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Osorio Ramirez Maria Amantin Direction des bibliothèques AVIS Ce document a été numérisé par la Division de la gestion des documents et des archives de l’Université de Montréal. L’auteur a autorisé l’Université de Montréal à reproduire et diffuser, en totalité ou en partie, par quelque moyen que ce soit et sur quelque support que ce soit, et exclusivement à des fins non lucratives d’enseignement et de recherche, des copies de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse. L’auteur et les coauteurs le cas échéant conservent la propriété du droit d’auteur et des droits moraux qui protègent ce document. Ni la thèse ou le mémoire, ni des extraits substantiels de ce document, ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans l’autorisation de l’auteur. Afin de se conformer à la Loi canadienne sur la protection des renseignements personnels, quelques formulaires secondaires, coordonnées ou signatures intégrées au texte ont pu être enlevés de ce document. Bien que cela ait pu affecter la pagination, il n’y a aucun contenu manquant. NOTICE This document was digitized by the Records Management & Archives Division of Université de Montréal. The author of this thesis or dissertation has granted a nonexclusive license allowing Université de Montréal to reproduce and publish the document, in part or in whole, and in any format, solely for noncommercial educational and research purposes. The author and co-authors if applicable retain copyright ownership and moral rights in this document. Neither the whole thesis or dissertation, nor substantial extracts from it, may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Privacy Act some supporting forms, contact information or signatures may have been removed from the document. While this may affect the document page count, it does not represent any loss of content from the document. Université de Montréal La transformation du lien social: les parcours migratoires et d'établissement des réfugiés de l'ex-Yougoslavie à ville de Saguenay et à Joliette par Maria Amantina Osorio Ramirez Département d'anthropologie Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Philosphiae Doctor en Anthropologie Novembre 2008 © Maria Amantina Osorio Ramfrez. 200 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures Cette thèse intitulée : La transformation du lien social: les parcours migratoires et d'établissement , des réfugiés de l' ex-Yougoslavie à ville de Saguenay et à Joliette Présentée par: Maria Amantina Osorio Ramirez a été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes: Pierre Beaucage président -rapporteur Deirdre Meintel directrice de recherche Josiane Le Gall membre du jury Michèle Vatz Laaroussi examinatrice externe (U. Sherbrooke) Mona-Josée Gagnon représentante du doyen de la FES \ Résumé Cette thèse concerne la transformation du lien social étudié à partir du parcours migratoire et d'établissement de 32 réfugiés humanitaires ex-yougoslaves sélectionnés hors frontières et réinstallés dans deux régions du Québec: le Saguenay (villes de Chicoutimi et Jonquière) et Lanaudière (Joliette). Cette transformation a commencé initialement à partir de la guerre et de la migration forcée qui ont brisé les liens sociaux, familiaux et politiques établis par ce groupe jusqu'à ce moment-là, et elle s'est poursuivie lors du rétablissement des réfugiés au Québec. Nous avons tenté de démontrer comment ces transformations font donc partie d'un processus global, impliquant des changements à la fois économiques, sociaux, culturels et politiques, dans l'après-Guerre Froide. Avec tous ces changements il n'est pas difficile de percevoir un sentiment assez général de perte de sens chez ces réfugiés par rapport à la société qui engendre insécurité, souffrance sociale et identitaire. C'est par le biais d'une approche qui puise dans les courants de l'anthropologie de la modernité, du politique et de l'humanitaire, que nous avons abordé cette recherche. À partir des récits de nos participants, nous examinons leurs vécus dans leur pays d'origine en ce qui a trait aux relations familiales, sociales et politiques, la trajectoire de la migration forcée et les différentes ruptures de liens, ainsi que la trajectoire dans le pays d'établissement. Ce qu'on peut appeler 'l'événement humanitaire', soit la violence extrême qui entraîne la migration forcée, constitue une rupture qui a impliqué pour les familles séparation, absence, exil, ainsi que réorganisation et réorientation du sens. L'événement sert de repère dans la reconstitution que les réfugiés font de leur passé, car c'est lui et ses conséquences qui ont profondément marqué et modifié le cours de leur vie. La réinstallation des réfugiés répond à une série de procédures, de pratiques et de sens qui engagent tout un réseau ou circuit humanitaire international, ainsi qu'un réseau d'organismes nationaux et locaux, gouvernementaux et communautaires. Ces réseaux sont activés dans le but d'offrir à ces populations la relocalisation 11 dans le nouveau pays et la possibilité de reconstruire les liens SOCiaUX et politiques perdus. La réinstallation des réfugiés dans les régions au Québec correspond à la mise en œuvre de la politique de régionalisation de l'immigration. Notre recherche a montré que les réfugiés et leur famille se sentent plus en sécurité dans les régions au Québec, mais plusieurs facteurs, comme le contexte économique régional où ils s'insèrent, influencent l'offre d'emploi, le développement des relations et le sentiment d'appartenance. Les liens familiaux un peu fragilisés continuent à être le soutien essentiel pour assurer une continuité. Tant au Québec que dans les autres provinces, le partenariat avec des organismes communautaires et ethniques figure désormais comme une mesure privilégiée pour faciliter l'entrée des nouveaux arrivants dans la société locale. Différents programmes et activités sont associés à cette politique: l'accueil, l'accompagnement ainsi que l'intégration des réfugiés à travers l'apprentissage de la langue et le soutien à leur insertion professionnelle. Mais la réalité en ce qui concerne l'intégration des réfugiés en région connaît des limites lorsque l'on constate que les mesures qui visaient à l'intégration sociale, économique et culturelle de ceux-ci semblent moins efficaces quand l'immigration se diversifie dans sa composition. De plus, la prise en charge des réfugiés dépend d'organismes communautaires qui ne parviennent pas à satisfaire financièrement et humainement les besoins accrus des familles vulnérables finalement vouées à elles-mêmes. Nous trouvons que pour le plein exercice de leurs droits économiques et sociaux, beaucoup reste encore à faire. Mots-clés: Réfugiés humanitaires, ex-Yougoslaves, Bosnie-Herzégovine, lien social, migration forcée, régionalisation de l'immigration, liens familiaux, insertion professionnelle, groupes communautaires, Saguenay, Joliette. Abstract The subject of this the sis is the transfonnation of social ties, examined through the migration and settlement trajectories of 32 ex-Yugoslavian humanitarian refugees selected abroad and settled in two regions of Quebec: Saguenay (in the cHies of Chicoutimi and Jonquière) and Lanaudière (Joliette). This transfonnation initially began during the war and the forced migration that broke social, familial, and political ties recognized by this group until that time, followed by the resettlement of refugees in Quebec. We have attempted to show how these transfonnations are also part of a global process, involving economic, social, cultural, and political changes. We are orphans of another principle: the cold war. Within this context of change, it is not difficult to perceive a generalized sense of loss of meaning in our society that leads to insecurity, social suffering, and identity distress. This research was carried out using an anthropological approach, influenced by trends in the anthropology of modemities, and political and humanitarian anthropology. Participants' life narratives are examined in tenns of their experiences in their native country, with respect to familial, social, and political relations; the trajectory of forced migration and the various ruptured ties; as weIl as the trajectory in their country of settlement. The humanitarian event, forced migration, and extreme violence constitute a rupture that involves separation, absence, exile, as weIl as the reorganization and reorientation of meaning. The resettlement of refugees in the reglOns of Quebec corresponds to the enactment of a policy for the regionalization of immigration and is also the result of a series of procedures, practices, and meanings that engage a whole international humanitarian network or circuit, as weIl as a network of national and local humanitarian or community organizations. These networks are activated with the aim of offering relocalization in the new country and the possibility of reconstructing lost social and political ties. Our research shows that refugees and their families feel more secure in Québec, but several factors, such as the regional socio-economic context where they settle, influence employment opportunities, the IV development of relationships, and the feeling of belonging. Slightly weakened family ties continue to be the essential support for remaining together. We also observed that the measures targeting social, economic, and cultural integration of refugees appear to be less effective when the immigrant population becomes diversified and the state decentralizes responsibility.
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