http://www.balkaninstitut.com MINORITIES IN THE BALKANS Edited by Dušan T. Bataković http://www.balkaninstitut.com INSTITUT DES ETUDES BALKANIQUES ACADEMIE SERBE DES SCIENCES ET DES ARTS EDITIONS SPECIALES 111 LES MINORITES DANS LES BALKANS POLITIQUE DE L’ETAT ET RELATIONS INTERETHNIQUES (1804–2004) Sous la direction de Dušan T. Bataković BELGRADE 2011 http://www.balkaninstitut.com INSTITUTE FOR BALKAN STUDIES OF THE SERBIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS SPECIAL EDITIONS 111 MINORITIES IN THE BALKANS STATE POLICY AND INTERETHNIC RELATIONS (1804–2004) Edited by Dušan T. Bataković BELGRADE 2011 http://www.balkaninstitut.com Publisher Institute for Balkan Studies Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgrade, Knez Mihailova 35/IV www.balkaninstitut.com e-mail: [email protected] Reviewed by Vojislav Stanovčić, full member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Vojislav G. Pavlović, Institute for Balkan Studies, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts ISBN 978-86-7179-068-0 The publication of this volume has been financially supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Serbia (project № 177011: History of political ideas and institutions in the Balkans in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries) http://www.balkaninstitut.com Table of Contents PREFACE 7 Catherine Horel LA QUESTION NATIONALE EN AUTRICHE-HONGRIE : DROITS ET RÉALITÉS 11 Vojislav Pavlović LA NAissANCE du ConCEpt DES Minorités DAns LES BALKAns AU XIXE siÈCLE LE CAS DE LA SErbiE 33 Bernard Lory LA POLITIQUE MINORITAIRE DE L’EMPIRE OTTOMAN ENVERS LES AROUMAINS 49 Blagovest Njagulov MINORITÉS ET politiquE MinoritAirE EN BulgAriE 1878-1944 59 Danko Taboroši CIRCAssiAns in SErbiA And thE BALKAns FroM MAss IMMigrAtion to LAst REMAining COMMunitY 77 Slobodan G. Markovich ETHNIC And NAtionAL MinoritiES in SErbiA And thE KingdoM OF YugoslAviA 89 Traian Sandu LA politiquE rouMAinE DES Minorités DAns L’EntrE-DEux-guErrES : EntrE prEssion NAtionAlistE ET protECtion intErnAtionALE 109 Mladenka Ivanković JEWS And YugoslAviA 1918 – 1953 131 Dušan T. Bataković LES AlbANAis du Kosovo EN YougoslAviE 1945-1995 : Minorité EN SErbiE, MAjorité DAns LA provinCE AutonoME 153 Katrin Boeckh ETHNIC MinoritiES in SOCIAlist YugoslAviA 1945-1990: CoMproMisES until thE End 205 Evgenia Kalinova STATE POLICY TOWArds thE TurKish MinoritY in BulgAria (1944 – 1989) 221 http://www.balkaninstitut.com Gordana Krivokapić-Jović LES SErbES EN CroAtiE AU XXE siÈCLE : EntrE LA négAtion ET L’AFFirMAtion . 237 Ruxandra Ivan LA politiquE À L’égArd DES Minorités NAtionALES EN RouMAniE Aux AnnéES 1980 251 Dušan T. Bataković THE Kosovo SErbs: MinoritY STAtus BY ForCE (ForCED Expulsions, EthniC ClEAnsing, DEstruCtion OF CulturAL HEritAGE, MinoritY TREATMEnt, 1999—2008) 263 Harun Hasani GORAniES: A REspECTED MinoritY in SErbiA, A PErsECutED MinoritY in prESEnt-DAY Kosovo 311 Vojislav Stanovčić DEMOCRACY in MultiEthniC SOCIEtiES: PopulisM, BonAPArtisM, MAjoritY RulE, or ConstitutionAL PolYARCHY? 323 INDEX 355 http://www.balkaninstitut.com MINORITIES IN THE BALKANS PREFACE he questions surrounding the status of the minorities in the Balkans over Tthe past two centuries, seen against the backdrop of various government policies and ideological patterns, or simply as a vital test of interethnic relations, have remained a focus of both political and scholarly attention. The state context and the status of various national and ethnic groups have often undergone dra- matic changes. The Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire, two domi- nant multiethnic and multicultural empires encompassing most of the Balkans, were seriously challenged by the rising national demands encouraged by the 1804 Serbian Revolution against Ottoman rule, and followed by a succession of wars for national liberation and the establishment of nation-states. Under such circumstances, the national question proved to be the key factor in the eventual dismantlement of both empires. Feudal and highly conservative, both the Ot- toman and the Habsburg Empire were not only incapable of profound reform but also of working out alternatives to the increasingly appealing national causes coupled with predominantly liberal patterns of national liberation and state in- dependence process as the ultimate objective. In that context, the relationship between the Balkan state and its majority nation (or majority nations), on the one hand, and its internationally protected minorities or other minority groups, on the other, were difficult and strained. Looking at the nation and state building processes in the nineteenth century, Vojislav G. Pavlović examines the evolution of the notion of “mino- rity” in Serbia. National activism, institution building and growing national consciousness were interrelated in three stages in the history of the minority question in nineteenth-century Serbia, those of migration, integration and as- similation. Comparing the ethnically quite homogeneous Kingdom of Serbia against the multiethnic experience of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Slobodan G. Markovich sees the successful resolution of the national question in pre-Great War Serbia as one of the reasons for the subsequent lack of understanding of the http://www.balkaninstitut.com 8 Minorities in the Balkans national problem in Yugoslavia and for the belief that the Yugoslav idea could be a sound basis for building new state and national identities. The concept of Yugoslavism, especially in its integral form, was irreconcilable either with the antagonistic attitude of the country’s non-Slavic minorities or Croat national policy. Mladenka Ivanković looks at a very important question in the history of Serbia and Yugoslavia. She analyzes the attitude towards the Jewish community in 1918–1953 in the context of the overall attitude to the Jewish question in Europe in the interwar period and during the Second World War. Discussing the period of communist Yugoslavia, Katrin Boeckh sees the national question as the central question of the Titoist system (making compromises till the bitter end), examines its ideological implications, Titoist practices of minority pro- tection, but also national and interethnic rivalries which eventually led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia. In an analysis of the national question in Austro-Hungary seen as the Monarchy’s central question, Catherine Horel follows two aspects: institutional development and the rise of national consciousnesses and projects of different peoples within the Monarchy, arriving at the conclusion that its federalisation was “impossible”. Her contribution finds a continuation in the study of Gordana Krivokapić-Jović on the Serbs in Croatia in the course of the twentieth century. It discusses the long-standing presence of Serbs in Croatia, the legacy of the Habsburg Monarchy in both the Serbian and Croatian cases, and the commu- nist modifications of this historical legacy. It recapitulates the history of the Ser- bian question in Croatia, from their struggle for equal rights to Croats within the Dual Monarchy, to the genocide they underwent at the hands of the Croat fascists, Ustasha, in the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945), to their sta- tus of a constitutive nation in Croatia as the only possible within communist Yugoslavia in the aftermath of the horrible genocide. The reduction of the Serbs to the status of a national minority under the new Croatian constitution in 1990 and their response with a referendum proclaiming the Serbian Autonomous Re- gion of Krajina, led to their persecution and eventual mass expulsion (1995). Two contributions take a look at the history of the minority question in Romania, Traian Sandu, dealing with the interwar Romania and the issue of national identity in post-1918 Greater Romania, and Ruxandra Ivan, examining the minority question under the communist regime. Sandu analyzes the diffi- culties of national integration, the international aspect of the problem, and the rise of nationalist movements, while Ruxandra Ivan focused on the last decade of the communist regime, recapitulates the Romanian-Hungarian conflict in Transylvania. The focus of Blagovest Njagulov’s interest is the nation-state building process and the attitude towards the minority question in Bulgaria from the late nineteenth century to the end of the Second World War (1878–1945), while Evgenia Kalinova addresses the sensitive Turkish question, i.e. the question of http://www.balkaninstitut.com Preface 9 the Turkish minority in socialist Bulgaria (1944–1989). Njagulov’s comprehen- sive overview of the minority communities in Bulgaria reveals the restrictions imposed upon some of them, while Kalinova focuses on important questions such as interethnic tolerance, assimilation, political violence, human rights, na- tional interest etc. Research interest in the status of minorities in the Ottoman Empire has produced a distinctive group of contributions. Thus, Bernard Lory looks at the Aromanian question, which is still of interest to the modern and contemporary Balkans (though admittedly of marginal interest to the Ottomans), while Dan- ko Taboroši retraces the fate of the Circassians in the Balkans. Lory shows that there could hardly have been such a thing as minority policy in an empire which was multicultural by definition, as opposed to a nation-state which derives its legitimacy from the people. Owing to the millet system, the Ottoman Empire was a case unto itself. Lory therefore criticizes the traditional approach of Bal- kan national historiographies for adopting political discourse in interpreting the