Booklet Wi 2013.Pdf
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Pemikiran Gus Dur Tentang Nasionalisme Dan
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PEMIKIRAN GUS DUR TENTANG NASIONALISME DAN MULTIKULTURALISME (1963 - 2001) SKRIPSI Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Pendidikan Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah Oleh : Ana Riwayati Dewi NIM: 131314055 PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN SEJARAH JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN SOSIAL FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2017 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PEMIKIRAN GUS DUR TENTANG NASIONALISME DAN MULTIKULTURALISME (1963 - 2001) SKRIPSI Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Pendidikan Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah Oleh : Ana Riwayati Dewi NIM: 131314055 PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN SEJARAH JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN SOSIAL FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2017 i PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI iii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN Skripsi ini ku persembahkan kepada: 1. Kedua orang tua saya, Ayahanda Yonathan Suyoto dan Ibunda Suwarti. 2. Kedua saudara saya, Arief Ika Setiawan dan Hastanti Dwi Lestari. 3. Sahabat-sahabat saya. iv PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI MOTTO Yakinlah kau bisa dan kau sudah separuh jalan menuju ke sana (Theodore Roosevelt) Manusia tidak merancang untuk gagal, mereka gagal untuk merancang (William J. Siegel) Usaha dan keyakinan tidak akan mengkhianati hasil (Ana Riwayati Dewi) v PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN -
Friend - Wahid
Foreign Policy Research Institute E-Notes A Catalyst for Ideas Distributed via Email and Posted at www.fpri.org January 2010 ABDURRAHMAN WAHID, THE INDONESIAN REPUBLIC, AND DYNAMICS IN ISLAM By Theodore Friend Abdurrahman Wahid, known as Gus Dur, died on 30 December 2009 at the age of sixty-nine. The genial complexity of his character, which drew millions to him, was not adequate to the pressures of the presidency. But his life, career, and elements of caprice contain abundant clues for anyone who would understand modern Sufism, global Islam, and the Republic of Indonesia. Premises of a Republic Wahid was five years old in 1945 at the time of Indonesia’s revolutionary founding as a multi-confessional republic. Sukarno, in shaping its birth, supplied the five principles of its ideology: nationalism, international humanity, consensus democracy, social justice, and monotheism. Hatta, his major partner, helped ensure freedom of worship not only for Muslims but for Catholics and Protestants, Hindus and Buddhists, with Confucians much later protected under Wahid as president. The only thing you could not be as an Indonesian citizen was an atheist. Especially during and after the killings of 1965-66, atheism suggested that one was a communist. In this atmosphere, greatly more tolerant than intolerant, Wahid grew up, the son of the Minister of Religious Affairs under Sukarno, and grandson of a founder of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) in 1926—a traditionalistic and largely peasant-oriented organization of Muslims, which now claims 40 million members. Wahid himself was elected NU’s chairman, 1984-1999, before becoming, by parliamentary election, President of the Republic, 1999-2001. -
Islamist Buzzers: Message Flooding, Offline Outreach, and Astroturfing Seto, Ario
www.ssoar.info Islamist Buzzers: Message Flooding, Offline Outreach, and Astroturfing Seto, Ario Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Seto, A. (2019). Islamist Buzzers: Message Flooding, Offline Outreach, and Astroturfing. ASEAS - Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 12(2), 187-208. https://doi.org/10.14764/10.ASEAS-0021 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/deed.de Aktuelle Südostasienforschung Current Research on Southeast Asia Islamist Buzzers: Message Flooding, Offline Outreach, and Astroturfing Ario Seto ► Seto, A. (2019). Islamist buzzers: Message flooding, offline outreach, and astroturfing.Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 12(2), 187-208. Based on ethnographic research on Islamist buzzers – social media political operators tasked with making particular online conversation subjects trend – in Indonesia, this article details the process of how the proliferation of insensitive message in both the online and offline realms plays a role in mobilizing those sympathetic to religious fundamental- ism. As this research shows, the interviewed buzzers were one of the driving forces behind the massive success of the fundamentalist Islamic Defenders Front (Front Pembela Islam, FPI) as they mobilized people to participate in the organization’s political rallies between 2016 and 2017. Driven by altruistic volunteerism and sense of community, these actors go beyond their duty as click-farmers. -
Freedom of Religion and Belief in the Southeast Asia
FREEDOM OF RELIGION AND BELIEF IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIA: LEGAL FRAMEWORK, PRACTICES AND INTERNATIONAL CONCERN FREEDOM OF RELIGION AND BELIEF IN THE SOUTHEAST ASIA: LEGAL FRAMEWORK, PRACTICES AND INTERNATIONAL CONCERN Alamsyah Djafar Herlambang Perdana Wiratman Muhammad Hafiz Published by Human Rights Working Group (HRWG): Indonesia’s NGO Coalition for International Human Rights Advocacy 2012 1 Freedom of Religion and Belief in the Southeast Asia: ResearchLegal Framework, team Practices and International Concern : Alamsyah Djafar Herlambang Perdana Wiratman EditorMuhammad Hafiz Expert: readerMuhammad Hafiz : Ahmad Suaedy SupervisorYuyun Wahyuningrum : Rafendi Djamin FirstMuhammad edition Choirul Anam : Desember 2012 Published by: Human Rights Working Group (HRWG): Indonesia’s NGO Coalition for International Human Rights Advocacy Jiwasraya Building Lobby Floor Jl. R.P. Soeroso No. 41 Gondangdia, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia Website: www.hrwg.org / email: [email protected] ISBN 2 CONTENTS FOREWORD INTRODUCTION BY EDITOR Chapter I Diversities in Southeast Asia and Religious Freedom A. Preface ChapterB.IIHumanASEAN Rights and and Guarantee Freedom for of ReligionFreedom of Religion A. ASEAN B. ASEAN Inter-governmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR) C. Constitutionalism, Constitutions and Religious Freedom ChapterD.IIIInternationalThe Portrait Human of Freedom Rights Instruments of Religion in in ASEAN Southeast StatesAsia A. Brunei Darussalam B. Indonesia C. Cambodia D. Lao PDR E. Malaysia F. Myanmar G. Philippines H. Singapore I. Thailand ChapterJ. IVVietnamThe Attention of the United Nations Concerning Religious Freedom in ASEAN: Review of Charter and Treaty Bodies A. Brunei Darussalam B. Indonesia C. Cambodia D. Lao PDR E. Malaysia F. Myanmar G. Philippines H. Singapore I. Thailand J. Vietnam 3 Chapter IV The Crucial Points of the Guarantee of Freedom of Religion in Southeast Asia A. -
Humanistic Education in Abdurrahman Wahid's Perspective
EDUGAMA: Jurnal Kependidikan dan Sosial Keagamaan Vol. 4 No. 2 Desember 2018 ISSN: 2598-8115 (print), 2614-0217 (electronic) Humanistic Education in Abdurrahman Wahid’s Perspective Supriyanto Pascasarjana Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Surakarta Surakarta, Indonesia [email protected] Abstract Human values are one of the main components of concern in the education field. One of the Muslim scholars who had very high concern for issues related to humanity was Abdurrahman Wahid or who was familiarly called Gus Dur. For Gus Dur, appreciation of human values is at the core of the teachings of Islam. The emphasis on understanding humanity provides a basis for the humanistic attitude that Gus Dur wanted to build. Humanistic education in the concept of Gus Dur is a discussion of human values voiced by Gus Dur which includes universal humanity, human rights and justice. Therefore, this paper intends to discuss humanistic education in Gus Dur's perspective. Keywords: humanistic education, human right, justice, Abdurrahman Wahid Abstrak Nilai-nilai kemanusiaan adalah salah satu komponen utama yang menjadi perhatian di bidang pendidikan. Salah satu cendekiawan Muslim yang memiliki kepedulian yang sangat tinggi terhadap masalah yang berkaitan dengan kemanusiaan adalah Abdurrahman Wahid atau yang akrab disapa Gus Dur. Bagi Gus Dur, penghargaan terhadap nilai-nilai kemanusiaan adalah inti dari ajaran Islam. Penekanan pada memahami kemanusiaan memberikan dasar bagi sikap humanistik yang ingin dibangun oleh Gus Dur. Pendidikan humanistik dalam konsep Gus Dur adalah diskusi tentang nilai-nilai kemanusiaan yang disuarakan oleh Gus Dur yang mencakup kemanusiaan universal, hak asasi manusia dan keadilan. Oleh karena itu, makalah ini bermaksud membahas pendidikan humanistik dalam perspektif Gus Dur. -
Pemikiran Pendidikan Islam Kh. Abdurrahman Wahid Dan Implikasinya Bagi Pengembangan Pendidikan Islam Di Indonesia
Vol. 1, No. 2, Juli – Desember 2017 https://ejournal.unuja.ac.id/index.php/edureligia PEMIKIRAN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM KH. ABDURRAHMAN WAHID DAN IMPLIKASINYA BAGI PENGEMBANGAN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DI INDONESIA Moch. Tohet Fakultas Tarbiyah Institut Agama Islam Nurul Jadid, Indonesia Info Artikel Abstrak Sejarah Artikel: Diterima Juni 2017 Pendidikan merupakan proses budaya untuk meningkatkan harkat dan Disetujui Juli 2017 martabat manusia yang berlangsung sepanjang hayat. Pendidikan Dipublikasikan Oktober selalu berkembang dan selalu dihadapkan pada perubahan zaman. 2017 Untuk itu, mau tak mau pendidikan harus didesain mengikuti irama perubahan tersebut. Apabila pendidikan tidak didesain mengikuti irama perubahan, maka pendidikan akan ketinggalan laju Keywords: perkembangan zaman itu sendiri. Pendidikan Islam dalam pandangan KH. Abdurrahman Wahid haruslah menjadi pangkalan untuk merebut Abdurrahman Wahid; kembali wilayah-wilayah yang kini sudah mulai lepas. Ia menjadi Pendidikan Islam;Keislaman tumpuan langkah strategis untuk membalik arus yang menggedor pintu pertahanan umat Islam. Sesuatu yang cukup vital adalah membuat sebuah kerangka pemahaman, khususnya dalam pendidikan Islam sehingga mampu menjadi inspirasi dalam mengamalkan ajaran-ajaran Islam yang sifatnya universal. Pemahaman terhadap nilai-nilai ajaran Islam pun menjadi pemahaman yang utuh dan komprehensif © 2017 Fakultas Tarbiyah IAI Nurul Jadid Alamat Korespondensi: ISSN 2549-4821 Gedung E Lantai 1 Fakultas Agama Islam E-ISSN 2579-5694 PO. Box 1 Paiton Probolinggo, 67291 E-mail: [email protected] 175 Moch. Tohet / edureligia Vol. 1, No. 2, 2017 PENDAHULUAN tumbuh dan berkembang bersama alam lingkungannya. Tetapi sebagai khalifah Allah, Seiring dengan zaman yang sudah maka manusia mempunyai tugas untuk modern ini, pendidikan masih dianggap memadukan pertumbuhan dan sebagai kunci pembuka dalam komunitas perkembangannya bersama dengan alam. -
About the Contributors
About the Contributors Ahmad Suaedy is currently an Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia 2016–21 and Dean of the Faculty of Islamic Archipelago (Islam Nusantara Faculty) for undergraduate, master’s and doctoral programmes at Nahdlatul Ulama University of Indonesia (UNUSIA), Jakarta. He received his doctoral degree on Islamic Studies from the State Islamic University Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. Suaedy is a Founder and former Executive Director (2003–12) of the Wahid Institute; Founder and former Director (2013–16) of the Abdurrahman Wahid Center at the University of Indonesia; and Founder and Director (2014–present) of the Institute of Southeast Asian Islam (ISAIs) UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. He is interested in several research themes, including minority rights, Islamic politics, social inclusion, conflict and reconciliation, social movements, and separatism movements. Suaedy has written and edited several books, including Gus Dur, Islamic Archipelago and Multicultural Citizenship/Gus Dur, Islam Nusantara dan Kewarganegaraan Bineka (2018); Islam, Minorities and Identity in Southeast Asia (2018); and Intolerance, Revitalization of Traditions and Challenges of Indonesian Diversity/Intoleransi, Revitalisasi Tradisi dan Tantangan Kebinekaan Indonesia (2017). Together with Ota Atsushi and Okamoto Masaaki, he edited Islam in Contention: Rethinking Islam and the State in Indonesia (2010). He also writes for various national and international journals. He is a member of the International Editorial Board of Walisongo Journal, issued by Universitas Islam Indonesia (UIN) Walisongo, Semarang, Jawa Tengah, and is a reviewer for Jurnal Masyarakat, of Departemen Sosiologi Universitas Indonesia (UI). Private library: www.suaedy-library.net. xi 00 AlternativeVoices_PrelimIT-3P.indd 11 13/11/19 5:17 pm xii About the Contributors Ahmad Najib Burhani is Senior Researcher at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jakarta. -
Chap. 12 to Reader
Andree Feillard and Remy Madinier. The End of Innocence? Indonesian Islam and the Temptations of Radicalism. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 2011. 336 pp. Robert W. Hefner Two years into the uncertain transitions of the "Arab Spring," it is remarkable just how few Middle Eastern analysts have thought to look to post-Soeharto Indonesia for clues as to how Islam and Muslims may be accommodated in passages from authoritarian rule. In part the oversight reflects Indonesia's continuing perceived marginality in the global Muslim scene, and the mistaken conviction that Indonesia is somehow less authentically Islamic than the Arab, Turkish, and Persian heartlands. However, as anyone who has traveled in academic or political circles in the Middle East can testify, the neglect has also to do with uncertainty as to the quality of Indonesian democracy, not least in the face of reports of continuing militia assaults on Christians, Ahmadiyah Muslims, and other religious minorities. To my ear, the opinion recently expressed by Andreas Harsono (an Indonesian human rights observer) in an op-ed column in The New York Times1 is now widely shared among Middle Eastern Muslim intellectuals and analysts: Indonesia offers few clear lessons on Muslim democracy, not because it is insufficiently Muslim, but because the quality of its democracy as regards religious freedom remains so precariously uncertain. Andree Feillard and Remy Madinier's new book on Muslim politics and the "temptations of radicalism" in modern Indonesia provides an eminently welcome point of entry into just this issue. The book is a translation and updating of the authors' 2006 work of a similar title in French.2 Skillfully rendered, the translation by Wong Wee preserves the easy readability and understated intelligence of the French original. -
Seeding Peace on the Earth Abdurrahman Wahid’S Movements on Peace and Nonviolence
Seeding Peace on the Earth Abdurrahman Wahid’s Movements on Peace and Nonviolence By Sumanto Al Qurtuby, Peneliti independent, tinggal di Harrisonburg, USA “We must employ effective strategies to counter each of these fundamentalist strengths. This can be accomplished only by bringing the combined weight of the vast majority of peace-loving Muslims, and the non-Muslim world, to bear in a coordinated global campaign whose goal is to resolve the crisis of misunderstanding that threatens to engulf our entire world” (Gus Dur, “Right Islam v Wrong Islam,” The Wall Street Journal, 30/12/2005). “Fighting terrorism with violence is counterproductive and is bound to fail. Terrorism cannot be defeated by militaristic approaches like those carried by the US but, instead, can only be defeated through peaceful measures.” (http://www.gusdur.net/english/ news/index.php?option) Abdurrahman Wahid (known Gus Dur) is a rare phenomenon in the modern history of Indonesia. Gus Dur, a former President of Indonesia, is a unique, complete and controversial figure. He is a combination of lots of profession: intellectual, author, columnist, public speaker, cleric, politician, activist, peacebuilder, artist, and soccer’s commentator. He is also a charismatic leader of the largest Indonesian Islamic organization Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), whose membership is of more than 45 million. Despite coming from a “traditional” community, a strict Islamic tradition, and an isolated place, he goes beyond traditional boundaries. He has related to many people from different backgrounds, ethnicities, religions, and tribes. Gus Dur also is well known as a “defender” of minorities’ rights in Indonesia either religious minorities, such as non-Islam (especially Christianity), minority Islamic sects (e.g. -
Journal of Islamic Civilization
Journal of Islamic Civilization Journal homepage: http://journal2.unusa.ac.id/index.php/JIC The Worldview Of Social Harmony Bulding In The Pluralisme A Phenomenology Study in Balun Village, Turi District, Lamongan Regency Elvi Widayati Universitas Negeri Surabaya [email protected] Keywords: Abstract Worldview, social Social harmony phenomenon is interesting because in the midst of religious harmony, differences whose build a peaceful and harmonious socio-cultural life system. While in pluralism other areas differences in religion or belief become the legitimacy or trigger of conflicts and violence between groups in society. The impact of religious conflict or violence is the occurrence of inequality, insecurity, especially for minority groups, which in turn will affect national integration and unity. From this phenomenon, it is interesting to study how Balun people can process differences in religion, so they can foster and build a culture of tolerance in society. This study aims to uncover the paradigm, factors and models or forms of tolerance in Balun Village, Turi Subdistrict, Lamongan Regency, using research methods with qualitative approaches to informant units, namely Christian (Hindu) and Muslim (figures) and Balun Village Devices. Data collection methods using the method of observation (observation), in-depth interviews (depth interviews) with the Snowball model and literature review and FGD (Focus Group Discusion). Analysis of data using multidisciplinary science, meaning that depends on the data obtained, if the data obtained by religious data analysis uses religious studies and so on. The results of the study, the first Balun community paradigm in understanding its religious teachings (Islam, Hinduism, Christianity) is a substantive inclusive paradigm. -
A Pseudo-Secular Space, Religious Minority and Reasons for Exclusion: the Ahmadiyya Minority Group in Contemporary Indonesia
© 2019 Authors. Center for Study of Religion and Religious Tolerance, Belgrade, Serbia.This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License Max Regus1 Review article STKIP ST. Paulus Ruteng UDC 321.7:28.284.5(594) Indonesia A PSEUDO-SECULAR SPACE, RELIGIOUS MINORITY AND REASONS FOR EXCLUSION: THE AHMADIYYA MINORITY GROUP IN CONTEMPORARY INDONESIA Abstract This paper examines the intersection of religion and politics and its conse- quences on religious minorities in Indonesia. This paper is based on a case study of the current position of the Ahmadiyya minority group in the Indonesian Is- lamic majority. The tension arises from a specific circumstance: This large Muslim country uses democracy as a political system, but the involvement of religious politics is evident. This situation directly endangers the presence of the Ahmadi- yya group. Keywords: Indonesia, Democracy, Islam, Ahmadiyya, Pseudo-Secular, Mi- norities, Exclusion Introduction This article—by considering the intersection of social-political spaces and the exclusion of religious minorities in Indonesia based on the current situation of the Ahmadiyya—aims to spread and emerge the discipline of ‘the politology of religion’.2 It is important first to introduce the profile of the Ahmadiyya mi- nority group. The group itself was founded in 1889 by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835-1908) in the village of Qadian, Punjab, India. Several key factors encour- aged Mirza Ghulam Ahmad to initiate a new Islamic movement and therefore to build the Ahmadiyya. These include British colonialism in the South Asia region, degradation of Muslim culture in many areas, and the Christianization process undertaken by the western missionaries. -
Kebijakan-Kebijakan Presiden Abdurrahman Wahid Tahun 1999-2001
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI KEBIJAKAN-KEBIJAKAN PRESIDEN ABDURRAHMAN WAHID TAHUN 1999-2001 MAKALAH Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Pendidikan Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah Oleh: LAURENTIUS RIGEN DARIS NIM: 101314022 PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN SEJARAH JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN SOSIAL FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2016 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI KEBIJAKAN-KEBIJAKAN PRESIDEN ABDURRAHMAN WAHID TAHUN 1999-2001 MAKALAH Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Pendidikan Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah Oleh: LAURENTIUS RIGEN DARIS NIM: 101314022 PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN SEJARAH JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN SOSIAL FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2016 i PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI HALAMAN PERSEMBAHAN Makalah ini ku persembahkan kepada: Kedua orangtuaku yang selalu mendoakan dan mendukungku. Kedua kakak perempuanku yang selalu menyemangatiku. Almamaterku. iv PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI HALAMAN MOTTO Menyesali nasib tidak akan mengubah keadaan. Terus berkarya dan bekerjalah yang membuat kita berharga. (Abdurrahman Wahid) Bangunlah suatu dunia dimana suatu bangsa hidup dalam damai dan persaudaraan (Ir. Soekarno) Setialah pada hal-hal yang kecil, karena kelak disanalah kekuatanmu berasal. (Bunda Teresa) v PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ABSTRAK KEBIJAKAN-KEBIJAKAN PRESIDEN ABDURRAHMAN WAHID TAHUN 1999-2001 Oleh: Laurentius Rigen Daris Universitas Sanata Dharma 2016 Makalah ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan: (1) Latar belakang kehidupan Abdurrahman Wahid, (2) Kebijakan-kebijakan Presiden Abdurrahman Wahid, (3) Jasa-jasa Presiden Abdurrahman Wahid. Penulisan makalah ini menggunakan metode sejarah dengan langkah- langkah heuristik, verifikasi, interpretasi, dan historiografi.