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Washington State Minerals Checklist
Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite -
Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Koritnigite Zn(Aso3oh)•
Koritnigite Zn(AsO3OH) • H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Triclinic, pseudomonoclinic. Point Group: 1. As imperfect platy crystals, to 5 mm, in aggregates. Physical Properties: Cleavage: {010}, perfect; cleavage traces k [001] and k [100], visible on {010}. Tenacity: Flexible. Hardness = 2 D(meas.) = 3.54 D(calc.) = 3.56 Optical Properties: Transparent. Color: Colorless, white, rose. Luster: Pearly on {010}. Optical Class: Biaxial (+). Orientation: X = b; Y ∧ a ' 28◦; Z ∧ c ' 22◦. α = 1.632(5) β = 1.652(3) γ = 1.693(3) 2V(meas.) = 70(5)◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P 1. a = 7.948(2) b = 15.829(5) c = 6.668(2) α =90.86(2)◦ β =96.56(2)◦ γ =90.05(2)◦ Z=8 X-ray Powder Pattern: Tsumeb, Namibia; very close to cobaltkoritnigite. 7.90 (10), 3.16 (9), 3.83 (7), 2.461 (6), 2.186 (5), 3.95 (4), 2.926 (4) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) As2O5 51.75 54.67 51.46 FeO + Fe2O3 trace 0.05 CoO 4.54 NiO 2.44 ZnO 35.97 25.83 36.44 MgO trace H2O [12.3] [12.47] 12.10 Total [100.0] [100.00] 100.00 2− (1) Tsumeb, Namibia; by electron microprobe, (AsO3OH) confirmed by IR, H2O by difference. • (2) J´achymov, Czech Republic; H2O by difference. (3) Zn(AsO3OH) H2O. Occurrence: A secondary mineral of the lower oxidation zone in a dolostone-hosted polymetallic hydrothermal ore deposit (Tsumeb, Namibia). Association: Tennantite, cuprian adamite, stranskiite, lavendulan, k¨ottigite,tsumcorite, prosperite, o’danielite (Tsumeb, Namibia); erythrite, arsenolite, sphalerite (J´achymov, Czech Republic). -
Volborthite Cu3v2o7(OH)2 • 2H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Volborthite Cu3V2O7(OH)2 • 2H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic, pseudohexagonal. Point Group: 2/m. Typically as rosettelike aggregates of scaly crystals, which may have a hexagonal or triangular outline, to 5 mm. Physical Properties: Cleavage: One, perfect. Hardness = 3.5 D(meas.) = 3.5–3.8 D(calc.) = 3.52 Optical Properties: Semitransparent. Color: Dark olive-green, green, yellowish green; green to yellowish green in transmitted light. Luster: Vitreous, oily, resinous, waxy, pearly on the cleavage. Optical Class: Biaxial (–) or biaxial (+). Pleochroism: Faint. Dispersion: r<v,r>v, inclined. α = 1.820–2.01 β = 1.835–2.05 γ = 1.92–2.07 2V(meas.) = 63◦–83◦ Cell Data: Space Group: C2/m. a = 10.610(2) b = 5.866(1) c = 7.208(1) β =95.04(2)◦ Z=2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Monument No. 1 mine, Arizona, USA. 7.16 (10), 2.643 (7), 2.571 (7), 2.389 (7), 4.103 (5), 3.090 (5), 2.998 (5) Chemistry: (1) (2) (1) (2) V2O5 36.65 38.32 CuO 48.79 50.29 SiO2 1.37 H2O [11.49] 11.39 V2O3 1.70 Total [100.00] 100.00 (1) Scrava mine, Italy; by electron microprobe; V2O3 assumed for charge balance, H2Oby 5+ 3+ • • difference; corresponds to Cu2.89V1.90V0.11Si0.11O7(OH)2 2H2O. (2) Cu3V2O7(OH)2 2H2O. Occurrence: An uncommon secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of vanadium-bearing hydrothermal mineral deposits. Association: Brochantite, malachite, atacamite, tangeite, chrysocolla, barite, gypsum. Distribution: In Russia, originally from an unknown locality; later identified at the Sofronovskii copper mine, near Perm, and at Syssersk and Nizhni Tagil, Ural Mountains. -
Formation of Chrysocolla and Secondary Copper Phosphates in the Highly Weathered Supergene Zones of Some Australian Deposits
Records of the Australian Museum (2001) Vol. 53: 49–56. ISSN 0067-1975 Formation of Chrysocolla and Secondary Copper Phosphates in the Highly Weathered Supergene Zones of Some Australian Deposits MARTIN J. CRANE, JAMES L. SHARPE AND PETER A. WILLIAMS School of Science, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith South DC NSW 1797, Australia [email protected] (corresponding author) ABSTRACT. Intense weathering of copper orebodies in New South Wales and Queensland, Australia has produced an unusual suite of secondary copper minerals comprising chrysocolla, azurite, malachite and the phosphates libethenite and pseudomalachite. The phosphates persist in outcrop and show a marked zoning with libethenite confined to near-surface areas. Abundant chrysocolla is also found in these environments, but never replaces the two secondary phosphates or azurite. This leads to unusual assemblages of secondary copper minerals, that can, however, be explained by equilibrium models. Data from the literature are used to develop a comprehensive geochemical model that describes for the first time the origin and geochemical setting of this style of economically important mineralization. CRANE, MARTIN J., JAMES L. SHARPE & PETER A. WILLIAMS, 2001. Formation of chrysocolla and secondary copper phosphates in the highly weathered supergene zones of some Australian deposits. Records of the Australian Museum 53(1): 49–56. Recent exploitation of oxide copper resources in Australia these deposits are characterized by an abundance of the has enabled us to examine supergene mineral distributions secondary copper phosphates libethenite and pseudo- in several orebodies that have been subjected to intense malachite associated with smaller amounts of cornetite and weathering. -
L'leve~Th List of New Mineral Na~Es. ~
556 L'leve~th list of new mineral na~es. ~ By L. J. SPENCER, M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S. Keeper of Minerals ia the British Museum (Natural History). [Communicated June 12~ 1928.] Ajkaite. (L. Zeehmeister, Math. Termdszettud. ~:rtesitS, Badapest, 1926, vol. 43, p. 332 (ajkait); L. Zechmeister and V. Vrab~ly, Per. Deutsch. Chem. Gesell., 1926, vol. 59, Abt. B, p. 1426). The same as ajkite (Bull. Soc. Min. France, 1878, vol. 1, p. 126 ; abstract from... ?). A fossil resin containing 1-5 ~ sulphur and no succinic acid, from Ajka, com. Veszpr~m, Hungary. [M.A. 3-362.] Albiclase. A. N. Winchell, 1925. Journ. Geol. Chicago, vol. 83, p. 726 ; Elements of optical mineralogy, 2nd edit., 1927, pt. 2, p. 319. P. Niggli, Lehrbuch Min., 1926, vol. 2, p. 536 (Albiklas). A contrac- tion of albite-oligoclase for felspars of the plagioclase series ranging in composition from Ab~Anlo to AbsoAn~o. Allite. tL Harrassowitz, 1926. Laterit, Material und Versuch erdgesehichtlicher Auswertung, Berlin 1926, p. 255 (Allit, plur. Allite). A rock-name to include both bauxite and laterite. Later (Metall und Erz, Halle, ]927, vol. 24, p. 589) bauxite with A1208. H~O is distinguished as monohydrallite (Monohydrallit) and laterite with Al~0s.3H20 as trihydrallite (Trihydrallit). These, although suggestive of mineral- names (and given so i~ error in Chem. Zentr., 1926, vol. 1, p. 671), are proposed as rock-names ; from aluminium and M~o~. Similarly, siallites (1926, p. 252, Siallit, from Si, A1, M0o~), to include kaolinite and allo- phanite, are rocks composed of the aluminium silicates kaolin and allophane. -
Geology and Mineralogy of the Ape.X Washington County, Utah
Geology and Mineralogy of the Ape.x Germanium-Gallium Mine, Washington County, Utah Geology and Mineralogy of the Apex Germanium-Gallium Mine, Washington County, Utah By LAWRENCE R. BERNSTEIN U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1577 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL HODEL, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1986 For sale by the Distribution Branch, Text Products Section U.S. Geological Survey 604 South Pickett St. Alexandria, VA 22304 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bernstein, Lawrence R. Geology and mineralogy of the Apex Germanium Gallium mine, Washington County, Utah (U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1577) Bibliography: p. 9 Supt. of Docs. no.: I 19.3:1577 1. Mines and mineral resources-Utah-Washington County. 2. Mineralogy-Utah-Washington County. 3. Geology-Utah-Wasington County. I. Title. II. Series: United States. Geological Survey. Bulletin 1577. QE75.B9 no. 1577 557.3 s 85-600355 [TN24. U8] [553' .09792'48] CONTENTS Abstract 1 Introduction 1 Germanium and gallium 1 Apex Mine 1 Acknowledgments 3 Methods 3 Geologic setting 3 Regional geology 3 Local geology 3 Ore geology 4 Mineralogy 5 Primary ore 5 Supergene ore 5 Discussion and conclusions 7 Primary ore deposition 7. Supergene alteration 8 Implications 8 References 8 FIGURES 1. Map showing location of Apex Mine and generalized geology of surrounding region 2 2. Photograph showing main adit of Apex Mine and gently dipping beds of the Callville Limestone 3 3. Geologic map showing locations of Apex and Paymaster mines and Apex fault zone 4 4. Scanning electron photomicrograph showing plumbian jarosite crystals from the 1,601-m level, Apex Mine 6 TABLES 1. -
Copper ( II ) Chloride
Copyright © Tarek Kakhia. All rights reserved. http://tarek.kakhia.org Copper Contents 1 Introduction 2 History o 2.1 Copper Age o 2.2 Bronze Age o 2.3 Antiquity and Middle Ages o 2.4 Modern period 3 Characteristics o 3.1 Color o 3.2 Group 11 of the periodic table o 3.3 Occurrence o 3.4 Mechanical properties o 3.5 Electrical properties o 3.6 Corrosion . 3.6.1 Pure water and air/oxygen . 3.6.2 In contact with other metals . 3.6.3 Sulfide media . 3.6.4 Ammonia media . 3.6.5 Chloride media o 3.7 Germicidal effect o 3.8 Isotopes 4 Production 5 Applications o 5.1 Piping o 5.2 Electrical applications o 5.3 Architecture / Industry o 5.4 Household products o 5.5 Coinage o 5.6 Biomedical applications o 5.7 Chemical applications o 5.8 Other 6 Alloys 7 Compounds 8 Biological role 9 Recycling 1 Copyright © Tarek Kakhia. All rights reserved. http://tarek.kakhia.org 1 Introduction : Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu ( Latin : cuprum ) and atomic number 29 . It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is rather soft and malleable and a freshly - exposed surface has a pinkish or peachy color. It is used as a thermal conductor, an electrical conductor, a building material, and a constituent of various metal alloys. Copper metal and alloys have been used for thousands of years. In the Roman era, copper was principally mined on Cyprus, hence the origin of the name of the metal as Cyprium, "metal of Cyprus", later shortened to Cuprum. -
Mineral and Energy Resources of the BLM Roswell Resource Area, East-Central New Mexico
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Mineral and Energy Resources of the BLM Roswell Resource Area, East-central New Mexico by Susan Bartsch-Winkleri, editor Open-File Report 92-0261 1992 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. 1 Denver, Colorado iMail Stop 937 Federal Center P.O. Box 25046 Denver, Colorado 80225 MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES OF THE BLM ROSWELL RESOURCE AREA, EAST-CENTRAL NEW MEXICO Summary.......................................................................................... 1 Introduction.................................................................................... 1 Location and geography of study area...................................... 1 Purpose and methodology........................................................ 3 Acknowledgements......................................................................... 4 Geology of east-central New Mexico, by Susan Bartsch-Winkler, with a section on Intrusive and extrusive alkaline rocks of the Lincoln County porphyry belt by Theodore J. Armbrustmacher 4 General..................................................................................... 4 Structure................................................................................. 5 Uplifts........................................................................ -
A Preliminary Note. the Specimen Showed Exceedingly Small Needle-Shaped White Crystals, at Most 0.5 M.M
HJ. SJOGREN. a preliminary note. The specimen showed exceedingly small needle-shaped white crystals, at most 0.5 m.m. in length, implanted in small cavities in black, massive hausmannite. Under the microscope the crystals were found to be formed in the shape of hexagonal prisms oc P (1010) terminating only in the. basal plane oP (0001) (Fig. 10, PI. V.), the prismatic faces were definitely striated in the direction of the axis. A section vertical to the axis shows an uniaxial image with negative character. Also a decided zone structure is observable (Fig. I I, PI. V). A qualitative anal- ysis of a very minute quantity of material proved As20, and CaO to be present and so the identity with svabite was regarded as fixed. The Harstigen crystals allow of an accurate determination of their crystallographical form, while their constitution could not exactly be fixed, on account of the small quantity of material employed for the analysis. On the other hand, the mineral from Jakobsberg, which was not crystal- lized, allowed of a complete and exact determination of its chemical for- mula. So there can now be no doubt as to the constitution and syste- matical relations of the mineral. The mineral is named after the eminent Swedish mineralogist and metallurgist of last century »Bergsrad» Anton Sv AB. Chayactt'Ys. Hexagonal, probably pyramidal hemihedral; a: c = 1 : 0.7143. Isomorphous with apatite etc. Cleavage oo P, imperfect. In crystals of prismatic habit (Harstigen and Jakobsberg) and massive (ja- kobsberg) H = 5. G = 3.52 (Harstigen) or 3.77 - 3.82 (Pb-bearing, Ja- kobsberg). -
A Specific Gravity Index for Minerats
A SPECIFICGRAVITY INDEX FOR MINERATS c. A. MURSKyI ern R. M. THOMPSON, Un'fuersityof Bri.ti,sh Col,umb,in,Voncouver, Canad,a This work was undertaken in order to provide a practical, and as far as possible,a complete list of specific gravities of minerals. An accurate speciflc cravity determination can usually be made quickly and this information when combined with other physical properties commonly leads to rapid mineral identification. Early complete but now outdated specific gravity lists are those of Miers given in his mineralogy textbook (1902),and Spencer(M,i,n. Mag.,2!, pp. 382-865,I}ZZ). A more recent list by Hurlbut (Dana's Manuatr of M,i,neral,ogy,LgE2) is incomplete and others are limited to rock forming minerals,Trdger (Tabel,l,enntr-optischen Best'i,mmungd,er geste,i,nsb.ildend,en M,ineral,e, 1952) and Morey (Encycto- ped,iaof Cherni,cal,Technol,ogy, Vol. 12, 19b4). In his mineral identification tables, smith (rd,entifi,cati,onand. qual,itatioe cherai,cal,anal,ys'i,s of mineral,s,second edition, New york, 19bB) groups minerals on the basis of specificgravity but in each of the twelve groups the minerals are listed in order of decreasinghardness. The present work should not be regarded as an index of all known minerals as the specificgravities of many minerals are unknown or known only approximately and are omitted from the current list. The list, in order of increasing specific gravity, includes all minerals without regard to other physical properties or to chemical composition. The designation I or II after the name indicates that the mineral falls in the classesof minerals describedin Dana Systemof M'ineralogyEdition 7, volume I (Native elements, sulphides, oxides, etc.) or II (Halides, carbonates, etc.) (L944 and 1951). -
The Crystal Structure of the Mineral Scholzite and a Study of the Crystal
\ I 7'1,71 ¡1 :), THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL SCHOLZITE AND A STUDY OF THE CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF SOME RELATED PHOSPHATE AND ARSENATE MINERALS A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of PhilosoPhY at the University of Adelaide in April, 1975 by R0DERICK JEFFREY HILL, B.Sc. (Hons.) Department of Geology and Mineralogy Au/¿tr¡'t ,,! /'/,".'','-'"' ' TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SUMMARY (i) STATEMENT OF ORIGINATITY (ii) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (iii) GENERAL INTRODUCTION I CHAPTER 1 TIIE GEOI.OGY AbID MINERALOGY OF REAPHOOK HILL, SOUTTI AUSTR.ALIA 2 1.1 ABSTR,ACT 2 r.2 INTRODUCTTON 2 1.3 GEOIÐGICAL SETTING 3 I.4 EXPERTMENTAI TECHNIQT ES 5 1.5 THE MAJOR PHOSPHATE MTNERALS 6 1.5.1 Tarbuttite - Znr(po4) (OH) 6 1.5.2 Parahopeite ZnrZn(pOn) - Z.4HZo 9 I.5.3 Scholzite CaZnU(pO4) - 2.2H2O 9 1.5.4 Zincian Collinsite Car(Mg,Zn) (pO4) - 2.2H2O 15 1.6 ASPECTS OF EHE CRYSTA¡ CHEMISTRY OF THE MAJOR PHOSPHATE MINERALS 19 L.7 PARAGENESIS 23 1.7.1 Major Minerals 23 L.7.2 Other lvlinerals 26 1.7.3 Conclusions 27 CHAPTER 2 TIIE CRYSTAI STRUCTURE OF SCHOLZITE 30 2.L ABSTRACT 30 2.2 INTRODUCTION 32 2.3 DATA COLLECTION AND ÐATA REDUCTION 32 2.4 DISCUSSION OF TITE INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION 35 2.4.L Subcell Structure and pseudosynunetry 35 2.4.2 Dete::mination of the True Syrnmetry 4L 2.4.3 Structural Disorder 4l 2.5 STRUqrURE SOLUTION AND REFINEMENT OF THE AVER.AGE ST'BCELL 52 2.6 DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION OF THE AVERAGE ST]BCELL STRUCTURE 60 2.6.I Topology 60 2.6.2 Disorder 65 2.6.3'iThermal" parameters 67 2.7 STRUCTURE SOLUTION AND REFTNEMENT OF TITE },IAIN CELL