerin Rolü: Selanik Müzelerinden Örnekler T.C. İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ MÜZE YÖNETİMİ BİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ KENT KİMLİĞİNİ YANSITMADA MÜZELERİN ROLÜ: SELANİK MÜZELERİNDEN ÖRNEKLER Ezgi ÖZDEMİR 2501140649 TEZ DANIŞMANI Prof. Dr. Fethiye ERBAY İSTANBUL – 2019 ÖZ KENT KİMLİĞİNİ YANSITMADA MÜZELERİN ROLÜ: SELANİK MÜZELERİNDEN ÖRNEKLER EZGİ ÖZDEMİR Müzeler sadece geçmişin birikimli olarak sergilendiği alanlar değil, aynı zamanda geçmiş ile günümüz arasında bağ kuran ve bu bağı geleceği şekillendirmek için kullanan çok yönlü kazanım alanlarıdır. Somut ve somut olmayan kültürel mirasların yer edindiği müzeler toplumun ortak belleğini de yansıtır. Müzeler birer bellek mekânı olarak kurgulandığında, mekânın belleğini de aktarmaları beklenir. Yaşadıkları alanlara kendilerine özgü özellikleri yansıtan insan topluluklarının geniş kitleler halinde barındığı kentler, çok kültürlü ve çoksesli ortamlar olarak var olmaya devam etmektedirler. Kentlerin içinde yer alan müzeler ise, çoğu zaman, ortaklaşa bir biçimde oluşturulmuş bu kültürü ve kentsel kimliği yansıtmakla yükümlü olmuşlardır. Müzenin temsil ettiği değerler, bulundukları mekânın dışında da yer almaktadır. Bu nedenle günümüz müzeleri, sadece kendilerine tanımlanmış sınırlı alanlarda varlığını sürdürmeyi değil, bu alanları esneterek daha geniş bir mekânsal anlatıyı ele almayı hedeflemektedir. Bu şekilde müzeler sadece toplumu değil, toplumun şekillendirdiği yaşam alanlarını ve bu alanların kimliğini de yansıtma görevini üstlenmiş olmaktadır. Bunun en büyük nedeni kentlerin, kent içerisinde yaşayan insan toplulukları ile olan etkileşiminin sürekliliğidir. Postmodernizm ile birlikte kentlerdeki kültürel farklılığın ve çeşitliliğin vurgulanması ve kent çalışmalarının çoğulcu bir bakış açısıyla gerçekleştirilmesi, kentlerde yer alan müzelerin de kentin kültürünü ve kimliğini yansıtma işlevlerinin detaylandırılmasına etki etmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında müzelerin kent kimliğinin yansıtılması konusundaki çalışmaları incelenmiş ve bulgular Selanik’te yer alan altı müze; Atatürk Evi Müzesi, Selanik Arkeoloji Müzesi, Bizans Kültürü Müzesi, Beyaz Kule Müzesi, Makedon Mücadelesi Müzesi ve Selanik Yahudi Müzesi üzerinden, bu müzelerin misyon ve vizyonları, sergileri ve eğitim programları incelenerek ele alınmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: kent kimliği, müze, bellek, kültürel çoğulluk, Selanik. iii ABSTRACT THE ROLE OF MUSEUMS IN REFLECTING URBAN IDENTITY: EXAMPLES FROM THESSALONIKI MUSEUMS EZGİ ÖZDEMİR Museums are not only the areas where the past is cumulatively displayed, but also are multi-faceted areas of achievement that link the past to the present and use this bond to shape the future. The museums in which tangible and intangible cultural heritages take place also reflect the common memory of the community. When museums are designed as memory spaces, they are expected to transfer the memory of the space as well. The cities in which the masses of human communities, which reflect their own characteristics to the areas they live in, continue to exist as multicultural and polyphonic environments. The museums in the cities have often been obliged to reflect this culture and urban identity, which has been formed in a common way. The values represented by the museum also exist outside the place where they are located. For this reason, today's museums aim not only to maintain their presence in the limited space defined in themselves but to explore a wider spatial narrative by flexing these areas. In this way, museums are undertaking a mission to reflect not only society’s identity but also the identity of the living spaces shaped by society. Along with Postmodernism, the emphasis on cultural diversity and variety in the cities and the realization of city studies with a pluralistic perspective influenced the elaboration of the museums’ functions which are reflecting the cultural identity of the city. Within the scope of the research, the concept of urbanism and urban identity and the effects of the museums on reflecting the urban identity have been examined. The findings were addressed through six museums in Thessaloniki, which are Ataturk’s House Museum, Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, Museum of Byzantine Culture, White Tower Museum, Museum for the Macedonian Struggle and Jewish Museum Thessaloniki, examining their missions and visions, exhibitions and educational programs. Keywords: urban identity, museum, memory, multiculturalism, Thessaloniki. iv ÖNSÖZ Kültürel miras ve toplumsal bellek kavramları ile yakın dereceden ilişkili kurumlar olan müzeler ile müzelerin içerisinde yer aldıkları kentler arasındaki karşılıklı etkileşimi temel alan bu çalışmada, müzelerin kent kültürünü ve kentsel nitelikleri yansıtırken ne tür unsurlara vurgu yaptıkları araştırılmış ve toplum yaşamının önemli bir parçası olan kentlerin toplumsal yaşama ışık tutan müze mekânlarında nasıl konumlandıkları üzerinde durulmuştur. Araştırma kapsamında Selanik’in kent kimliğini ve çok kültürlü yapısını kendilerine özgü anlatı yolları ile ortaya koyan altı müze, müzelerin kent kimliğini yansıtmadaki işlev ve sorumlulukları bağlamında incelenmiş ve yorumlanmıştır. Müzelerin bulundukları kentlerin özelliklerini yansıtırken hangi kültürel ve çevresel unsurlardan faydalandıklarının ve kültürel ve kentsel kimliği nasıl yorumladıklarının incelendiği bu araştırmanın, müzeler ile kentler arasındaki etkileşimin incelenmesine ve geliştirilmesine yönelik ileri araştırmalara bir katkı olması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın kavramsal çerçevesini oluşturma aşamasında ve ileri aşamalarda fikir ve yönlendirmeleriyle desteğini esirgemeyen değerli hocam Prof. Dr. Fethiye Erbay’a, Selanik Arkeoloji Müzesi’nde gerçekleştirdiğim stajım sırasında Selanik ve Selanik müzeleri ile ilgili her türlü bilgi, kaynak ve arşive ulaşmamda yardımcı olan danışmanım Haris Tsougaris’e, Selanik Arkeoloji Müzesi’nde staj yapmama olanak sağlayan ve Selanik’te bulunduğum süre boyunca yardımlarını esirgemeyen müze müdürü Polyxeni Adam-Veleni’ye ve manevi desteğini her zaman omuzlarımda hissettiğim değerli hocam Dr. Ceren Karadeniz’e teşekkürlerimi bir borç bilirim. Ayrıca araştırmamı yazıya geçirdiğim zaman boyunca sevgileri, destekleri, görüşleri, önerileri ve bazen de sadece varlıkları ile beni cesaretlendiren çok sevgili aileme ve değerli arkadaşlarıma sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. İSTANBUL, 2019 EZGİ ÖZDEMİR v İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa TEZ ONAY SAYFASI ........................................................................................................... ii ÖZ ……………………………………………………………...…………………………... iii ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... iv ÖNSÖZ .................................................................................................................................. v GÖRSELLER LİSTESİ …………………………………………………………...……... vii TABLOLAR LİSTESİ …………………………………...………………………………... x KISALTMALAR LİSTESİ…………………………………………………………..……. xi GİRİŞ ..................................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM KONU İLE İLGİLİ GENEL KAVRAMLAR 1.1. Kent Olgusu, Kent Kimliği ve Kent Belleği Kavramları .................................................. 5 1.1.1. Kent Olgusu .............................................................................................................. 5 1.1.2. Kent Kimliği ........................................................................................................... 10 1.1.3. Kent Belleği …………………………………………………...………………..… 16 1.2. Müze Kavramı ile Kent Kimliği ve Belleği Arasındaki İlişki ........................................ 19 1.2.1. Müze Kavramı ve Değişen Müze Tanımları ...…….………...………………..……19 1.2.2. Müzeler ile Toplumsal Bellek ve Kent İlişkisi ………………..…….……………..22 1.2.3. Postmodernizm ile Müze, Yeni Müzecilik ve Kent Kimliği İlişkisi ……..……...... 30 1.2.4.Uluslararası Kent Müzeleri Birliği (CAMOC) ve Kentlerdeki Müzelere Yönelik Çalışmaları…………………………………………………………………………………...34 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM KENT KİMLİĞİ VE KÜLTÜREL MİRAS ÇALIŞMALARI KAPSAMINDA SELANİK MÜZECİLİĞİNİN GELİŞİMİ 2.1. Selanik Kent Tarihi ve Sosyokültürel Belleği ................................................................. 45 2.1.1. Selanik’in Tarihini ve Kent Belleğini Yansıtan Bazı Yapı ve Alanlar……..………49 vi 2.1.1.1. Selanik’teki Roma Dönemi Yapıları ……………………..…………………..50 2.1.1.2. Selanik’teki Erken Hristiyanlık – Bizans Dönemi Yapıları …………..………56 2.1.1.3. Selanik’teki Osmanlı Dönemi Yapıları ……………………..………………..58 2.1.1.4. Selanik’teki Yahudi Topluluğuna Ait Yapılar ……………..…………………62 2.1.1.5. Selanik’teki Modern Mimari Temsilcisi Yapı ve Alanlar……….……………64 2.2. Selanik'teki Kültürel Miras Çalışmaları ve Selanik Müzeciliğinin Gelişimi ...……..….66 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM SELANİK'TEKİ MÜZELERİN KENT KİMLİĞİ VE KÜLTÜRÜNÜ YANSITMA ROLLERİNİ DEĞERLENDİRME 3.1. Atatürk Evi Müzesi’nin Selanik Kent Kimliğini Yansıtmadaki Rolünün Değerlendirilmesi…………………………………………………………………….…….. 75 3.2. Selanik Arkeoloji Müzesi’nin Selanik Kent Kimliğini Yansıtmadaki Rolünün Değerlendirilmesi .................................................................................................................. 88 3.3. Bizans Kültürü Müzesi’nin Selanik Kent Kimliğini Yansıtmadaki Rolünün Değerlendirilmesi ................................................................................................................ 103 3.4. Makedon Mücadelesi Müzesi'nin Selanik Kent Kimliğini Yansıtmadaki Rolünün Değerlendirilmesi ………………………………………………………….………………122
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