The Wahid Institute Dan Gerakan Kebebasan Beragama Di Indonesia: Perspektif Gerakan Sosial

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The Wahid Institute Dan Gerakan Kebebasan Beragama Di Indonesia: Perspektif Gerakan Sosial The Wahid Institute dan Gerakan Kebebasan Beragama di Indonesia: Perspektif Gerakan Sosial Skripsi Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Persyaratan Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Sosial Saepul Agna NIM. 207032200624 PROGRAM STUDI SOSIOLOGI FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 1433 H./2012 M. The Wahid Institute dan Gerakan Kebebasan Beragama di Indonesia: Perspektif Gerakan Sosial Untuk nenek dari ibu–yang selalu terjaga dan berdoa pada sepertiga malam terakhir. Untuk bapak–yang bekerja sangat keras. Untuk ibu–yang lugu dan murah hati. i ii iii Ucapan Terima Kasih Demi langit yang mempunyai gugusan bintang. Demi malam apabila menutupi cahaya siang. Dan siang apabila terang benderang. Dan Kami telah menghilangkan daripadamu bebanmu. Katakanlah, "Dialah Allah, Yang Maha Esa." Alquran 85:1. 92:1-2. 94:2. 112:1 Skripsi The Wahid Institute dan Gerakan Kebebasan Beragama di Indonesia: Perspektif Gerakan Sosial telah diterima sebagai salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Sosial pada Program Studi Sosiologi Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Penyelesaian studi penulis–yang semula Program Studi Sosiologi Agama Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat kemudian menjadi Program Studi Sosiologi Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik–menjadi mungkin karena kebaikan- kebaikan dari banyak pihak. Untuk keperluan akademik dan administratif–dengan cara yang berbeda– mereka telah mengajarkan pengetahuan Sosiologi dan memberikan kenyamanan ketika menjalaninya. Untuk bimbingan, dorongan, pengertian, dan bantuan untuk kesulitan yang dihadapi penulis sampaikan ucapan terima kasih. Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Profesor Bahtiar Effendi. Ketua dan Sekretaris Program Non-Reguler Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat, Harun Rasyid M.A dan Ahmad Rifqi Muchtar M.A. Ketua dan Sekretaris iv Program Studi Sosiologi, Dr. Zulkifli Zul Harmi M.A dan Joharatul Jamilah M.Si yang kemudian berganti Iim Halimatusa’diyah M.Si. Dosen-dosen, diantaranya, Profesor Zainun Kamaluddin Faqih, (almh) Profesor Musyrifah Sunanto, Profesor Zaini Muchtarom, Profesor Bambang Pranowo, Dr. Muhaimin M.A, Dr. Amin Nurdin M.A, Ida Rosyidah M.A, Joharatul Jamilah M.Si, Helmi Hidayat M.A, Saifuddin Asrori M.Si, Cucu Nurhayati M.Si, Mohammad Hasan Ansori Ph.D, Iim Halimatussadiyah M.Si, dan Ahmad Abrori M.Si. Dewan Pertimbangan Skripsi, Dzuriyatun Toyibah M.Si dan Iim Halimatussadiyah M.Si yang kemudian berganti Zulkifli Zul Harmi Ph.D dan Ida Rosyidah M.A. Selanjutnya Ida Rosyidah M.A menjadi pembimbing skripsi penulis. Juga pustakawan Fakultas Ushuluddin dan Filsafat dan pustakawan Perpustakaan Utama Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Kebersamaan dengan teman-teman membuat hari-hari penulis di Ciputat menjadi lebih dari sekedar rutinitas akademik tetapi juga memberikan sesuatu yang tak tergantikan dengan apapun. Kesan-kesan terbaik persahabatan yang hangat bahkan lebih seperti menemukan keluarga kedua–tempat berbagi banyak hal. Untuk segalanya penulis sampaikan terima kasih. Teman-teman di Fakultas Agama Islam Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta–setahun sebelum studi Sosiologi penulis studi pada Program Studi Syariah Konsentrasi Perbankan Syariah–diantaranya, Suliadesi, Riza Wijayanti, Annisa v Haq, Andri, Eko Widiyanto. Muhammad Ikhsan, Syaiful Rohman, Muammar Khaddafi, Atika Purnamasari. (Alm) Nurzaman, Harisma Asadullah, Ibnu Zakwan, Saep Amrullah, Asep Hidayatullah, Aldina Ramdhani, Siti Muthmainah, Senny Rifki. Juga Indra Gunawan dan Andi Kurniawan. Teman-teman di Non-Reguler Program Studi Sosiologi, Sandi Irawan dan Mukhlis. Di Reguler Program Studi Sosiologi Agama, diantaranya, Wardatul Jannah, Dara Nurzakiyah, Ati Atiyurrohmah, Andini Pratiwi, Dini Siva, Herlina Dwi Astuti, Jafar Shodiq, Mufti Abid, Charlie Muhammad Dzulfikar, Fadly Budi, Nurjaman, Matin Halim, Cecep Sopandi, Ferri Bastian, Muhammad Satria Wijaya, Adriansyah, Muhammad Sibli, Ahmad Satria Waris, Andri Prakarsa, Muhammad Erfan, Yandhi Deslatama, Rizkiyah Hasanah, Baarvah Kahfina, (alm) Budiman, dan Waheed Manan. Dari fakultas-fakultas yang berbeda, diantaranya, Abdul Mu’id, Adnan Munawwir, Ratnawati, Ruslan Ghoni, Abdullah Said, Usman Usmana, Firdaus, Imamatul Azimah, Syahri Fajriyah, Nur Syabani, Amalia Nasuha, Nur Sakinah Nasution, Nurhidayati, Asminah, Ummi Saadah, Rina Hutari, Dimas Ridwan Hakim, dan Hendar Purnama. Di tempat tinggal selama menjalani studi, diantaranya, Ahmad Hasan, Muhammad Rizki, Shohibul Hujjah, Rosidi, Saleman, Makmur Ismail Saleh, Muhammad Ahda Murtaqi, Ryenaldo Rio, Khairus Saleh, Miftahul Bari, dan Abdurrohman. Teman-teman di Ikatan Mahasiswa Muhammadiyah Cabang Cirendeu dan Cabang Ciputat, dan Dewan Pimpinan Daerah Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta. vi Achmad Husni Lamarobak, Andy Wiyanto, Himawan Sutanto, Taufiqurrahman, Gilang Pandu, Muhammad Syaifurrahman, Anto Tuntas Widi, Putut Dwi Wijayanti, Narizka Dyan Wulandari, Resti Indah Harini, Witri Zuama Qomarania, Saddam Asir, dan Dadan Hermawan. Juga Beni Azhar, A. Saiful Safikri, Saefuddin Zuhri, dan Komaruzzaman. Ristan Alfino, Muhammad Iklima, Nofyan Safri Lubis, dan Jufridin Daud. Ucapan terima kasih terbesar penulis sampaikan kepada mereka yang telah memberikan kasih sayang, doa, harapan, pengorbanan, dan pengertian yang berlimpah. Kakak penulis, Mas’ud Ramdhani–Diana Astri dan Rizki Mulyadi–Evi Nuraini serta kelahiran Ayeesha Salsabila, Sabrina Latifa, dan Nadeera Azzahra yang sangat membahagiakan kami. Adik penulis, Rizal Kamilah dan Santi Nurjannah. Nenek penulis, Jaja. Tentu saja, untuk mereka yang meyakini anak- anaknya adalah segalanya dalam hidup yang dijalani, ayah penulis, Lili Sukmana, dan ibu penulis, Ami Darminingsih. Setelah semua yang dijalani, selesainya studi ini membuat penulis menjadi lebih bersyukur.[] vii Abstrak Saepul Agna. The Wahid Institute dan Gerakan Kebebasan Beragama di Indonesia: Perspektif Gerakan Sosial. 2012. Penegasan konstitusi maupun ratifikasi kovenan internasional yang merupakan instrumen pokok hak asasi manusia terkait kebebasan beragama, tidak menjadikan implementasinya menjadi lebih mudah. Lebih dari satu dekade era reformasi bergulir, kebebasan beragama masih dengan beragam tantangan besar dalam implementasinya. Seperti ditunjukan laporan pemantauan yang dilakukan Setara Institute, ruang publik pasca Orde Baru yang terbuka ditandai intensitas tinggi pelanggaran hak konstitusional ini oleh negara maupun warga negara terutama mengarah pada individu dan kelompok minoritas yang memiliki kecenderungan berbeda dengan sudut pandang negara maupun mainstream agama masyarakat. Seiring dengan itu, The Wahid Institute–kemudian ditulis Wahid Institute– menjalankan gerakan kebebasan beragama. Kemunculan dan perkembangan Wahid Institute tidak terlepas keterbukaan ruang publik pasca Orde Baru dan pendalaman integrasi ekonomi dan politik nasional ke dalam komunitas global. Peran besar Wahid juga menandai perkembangan generasi muda progresif Nahdlatul Ulama pada dekade 1980-an dimana bagian kecilnya kemudian bergiat sejak kemunculan Wahid Institute termasuk relasinya dengan lembaga donor internasional terutama The Asia Foundation dan TIFA Foundation serta jaringan kerjanya dibeberapa wilayah dalam menjalankan beragam usaha dalam kerangka gerakan kebebasan beragama. Ketika intensitas tinggi pelanggaran kebebasan beragama mengemuka, gerakan kebebasan beragama Wahid Institute menjalankan beragam usaha mengarah tiga level permasalahan kebebasan beragama, yaitu, regulasi dalam struktur negara termasuk relasi negara dengan Majelis Ulama Indonesia dan regulasi yang terbit konteks otonomi daerah pasca Orde Baru, kapasitas aparatur negara, dan intoleransi warga negara yang juga menandai implikasi anutan doktrin intoleran organisasi Islam radikal. Wahid Institute menjalankan beragam gerakan kebebasan beragama civil society melalui diskursus dan aksi kolektif mendesakan policy reform regulasi terkait, penguatan kapasitas aparatur negara maupun deradikalisasi agama. Wahid Institute juga menjalin relasi dalam kerangka penguatan kapasitas dengan Forum Kerukunan Umat Beragama yang merupakan representasi peran interventif pemerintah seiring usaha-usaha dialog antar umat beragama, penguatan kapasitas pemuka agama, dan penguatan kapasitas gerakan kebebasan beragama dibeberapa wilayah. Sejak kemunculannya, Wahid Institute mengarahkan gerakan kebebasan beragama pada penciptaan kehidupan beragama yang mengedepankan toleransi kebebasan beragama dalam keberagaman sebagai bagian penciptaan perdamaian.[] viii Daftar Isi Lembar Penyataan Keaslian Karya ….…........…….………………...……………..…......... i Lembar Persetujuan Pembimbing ….………………...…….…..…..……………................. ii Lembar Pengesahan Panitia Ujian ….…………..…………...….…....…………………...... iii Ucapan Terima Kasih ……….……………………….…........................................................ iv Abstrak ……………………………………………....….......................................................... viii Daftar Isi ……………………………….…...….….……....…...................……………..…..... ix Bab I Pendahuluan ................................................................................................................. 1 A. Latar Belakang Masalah …………………………………….…………………............ 1 B. Batasan dan Rumusan Masalah ………………….………….………………...……..... 9 C. Tujuan Penelitian …………………………………………….…………...…………… 10 D. Mamfaat Penelitian ………………………………………….………………………… 10 E. Tinjauan Pustaka …………………………………………….………..……………….. 11 F. Metodologi Penelitian …………………………………..…...……................................ 16 G. Sistematika Penulisan
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