DOCSLIB.ORG

3. Crystallography تار ا

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
3. Crystallography تار ا ارات Crystallography .3 The study of crystalline solids and the principles that govern their growth, external shape, and internal structure تاار د ا اﺏار اةا ( ر أاو تار) ،ا ﺏ داائ ﺕ : ا – ا را – اﺥاآا . Crystal – a solid bounded by geometrically-arranged smooth faces ف اة ر وأ د ( ر ء ان ) و ا ذ اااي ر ﺱ. ا ار ن اة ددو أورا :Perfection of crystal face development ﻡ ر ﺏوأEuhedral – perfect crystal faces ﺕﻡا نو رةد ﺏ وأSubhedral – imperfectly developed crystal faces او ( ﺕان ر )ﺏووأ أ Anhedral – no crystal faces •External Crystal Form (Morphology) وه ﺕف ﺏ لﺵﺏ نﻥا ار اي ا وﺵ اأرة راأو ا ودﻡةﺏ رةﻡا، .ودة وا (Faces): رة ا ﺕرياو ة اﺕ رار ا راااا ﺕوﻥ ﺥ (crystallization) ﻡ ﻡ ﺏ ﺕآات ﺹ ﻡ و وف ﻡ (ﺥودرة واطرتﺡ ﻡ). اﺡف (Edge): ه ﺡا راا وء ﻥ ﺕ اا رة .اف واا ا (Interfacial Angles): ه اوا ﺏاﺥ ارة راا ء وﺕ انﻥ ا . و و س او ف أوﻡس ا اﺏمﻡ ﺏ ا ا ﻥﻡ ﺏ(Contact Goniometer) ا وا ا(Interfacial Angles): و ا ا ويأ ر واا اه ور، ور ا دا رةو ااا آ ارة ا واا و أ، ا ااو ا .ارة س ااو ﺏ ا ﺏام ﻡ اس (Contact Goniometer) Steno’s Law of Interfacial Angles اا وﺏن ﻥ • Angles between adjacent crystal faces will be constant, regardless of crystal shape and size. • ﺕن اوا اﺏ ،ﺏﺹ ا راﺏا و أو ﺡرة اﺵ . أﻥ ﻡل ﻡن اارﺕ: Internal Atomic Arrangement اﺕ اري ا ﺡا د ﺵﺕاﺏ وﺥف اا ا (X-ray diffraction-XRD) وا ﺕ ادن ﺏ ا. ﺥته ﻥ وا ١٤ ﻥع ﻡ ا ار ( وه اﻥذج ﺹات اد ) رذﺕاو ٣٢ ، وﻥ ﻡ ذ٢٣٠ ﻡ ا. - determined from X-ray diffraction - 14 lattice types (Bravais lattices) - Combination of 32 point groups and 14 lattice types yields 230 space groups the general external : ا ار Crystal Habit shape of a crystal (e.g., prismatic, cubic, bladed...) refers to a group of : ا اري Crystal Form faces which have the same relation to the elements of symmetry. open closed form form Note: Crystals with higher degrees of symmetry .tend to generate more form faces ( ا ) ا ار وﻥ ارة Crystal Habit and Crystal Growth را : ا انﻡ ادات ﺏ رﻥﻥ ( فﺏ ﻡ ه و ريا )ةل ﺵداﻡ هور الﺵ ا،ﺕ . ﺵ ﺡ و واتاا ر: Geode – A rock with a hollow, roughly spherical, interior with concentric bands of mineral (usually agate) on the wall and possibly crystals on the interior surface, pointing inwards. Geode, with quartz and calcite crystals, 8cm across, Mexico Blocky or Equant – Roughly box-like or ball-like, as in pyrite and garnet. Rhodolite garnet, 8 cm across, Brazil Tabular - Shaped like a pad of paper (thin tabular) or a deck of playing cards (thick tabular). Barite 4cm across, Bolivia Prismatic – Elongated with opposite faces parallel to one another, in which case they may be short and stout, or long and thin. Includes minerals such as quartz and tourmaline crystals Tourmaline (elbaite) 9 cm tall, California Bladed - Long thin crystals may be flattened like the blade of a knife. Stibnite, 5cm across, Romania Acicular – Needle-like Millerite, 1.5cm. long, Wisconsin Filiform or Capillary – Like hair or thread Pyrite filament 0.2 mm long, New Mexico Divergent or Radiating - Growing outward from a point in sprays or starbursts, such as some hemimorphite exhibits. Adamite 3.5 cm across,Mexico Reticulated – Interconnected like a lattice or trellis, such as rutile and cerussite. Cerussite, Tsumeb, Namibia 2 cm across Dendritic or Arborescent - Slender divergent branch- or fern-like clusters, such as some native silver and native copper crystals Copper, Michigan, 4cm tall Botryoidal – Globular or ball-like clusters – like a bunch of grapes. Hematite, 2cm across, Wisconsin Mammillary – Large rounded masses resembling human breasts. Quartz variety chalcedony, 4cm across, Nebraska Reniform – Radiating compact clusters of crystals ending in rounded, kidney-like, surfaces, such as hematite often exhibits. Hematite 6 cm across, Wisconsin Plumose – Feather-like sprays of fine scales, similar to dendritic but with a much finer structure, such as one form of native silver. Manganese oxide dendrites, New Mexico 6 cm across Oolitic – Masses of small round spheres about the size of fish eggs (0.25-2.0mm). Larger is called “pisolitic” Manganese oxide, 3cm across, Australia Banded – Showing different bands or layers of color or texture, as in some agates or some fluorite. Goethite, 8 cm tall, Wisconsin Fibrous – Aggregates of parallel or radiating slender fibers, such as chrysotile. Chrysotile External Symmetry Elements ﺹ اس ار Rotation Reflection Center of Symmetry Rotation with Inversion Reflection Rotation Center of Symmetry Rotation with _ Inversion note 2 = m اﺵل ار Crystal Forms Anthophyllite Quartz Pyrite NaCl Closed forms & open forms اﺵل ا واﺵل اﺡ Any group of crystal faces related by the same symmetry is called a form . There are 47 or 48 crystal forms depending on the classification used. Closed forms are those groups of faces all related by symmetry that completely enclose a volume of space. It is possible for a crystal to have entirely faces of one closed form. Open forms are those groups of faces all related by symmetry that do not completely enclose a volume of space. A crystal with open form faces requires additional faces as well. There are 17 or 18 open forms and 30 closed forms. Closed forms from the Cubic system _____________________________ Closed forms from the Tetragonal, Trigonal & Hexagonal systems Low Symmetry Forms Pyramids and Dipyramids Prisms Trapezohedron, Scalehedron, Rhombehedron, Disphenoid Isometric Forms Isometric Crystal System • Axes equal length, 90º • If first number is four 3 4-fold axes (432, 43m, 4/m32/m) || axes • If first number 2, three 2-fold axes (23, 2/m3) || axes Hexagonal Crystal System • 1 long or short axis (c), 90º to 3 axes of equal length (a1, a 2, a3), 120º to each other • c aligned with A 6 or A 3; a1, a 2, a 3 are aligned parallel to A2 or m planes or arbitrary (3, 3, 6, 6) Tetragonal Crystal System • 1 long or short axis (c), two axes of equal length ( a1, a 2); all axes 90º to each other • c aligned with A 4; a1 and a 2 are aligned parallel to A2 or m planes or arbitrary (4, 4) Orthorhombic Crystal System • three axes of unequal length ( a, b, c ); all axes 90º to each other • axes aligned parallel to A 2; for mm2, c aligned parallel with A 2, a & b normal to m planes Monoclinic Crystal System • three axes of unequal length ( a, b, c ); β ≠ 90º, α=γ= 90º, • b axis is parallel to A 2 (2, 2/m) or normal to mirror (m); a and c axes normal to b and normal to crystal faces or edges Triclinic Crystal System • three axes of unequal length ( a, b, c ); α ≠ β ≠ γ ≠ 90º • a, b, & c axes normal to crystal faces or edges Numerical Notation for Crystal Planes and Faces •relative values, not absolute distances •units defined by largest face cutting all three axes – Unit Face Unit Face Crystal Face Intercepts 1c UNIT FACE 2/3 c 1/3 c 1b 2b 3b Miller Indices Invert intercept values and clear fractions Law of Rational Indices – common faces have simple whole numbers for Miller Indices Negative Indices Crystal Face Intercepts 1c UNIT FACE 2/3 c 1/3 c Miller Indices 1b 2b 3b (1/1,1/1,1/1) = 111 (1/2,1/2,3/2) = 113 or 1a, 1b, 1/3c or 3a, 3b, 1c (1/1,1/1,3/1) = 113 (1/3,1/3,1/1) = 113 Miller Indices in Hexagonal System Crystal Zone and Zone Axis ZoneZone [100][100] ZoneZone [001][001] Zone [100] axis Zone [001] axis Faces m’,a,m and b intersect in lines parallel to [001], normal to (001) face c.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Koritnigite Zn(Aso3oh)•
    Koritnigite Zn(AsO3OH) • H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Triclinic, pseudomonoclinic. Point Group: 1. As imperfect platy crystals, to 5 mm, in aggregates. Physical Properties: Cleavage: {010}, perfect; cleavage traces k [001] and k [100], visible on {010}. Tenacity: Flexible. Hardness = 2 D(meas.) = 3.54 D(calc.) = 3.56 Optical Properties: Transparent. Color: Colorless, white, rose. Luster: Pearly on {010}. Optical Class: Biaxial (+). Orientation: X = b; Y ∧ a ' 28◦; Z ∧ c ' 22◦. α = 1.632(5) β = 1.652(3) γ = 1.693(3) 2V(meas.) = 70(5)◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P 1. a = 7.948(2) b = 15.829(5) c = 6.668(2) α =90.86(2)◦ β =96.56(2)◦ γ =90.05(2)◦ Z=8 X-ray Powder Pattern: Tsumeb, Namibia; very close to cobaltkoritnigite. 7.90 (10), 3.16 (9), 3.83 (7), 2.461 (6), 2.186 (5), 3.95 (4), 2.926 (4) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) As2O5 51.75 54.67 51.46 FeO + Fe2O3 trace 0.05 CoO 4.54 NiO 2.44 ZnO 35.97 25.83 36.44 MgO trace H2O [12.3] [12.47] 12.10 Total [100.0] [100.00] 100.00 2− (1) Tsumeb, Namibia; by electron microprobe, (AsO3OH) confirmed by IR, H2O by difference. • (2) J´achymov, Czech Republic; H2O by difference. (3) Zn(AsO3OH) H2O. Occurrence: A secondary mineral of the lower oxidation zone in a dolostone-hosted polymetallic hydrothermal ore deposit (Tsumeb, Namibia). Association: Tennantite, cuprian adamite, stranskiite, lavendulan, k¨ottigite,tsumcorite, prosperite, o’danielite (Tsumeb, Namibia); erythrite, arsenolite, sphalerite (J´achymov, Czech Republic).
    [Show full text]
  • The Crystal Structure of the Mineral Scholzite and a Study of the Crystal
    \ I 7'1,71 ¡1 :), THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL SCHOLZITE AND A STUDY OF THE CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF SOME RELATED PHOSPHATE AND ARSENATE MINERALS A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of PhilosoPhY at the University of Adelaide in April, 1975 by R0DERICK JEFFREY HILL, B.Sc. (Hons.) Department of Geology and Mineralogy Au/¿tr¡'t ,,! /'/,".'','-'"' ' TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SUMMARY (i) STATEMENT OF ORIGINATITY (ii) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (iii) GENERAL INTRODUCTION I CHAPTER 1 TIIE GEOI.OGY AbID MINERALOGY OF REAPHOOK HILL, SOUTTI AUSTR.ALIA 2 1.1 ABSTR,ACT 2 r.2 INTRODUCTTON 2 1.3 GEOIÐGICAL SETTING 3 I.4 EXPERTMENTAI TECHNIQT ES 5 1.5 THE MAJOR PHOSPHATE MTNERALS 6 1.5.1 Tarbuttite - Znr(po4) (OH) 6 1.5.2 Parahopeite ZnrZn(pOn) - Z.4HZo 9 I.5.3 Scholzite CaZnU(pO4) - 2.2H2O 9 1.5.4 Zincian Collinsite Car(Mg,Zn) (pO4) - 2.2H2O 15 1.6 ASPECTS OF EHE CRYSTA¡ CHEMISTRY OF THE MAJOR PHOSPHATE MINERALS 19 L.7 PARAGENESIS 23 1.7.1 Major Minerals 23 L.7.2 Other lvlinerals 26 1.7.3 Conclusions 27 CHAPTER 2 TIIE CRYSTAI STRUCTURE OF SCHOLZITE 30 2.L ABSTRACT 30 2.2 INTRODUCTION 32 2.3 DATA COLLECTION AND ÐATA REDUCTION 32 2.4 DISCUSSION OF TITE INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION 35 2.4.L Subcell Structure and pseudosynunetry 35 2.4.2 Dete::mination of the True Syrnmetry 4L 2.4.3 Structural Disorder 4l 2.5 STRUqrURE SOLUTION AND REFINEMENT OF THE AVER.AGE ST'BCELL 52 2.6 DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION OF THE AVERAGE ST]BCELL STRUCTURE 60 2.6.I Topology 60 2.6.2 Disorder 65 2.6.3'iThermal" parameters 67 2.7 STRUCTURE SOLUTION AND REFTNEMENT OF TITE },IAIN CELL
    [Show full text]
  • C:\Documents and Settings\Alan Smithee\My Documents
    Rdosdladq1//1Lhmdq`knesgdLnmsg9Bnmhbg`kbhsd Our featured mineral comes from the most famous mining district in Mexico, first worked for silver ore by the Spanish conquerors more than four hundred years ago. The write-up will examine this mineral with its unique composition and color. OGXRHB@K OQNODQSHDR 2+ Chemistry: CaCu (AsO4)(OH) Calcium Copper Arsenate Hydroxide (or Basic Calcium Copper Arsenate) Class: Phosphates Subclass: Arsenates Group: Adelite Crystal System: Orthorhombic Crystal Habits: Crystals rare, equant to short prismatic; as compact crusts and reniform masses, sometimes radiating; botryoidal coatings; also massive consisting of uniformly indistinguishable crystals Color: Usually grass green, sometimes yellowish green, occasionally bluish green Luster: Vitreous to greasy Transparency: Transparent and subtransparent to translucent Streak: Light green Refractive Index: 1.73-1.84 Cleavage: None Fracture: Uneven; brittle Hardness: 4.5 Specific Gravity: 4.33 Luminescence: None Distinctive Features and Tests: Best field marks are the vivid, grass-green color which is somewhat distinctive among green minerals; relatively high density; lack of fluorescence; and occurrence only in oxidized zones of copper-rich mineralization Dana Classification Number: 41.5.1.2 M @L D The name conichalcite derives from the Greek words konis, meaning “powder,” and chalx, or “lime,” in reference to its common occurrence in powder-like crusts and to its basic, or lime-like, chemical properties. Its correct pronunciation is cone-eh-CAL-site. In the past, conichalcite has also been informally known as “higginsite.” BNL ONRHSHNM 2+ As is evident by its chemical formula CaCu (AsO4)(OH), conichalcite consists of the elements calcium (Ca) and copper (Cu), both with ionic +2 charges, drawn to the combined -3 charge of the arsenate (AsO4) radical and the -1 charge of the hydroxyl (OH) radical.
    [Show full text]
  • ADAMITE from the OJUELA MINE, MAPIMI, MEXICO* Menv E. Mnosbl Wrrn Norns on Rhe Occunnpwce Sv Dew E
    ADAMITE FROM THE OJUELA MINE, MAPIMI, MEXICO* Menv E. MnosBl wrrn Norns oN rHE Occunnpwce sv Dew E. Mevpns2 eup FnnNcrs A. Wrsn3 Alsrnect Adamite of unusually pure corrposition is described from a new locality, the Oiuela mine at Mapimi, Durango, Mexico. A chemical analysis is given together with measure- ments of the morphological axial rutio (a:b:c:O 9753:1:0.7055), the unit cell dimensions (os:8.30, bo:8.51, co:6.04 A), the specific gravity (4.435) and optical constants (X :1.722,Y:1.742, Z:1.763,2V (meas.)88"1-2'). Analysis gaveZnO 56.78,AsrOs 38.96, SiO, 0.26, H:O 3.53; total 99 53. Spectrographic analysis also revealed Cu (-g'1;, p5 (-0.1), Fe (001-0.1), Mg (0.01-0.1),Al (-9.91;, Ca (-6.91;, Ag (0.001-001) and Ga (-0.001). Cnvsrerr,ocRAPHY Most of the crystals of Mapimi adamite occur merged together as radiating crusts or as fan-shaped rosettes on a matrix of limonite. A few Frc. 1. Adamite crystal from Mapimi showing all the forns observed. single-crystals,however, were found. The crystals are elongated parallel to [010]. Most crystals were attached at one end of the &-axis;only three doubly terminated crystals could be found. These indicated holohedral symmetry. A test for piezoelectricity by the cathode-ray oscilloscope method gave negative results. The crystals range in size from j mm. to 8 mm. along [010]. The crystals are rather simple in habit. The form d{1011is dominant and is truncated by t1120\ and ml 110].
    [Show full text]
  • Oxidized Zinc Deposits of the United States
    Oxidized Zinc Deposits of the United States GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1135 This bulletin was published as separate chapters A-C UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT--OF THE INTERIOR STEWART· L.' ·UDALL,. Secretary - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director CONTENTS [The letters in parentheses preceding the titles designate separately published chapters] Oxidized zinc deposits of the United States: (A) Part 1. General geology. (B) Part 2. Utah. ( 0) Part 3. Colorado. 0 Oxidized Zinc Deposits of the United States Part 1. General Geology By ALLEN V. HEYL and C. N. BOZION GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1135-A Descriptions of the many varieties of ox­ idized zinc deposits of supergeneland hypogene origin UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE1 WASHINGTON a 1962 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. CONTENTS Page Abstract---------------------------------------------------------- A-1 Introduction------------------------------------------------------ 1 Distribution_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ 3 Mliner&ogY------------------------------------------------------- 5 Commercial ores___________________________________________________ 7 Varieties----------------------------------------------------- 7 Grades------------------------------------------------------- 9 Generalgeology___________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • C:\Documents and Settings\Alan Smithee\My Documents\MOTM
    L`x1//7Lhmdq`knesgdLnmsg9@c`lhsd Our specimens of this month’s mineral were collected in Mexico at one of the richest and most historically significant of all colonial-era silver mines—the 410-year-old Ojuela Mine, which ranks high among the top-ten specimen localities in the world. OGXRHB@K OQNODQSHDR Chemistry: Zn2(AsO4)(OH) Basic Zinc Arsenate (Zinc Arsenate Hydroxide), often containing some copper Class: Phosphates, Arsenates, and Vanadates Subclass: Basic Phosphates, Arsenates, and Vanadates Group: Olivenite Crystal System: Orthorhombic Crystal Habits: Usually prismatic or horizontally elongated; often as drusy crusts, aggregates, and radiating clusters in wheel-like and wheat-sheaf forms; occasionally botryoidal with a textured surface of crystal terminations. Color: Light-yellow, honey-yellow, brownish-yellow; pale-green to greenish-blue with increasing copper content; occasionally purple with manganese content or pink with cobalt content; rarely white or colorless. Luster: Adamantine to vitreous Transparency: Transparent to translucent Streak: White to pale green Cleavage: Good in one direction, poor in a second. Fracture: Uneven to subconchoidal, brittle. Hardness: 3.5-3.6 Specific Gravity: 4.3-4.5 Luminescence: Often fluoresces a brilliant yellow-green. Figure 1. Ideal Refractive Index: 1.710-1.768 adamite crystal, typical of Ojuela. Distinctive Features & Tests: Best field marks are color; crystal habit; exclusive occurrence in oxidized, arsenic-rich zinc deposits; high specific gravity; and brilliant, yellow-green fluorescence. Can be confused with smithsonite [ZnCO3], which does not fluoresce. Dana Classification Number: 41.6.6.3 M @L D Adamite, correctly pronounced “ADD-ahm-ite,” is named for the French mineralogist Gilbert-Joseph Adam (1795-1881).
    [Show full text]
  • ADAMITE from GOLD HILL, TOOELE CO., UTAH Lr-Ovr W
    ADAMITE FROM GOLD HILL, TOOELE CO., UTAH Lr-ovr W. Srapros, Stanford (Jniaersity, Califontia. This study of adamite was made on two individual conlributions of material. In November 1932,a specimenfrom Gold Hill, Utah, with crystals of adamite attached was sent to the mineralogical laboratory of Stanlord University by Mr. S. R. Wilson. About a year later a suite of specimensfrom the same Jocality was con- tributed by Dr. W. R. Landwehr. This material had beencollected from an outcrop on the property of the Western Utah Copper Mining Company. Adamite previously collectedIrom this locality by Dr. Landwehr was first identified by ProfessorA. L. Crawfordr of the University of Utah, Adamite, a'basic zinc arsenate[Znr(OH)AsOn], is a member of an interesting group of minerals, commonly referred to as the olivenite group. The group includes the {ollowing members: Olivenite Cuz(OH)AsOr Libethenite Cu:(OH)PO4 Adamite Znz(OH)AsOr Ifescloizite pbZn(OH)AsOr Mottramite PbCu(OH)AsOr Higginsite CuCa(OH)AsOa Bannister2has indicated that there is a complete isomorphous seriesbetween descloizite and mottramite and he suggeststhe use of the name mottramite for all members containing more than 10/6 CuO. The mineral adamite was originally describedand analyzedby C. Friedel,swho found it accompanyingsilver on a specimenfrom Chaflarcillo, Chile. The geometrical crystallography was estab- lished by Des Cloizeauxaon material from the same locality, ob- tained from the collection of M. Adam, after whom the mineral was named. In the United States,adamite was first recognizedby Means,sin the Tintic district of Utah, while he was engagedin preliminary work in the preparation of Professional Paper 107 of the U.
    [Show full text]
  • New Mineral Names*
    American Mineralogist, Volume 68, pages 1038-1041, 1983 NEW MINERAL NAMES* PETE J. DUNN, JOEL D. GRICE, MICHAEL FLEISCHER, AND ADOLF PABST Arhbarite* Bonshtedtite* K. Schmetzer, G. Tremmel, and 0. Medenbach (1982) Arhbar- A. P. Khomyakov, V. V. Aleksandrov, N. I. Krasnova, V. V. ite, Cuz[OHIAs04].6HzO, a new mineral from Bou-Azzer, Ermilov and N. N. Smolyaninova (1982) Bonshtedtite, Na3Fe Morocco. Neues Jahrb. Mineral., Monatsch., 529-533 (in (P04)(C03), a new mineral. Zapiski Vses. Mineralog. German). Obshch., 111, 486-490 (in Russian). Arhbarite is found as blue, spherulitic aggregates on massive Microprobe analyses from Vuonnemiok, Khibina masif, by dolomite, associated with hematite, lollingite, pharmacolite, VVE and from the Kovdor massif by G. N. Utochkina gave, erythrite, talc and mcguinnessite. Arhbarite is optically biaxial resp., NazO 35.34, 33.00; KzO 0.03,0.35; CaO 0.03,0.26, MgO with 2V = 90° and indices nx' 1.720(5) and nz' 1.740(5) (parallel 2.54, 4.61; MnO 1.65, 0.30; FeO 16.66, 16.80; PzOs 26.17, 25.80, and perpendicular to the fiber axis); extinction is inclined at COz (16.09) (calc.), 14.70; SiOz -, 0.43; loss on ignition -,4.33, =45°, X' turquoise blue, Z' deep turquoise blue. Microprobe sum 98.51, 100.15%. The Kovdor sample contained forsterite analysis gave CuO 41.00, CoO 0.03, ZnO 0.01, FeO 0.04, AszOs and shortite (each about 1%). These analyses yield the formulas, 29.19% (HzO by difference 29.73%), corresponding closely to the resp., Na3.00(Feo.63Mgo.t7MnO.06Nao.tz)(P04)t.OI(C03)J.oo, and formula CU2[OHIAs04].6HzO.
    [Show full text]
  • THE MINERALOGY of the Mapiml' MINING DISTRICT, DURANGO
    The mineralogy of the Mapimí mining district, Durango, Mexico Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Hoffmann, Victor Joseph 1935- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 08:35:35 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565169 THE MINERALOGY OF THE MAPIMl' MINING DISTRICT, DURANGO, MEXICO by Victor Joseph Hoffmann A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 6 8 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by _________ Victor Joseph Hoffmann____________________ entitled The Mineralogy of the Mapimi Mining District,______ Durango, Mexico______________________________ be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy_______________________________ ____________ ‘7/2 __________________ Dissertation Director^/ Date z / ~ After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* f , A> Q ~/ w n n rT 2.7, 7 / f / 7 u Z Z /9<$7 •fs---------- - ' -------7 This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination.
    [Show full text]
  • NEVADA's COMMON MINERALS (Including a Preliminary List of Minerals Found in the State)
    UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA BULLETIN -- --- - - -- - -- ---- - -- -- - VOL.XXXV SEPTEMBER 15,1941 No. 6 -- - --- -- - GEOLOGY AND MINING SERIES No. 36 NEVADA'S COMMON MINERALS (Including a Preliminary List of Minerals Found in the State) By VIXCENTP. GIANELLA Department of Geology, Mackay School of Mines University of Nevada PRICE 50 CENTS PUBLICATTONOF THE NEVADASTATE BUREAU OF MINES AND THE MACKAYSCHOOL OF MINES JAY A. CARPENTER,Di~ector 374 CONTENTS PAGE Preface......................................................................................................... 5 PART I Introduction. .................................................................................................. 7 Selected bibliography . 8 Origin, .occurrence, . and association. of minerals .................................... 10 Prlncspal. modes. of origsn .................................................................. 10 Crystallization of minerals.......................... .... ............................ 10 From fusion ................................................................................. 10 From solution .............................................................................. 11 From vapor .................................. .... ............. 11 Minerals of metamorphic. rocks............... ........................................ 11 Contact metamorphic minerals........................................................ 12 Pegmatites ............................................................................................ 12 Veins ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Crystal Chemistry of Cadmium Oxysalt and Associated Minerals from Broken Hill, New South Wales
    Crystal Chemistry of Cadmium Oxysalt and associated Minerals from Broken Hill, New South Wales Peter Elliott, B.Sc. (Hons) Geology and Geophysics School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Adelaide This thesis is submitted to The University of Adelaide in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2010 Table of contents Abstract.......................................................................................................................vii Declaration................................................................................................................ viii Acknowlegements........................................................................................................ix List of published papers ..............................................................................................x Chapter 1. Introduction ..............................................................................................1 1.1 General introduction ............................................................................................1 1.2 Crystal Chemistry ................................................................................................2 1.2.1 Characteristics of Cadmium..........................................................................3 1.2.2 Characteristics of Lead .................................................................................4 1.2.3 Characteristics of Selenium ..........................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • The Crystal Structure and Infrared Properties of Adamite
    American Mineralogist, Volume61, pages979-9E6, 1976 Thecrystal structure and infrared properties of adamite RoosRrcrJ. Hrlr-' Departmentof Geologyand Mineralogy, Uniuersityof Adelaide Adelaide.South Austalia 5001.Australia Abstract The crystalstructure of adamite,Znr(AsO.)(OH), has beensolved by direct methodsand refinedby full-matrix least-squaresto R : 0.0402(Rw = 0.0302)using 1472 equi-inclination counter data recordedwith graphite-monochromatizedMoKa radiation.The structureis orthorhombic,Pnnm(Drrfl) with a : 8.306(4),b = 8.524(6),c - 6.043(3)A and Z = 4. Isotypywith andalusiteand the membersof the olivenitegroup of mineralsis confirmed,the Zn atomsoccurring in both six- andfive-fold coordination. ZnO.(OH), octahedrashare edges to producechains parallel to the c axis, and sharecorners with edge-sharingZnO.(OH) trigonal bipyramidsin the a- and b-axisdirections. AsO. groupsconnect the two Zn poly- hedrontypes to producea denseframework structure in whichall O atomsand OH groupsare trigonallycoordinated. Introduction mensions0.095 and 0.097mm weremounted about The secondarymineral adamite had earlybeen sug- the a and c directions,respectively. Preliminary Weis- gestedto be a memberof the olivenitegroup of senbergphotographs established the crystalsto be mineralson the basisof symmetry,cell dimensionsorthorhombic, Pnnm or Pnn2. Spacegroup Pnnm and composition,but this relationshipwas not con- (Dif;,)was subsequentlyconfirmed by the applica' firmeduntil Kokkoros(1937) reported a two-dimen- tion of statisticaltests (Howells et al., 1950;Rama- sional crystalstructure analysis of the speciesusing chandranand Srinivasan,1959) to the X-ray diffrac- less than 100 X-ray reflections. Other workers tion data.All X-ray datawere collected at 2l"C on a (Strunz,1936; Heritsch, l9it0; Richmond,1940; Mrose Stoe automatic Weissenbergdiffractometer using et al., 1948)have concentrated on physicaland mor- MoKa radiation monochromatizedwith a graphite phologicalproperties.
    [Show full text]