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Home , Adamite, Aurichalcite, Austinite, Cerussite, Descloizite, Franklinite

Oxidized Deposits of the United States

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1135

This bulletin was published as separate chapters A-C UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT--OF THE INTERIOR

STEWART· L.' ·UDALL,. Secretary

- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Thomas B. Nolan, Director CONTENTS

[The letters in parentheses preceding the titles designate separately published chapters]

Oxidized zinc deposits of the United States: (A) Part 1. General . (B) Part 2. Utah. ( 0) Part 3. Colorado. 0

Oxidized Zinc Deposits of the United States Part 1. General Geology

By ALLEN V. HEYL and C. N. BOZION

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1135-A

Descriptions of the many varieties of ox­ idized zinc deposits of supergeneland hypogene origin

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE1 WASHINGTON a 1962 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Thomas B. Nolan, Director

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. CONTENTS

Page Abstract------A-1 Introduction------1 Distribution______3 Mliner&ogY------5 Commercial ores______7 Varieties------7 Grades------9 Generalgeology______9 Hypogene deposits ______------______------______9 deposits______15 VVallrocks------15 Classification of deposits_.______19 Shapes of deposits------26 Stages of progressive oxidation______27 Regional variations because of climate______28 Regional mineralogic variations ______------______30 Selected references______48 IndeX------51

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page PLATE 1. Oxidized zinc deposits of the United States ______In pocket FIGURE 1. Oxidized zinc or -zinc deposits reported to be partly or wholly of hypogene origin ______A-10 2. Oxidized zinc-bearing in commercial quantities in rocks other than , dolomite, and marble______16 3. Diagrammatic sections of main types of oxidized zinc deposits_ 20 4. Known occurrences of in oxidized zinc deposits____ 32 5. Localities for zinc- oxides and silicates______34 6. Localities for and other zinc-bearing clays______36 7. Known occurrences of in oxidized zinc deposUs------38 8. Known occurrences of in oxidized zinc deposits_ 41 9. Known occurrences of and (?) in oxidized zinc deposits______44 10. Localities for zinc arsenates and supergene zinc sulfides______46

TABLES

Page TABLE 1. Oxidized zinc produced in the United States______A-2 2. Some - and -bearing oxidized zinc and zinc-lead ores in Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and California______7 3. Types of supergene oxidized zinc deposits in the Eastern and Central States, and in Colorado and Utah______22 m

OXIDIZED ZINC DEPOSITS OF THE UNITED STATES

PART 1. GENERAL GEOLOGY

By ALLEN V. HEYL and C. N. BoziON

ABSTRACT Deposits of oxidized zinc-bearing ores are widely distributed throughout the United States and have yielded about 4% million tons of metallic zinc and , most of which was produced prior to 1920. The deposits contain car­ bonates, silicates, or oxides of zinc, and most are of supergene origin. Smith­ sonite and are the main oxidized zinc minerals in supergene deposits; hydrozincite, willemite, aurichalcite, , chalcophanite, and sauconite are also important. Hypogene deposits of oxidized zinc minerals are uncommon; nevertheless, the unique metamorphic deposits of , wille­ mite, and at and Sterling Hill, N.J., have been by far the most important source of oxidized zinc ores. Commercial oxidized zinc ores have a wide range in , and commonly zinc is not the only recoverable metal. Lead, vanadium, , silver, gold and, in places, , antimony, , and bismuth have been recov­ ered. Manganese and are byproducts of the and Leadville deposits. Commercial ores commonly contain at least 25 percent zinc and may contain as much as 50 percent. Ores containing 20 percent lead and zinc combined are sold as zinc-lead ores. Although most of the deposits are in carbonate rocks, commercial deposits in noncarbonate rocks are not uncommon in the Western States. Most oxidized zinc deposits of supergene origin can be classified as direct-replacement deposits, wallrock-replacement deposits, or saprolitic accumulations. More than half of the known ore bodies directly replace hypogene deposits; such direct­ replacement deposits are very complex mineralogically if the replaced sulfide deposits were also complex. Deposits that have replaced wallrocks after leach­ ing of hypogene are commonly less complex and richer in zinc than direct-replacement deposits. Wallrock-replacement deposits are confined to car­ bonate rocks and are rare east of the Rocky Mountains. Saprolitic accumula­ tions of and hemimorphite in solution pockets of decomposed lime­ stone are known only in the Valley and Ridge province of the Eastern United States. INTRODUCTION Deposits of oxidized zinc minerals are widely distributed through­ out the United States and have yielded about 4% million tons of metallic zinc (table 1). Zinc, zinc-lead, zinc-lead-silver, and zinc- A-1 A-2 OXIDIZED ZINC DEPOSITS OF THE UNITED STATES copper ores are included. Most of the ore was produced before 1920; since then, only the geologically unique deposits of Franklin and Sterling Hill, N.J., have been a major source, although recently pro­ duction has been increasing in Utah and Nevada. The term "oxidized zinc deposits" is used in this report in its geo­ logical sense to describe deposits or parts of deposits that contain oxides, carbonates, or silicates of zinc that result from processes (supergene deposits) or from processes other than weather­ ing (hypogene deposits). Although most of the oxidized zinc de­ posits in the United States are of supergene origin, the greatest quantity of oxidized zinc ore has been produced from the hypogene franklinite and willemite deposits at Franklin and Sterling Hill, N.J. Chemists, unlike geologists, define "oxidized" as denoting an increase in positive valence or a decrease in negative valence.

TABLE !.-Oxidized zinc ore produced in the United States [Complied from annual volumes of " Resources of the United States," u.s. Geol. Survey, and "Minerals Yearbook of the United States," U.S. Bur. Mines, 1900-54]

Ore, in short tons Metal I (short (mostly In hand- tons) sorted concentrates)

Supergene ore: New Jersey 2______100,000 30,000 Pennsylvania2 ______754,000 123,000 ~aryland ______700 200 Virginia 2______------______Tennessee2 ______266,000 93,000 1rentucky ______400,000 120,000 25,000 7,400 Southeastern ~issouri (including Valle mines) __ 100,000 30,000 Central ~issouri ______10,000 3,000 Western ~issouri, 1ransas, and Oklahoma 2 ___ _ 3 500,000 190,000 Arkansas4Wisconsin, ______Iowa, N. Illinois •------_ 175,000 46,000 60,000 24,000 Texas•------Colorado ______260 150 900,000 150,000 New ~exico 2 ______242,000 80,000 Arizona•------Utah ______53,000 10,800 113,000 30,000 CaliforniaNevada2------~------______540,000 65,000 Idaho2 ______393,000 27,500 14,000 2,000 ~ontana2 ______280,000 40,000 Washington 2 ______11,000 700 Total ______1------1------4,936,900 1,072,750 Hypogene ore: New Jersey ______30,000,000 3,500,000 !======!======Grand totaL ___ ------____ _ 34,936,000 4,572, 750

I Some of this zinc listed as metal was processed from the ore into zinc oxide and then sold and never refined Into metal. 2 Estimated from Incomplete published production data, plus Information based on history and size of mines. Eastern states include 19th-century production. No known production of metal from Alaska.. a Includes 550 tons from Davis, Murray County, Okla. 'Production to 1934 only. PART 1. GENERAL GEOLOGY A-3

Notable works on the oxidation of zinc deposits are by Smirnow (1954, p. 167-189), Loughlin (1916; 1918), Kelley (1958), Boswell and Blanchard (1927, p. 419-453), Hewett (1931), Mason (1947), Palache (1935), and Watson (1905). The complex origins of the several varieties of oxidized zinc ores have been adequately described by Loughlin (1914, 1916, 1918), Boswell and Blanchard (1927), Butler ( 1913) , Hewett ( 1931) , Smirnow ( 1954) , and Kelley ( 1958) , and interested readers are referred to these works. This report is intended as a descriptive summary. The fieldwork on which it is based was completed in the central Western States in 1952-56, and additional studies were made in the Central and Eastern States before and after the western studies. Research and compila­ tion were completed in 1956-59. Other reports will describe in detail the geology and origin of the oxidized zinc deposits in Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and California. (See also Heyl and Bozion, 1960.)

DISTRIBUTION Deposits of oxidized zinc ores are widely distributed throughout the United States (pl. 1), especially in Precambrian rocks of the Adiron­ dack uplift and the New Jersey Highlands of the New England province, the Ridge and Valley province, the principal Mississippi Valley zinc and lead districts, and the general region of the Rocky Mountains and Basin and Range province. They are uncommon elsewhere in the country. All the oxidized zinc districts are shown on plate 1, but of these the following have been the most important producing areas: New England province: Southern Rocky Mountains province : Franklin-Sterling Hill, N.J. Leadville, Colo. Ridge and Valley province: Aspen district, Colo. Friedensville, Pa. Spring Creek diStrict, Colo. Austinville, Va. Monarch-Tomichi districts, Colo. Mascot-Jefferson City, Tenn. Middle Rocky Mountains province: Embreeville, Tenn. Big Cottonwood district, Utah Interior and Ozark Plateaus and Cen­ Northern Rocky Mountains province: tral Lowland provinces: Mineral Hill (Halley) district, Idaho Kentucky-Illinois fluorspar-zinc Alder Creek or Mackay district, district Idaho Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead Texas (Gilmore) district, Idaho district Warm Springs (Ketchum) dis· Valle Mines, Mo. trict, Idaho Tri-State zinc district Clayton area, Bayhorse district, Arkansas zinc districts Idaho A-4 OXIDIZED ZINC DEPOSITS OF THE UNITED STATES

Nicholia (Birch Creek) district, Comet district, Nev. Idaho Goodsprings, Nev. Hecla or Bryant district, Mont. iEly or Robinson district, Nev. Colorado district, Mont. Lone Mountain district near Elkhorn district, Mont. Eureka, Nev. Rademburg district, Mont. Aurum, Nev. Nol'lthport district, Wash. Bagdad, Ariz. Basin and Range province: Pima (Twin Buttes) district, Magdalena district, N.Mex. Ariz. Central-Hanover districts, N.Mex. Tombstone and other districts in North Ti.n!tic and Tintic districts, Dragoon Mountains, Ariz. Utah Globe-Miami districts, Ariz. Promontory district, Utah Cerro Gordo district, Calif. Ophir-Dry Canyon districts, Utah Coso-Argus districts, Calif. Star and other districts near Resting Springs (Tecopa)-King- Frisco, Utah ston Range districts, Calif. Pioche-Bristol districts, Nev. Ivanpah district, Calif. Minerals found in deposits in the United States are listed below in the relative order of their abundance. Most of the less common min­ erals at Franklin Furnace and Sterling Hill, N.J., are omitted; for these minerals the reader is referred to Palache ( 1935). At least half of the associated minerals listed are common in most oxidized zinc deposits; the others are abundant in some localities.

Mineral8 found in O(l)idized zinc deposits in the United States Main zinc minerals Main associated minerals Smithsonite and monheimite Goethite or Hemimorphite () Hydrozincite Jarosite Willemite Plumbojarosite Franklinite Pyrolusite Zincite Psilomelane or cryptomelane Aurichalcite Sauconite Descloizite and Cerargyrite Chalcophanite Hetaerolite Hydrohetaerolite Gahnite Wurtzite Adam.ite Goslarite Gold Zincian (or nicholsonite) Chalcocite Helvite Tenorite or copper pitch Danalite Hematite Zincian Aragonite PART 1. GENERAL ttEOLOGY A-5 MINERALOGY Oxidized zinc deposits have a much wider range in mineralogy than is commonly described; nevertheless, , the isometric zinc sul­ fide, is the hypogene source mineral for nearly all the oxidized zinc deposits in the country except for the important but geologically unique deposits of Franklin and Sterling Hill, N.J. Wurtzite, the hexagonal zinc sulfide, is an uncommon hypogene mineral in the United States. Of the oxidized zinc minerals derived from sphalerite in deposits of supergene origin, smithsonite, the carbonate of zinc, and hemi­ morphite, a hydrous silicate of zinc, are the most important. Smith­ sonite is the more common and widespread of the two, but hemimor­ phite occurs in most deposits, at least in small quantities, and is the principal ore mineral in many districts. Other zinc minerals are major ore minerals in places or form special varieties of ore-particularly hydrozincite, the basic zinc carbonate, which is a major constituent of many of the oxidized zinc deposits of California and Nevada. Hemimorphite occurs typically in clusters of small colorless, white, or gray bladed and sheaflike , also in dirty-gray or brown po­ rous masses or aggregates of small radiating needles. Botryoidal masses resembling smithsonite are found in Kentucky. Hemimorphite is commonly mixed with remnants of , limonite, jasperoid, cerus­ site, manganese oxides, and in places, cerargyrite. Hydrozincite, a chalky white mineral, is common in the form of egg­ shell-like, platy masses that replace and coat smithsonite. The mineral is rich in zinc, containing 74 percent zinc oxide. In the metamorphic deposits of Franklin Furnace and Sterling Hill, N.J., franklinite and much less abundant gahnite (the zincian ), willemite (the anhydrous zinc silicate), and zincite (zinc oxide) are major constituents (Palache, 1935). Zincite is restricted in its occur­ rence almost entirely to these two deposits. These deposits have been by far the most important commercial source of oxidized zinc ores (table 1). In addition, in the central part of the Sterling Hill deposit, two bodies of supergene hemimorphite, chalcophanite, hetaerolite, and zincian clays were mined near the surface many years ago. Willemite, a major hypogene ore mineral at Franklin and Sterling Hill, N.J., also is a major ore mineral in some supergene deposits where oxidation took place under unusual arid oonditions. Willemite in such deposits is in fine-grained red and brown crystalline masses or clusters of small barrel-shaped crystals, commonly not more than 5 mm long. Aurichalcite, the blue basic carbonate of zinc and copper, is a com­ mon minor constituent of many western oxidized zinc deposits, and in places occurs in minable quantities. 620709---'62-2 A-6 OXIDIZED ZINC DEPOSITS OF THE UNITED STATES Sauconite, the zinc clay mineral, occurs locally in large quantities at a number of districts throughout the country. The pure zinc clays contain between 20 and 25 percent zinc. As far as is known, recovery of zinc from sauconite is too difficult to yield a profit. The reader is referred to Ross (1946, p. 411-424) for descriptions of sauconite and its composition and origin. Descloizite, the zinc-lead vanadate, and its copper-bearing analog, mottramite, are notably abundant in many deposits in the South­ western States, and in a few localities in Montana. Many of these deposits are only mined for the zinc; others have been mined along with .associa.ted vanadinite for their vanadium and lead. Minable quantities of the zincian manganese oxides, chalcophanite, hetaerolite, and hydrohetaerolite, have been found at Sterling Hill, N.J., Leadville, Colo., Tintic, Utah, and possibly at Pioche, Nev. Chal­ cophanite is a common supergene mineral at all these districts. Hetae­ rolite is known at Sterling Hill, N.J., and with hydrohetaerolite at Leadville, Colo., where it was described by Loughlin (1918, p. 21-23) as "hetaerolite" or "wolftonite." Hetaerolite is also abundant at the Contact mine, Grant County, N. Mex., where it is associated with chalcophanite (Hewett and Fleischer, 1960, p. 12). Hypogene gahn­ ite occurs in the New Jersey deposits. It is also fairly common as green crystals and grains in the sphalerite and galena veins and garnet­ schist gangue at Cotopaxi, Colo. Supergene wurtzite is reported by Butler (1913) as a secondary­ enrichment ore mineral at the Hornsilver mine, San Francisco dis­ trict, Utah. Similarly and the rare mineral austinite are locally abun­ dant zinc arsenates in the at Gold Hill, Utah (Nolan, 1935). None of the other oxidized zinc mine~als are abundant enough to constitute ores. The zinc sulfate goslarite is common in small quan­ tities as an efHorescence in many oxidizing zinc deposits, but because it is water soluble, it never accumulates in minable quantities. Zincian aragonite is a minor constituent at Friedensville, Pa., and Leadville, Colo. Serpierite, a rare copper-zinc sulfate is reported from near Salida, Colo., and Audubon, Pa. (Mary Mrose, oral communication, 1958). Helvite, an uncommon contact-metamorphic mineral contain­ ing , manganese, iron, and zinc, is looally abundant in New Mexico (Glass and others, 1944.) The zincian analog of helvite, dana­ lite, is a very rare mineral in the southern part of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of Colorado. Zincian siderite is found only at the F .M.D. mine at Evergreen, Colo. Zinc phosphate minerals from a cave at Island Fort between Covington and Clifton Forge, Va., are under study by Charles Milton (oral communication, 1959). PART 1. GENERAL GEOLOGY A-7

COMMERCIAL ORES

VARIETIES Commercial oxidized zinc ores have a wide range in mineralogy, and commonly zinc is not the only recoverable metal. Smithsonite, with or without hemimorphite, is the main mineral in most of the de­ posits; hemimorphite predominates in many. Other zinc minerals, such as hydrozincite, in places form the main ores. Vanadium, which is very widespread in many western deposits, has been recovered from some descloizite-, cuprodescloizite-, and mottramite-bearing ores. Manganese and iron are byproducts of the Franklin and Sterling Hill deposits and have been produced from Leadville, Colo., Tintic, Utah, and Pioche, Nev. Aurichalcite ores have been mined in Utah and Nevada for their copper content alone. Silver and gold are notably rich in some supergene ores that have directly replaced hypogene ores, and they are in recoverable quanti­ ties in many others (table 2), in places associated with recoverable copper and lead. In places molybdenum, antimony, tungsten, and bismuth are other constituents. In the past, one or more of these metals were not recovered during smelting, but aome of the present processes recover most of them. Supergene ores that have replaced the wallrocks of hypogene deposits are, on the average, richer in zinc than the ores listed in table 2, but they are commonly leaner in silver,

TABLE 2.-Some silver- and gold-bearing ozidized zinc and zinc-lead ores in Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and California

[All are grab samples; N.d., not determined. Analyst, Deason, and Nichols, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1953-56}

Silver Gold Lead Zinc Copper Locality (ounces (ounces (percent) (percent) (percent) per ton) per ton) ------1 35.10 0.05 6.8 8.1 1.35 2 :~~ ~~~~tN-~:~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2.10 .26 1. 7 23.9 .66 3 Mine 2, "'illemite ore, Ely, Nev _ ------Tr. .10 .9 46.6 .45 4 Bristol district, Nev_ ------7.50 .02 5.8 14.0 5.65 5 Alpine district, Nev ••• ------8.10 .005 7.5 17.0 N.d. 6 Downeyville district, Nev ------4.60 .11 5.1 24.2 .10 7 Montezuma group, Big Pine, Calif______10.80 .35 10.4 28.7 N.d. 8 Carbonate King Zinc mine, Ivanpah, Calif____ 5.60 .01 .8 36.6 N.d. 9 Nopah district, Calif•• ------·---- 22.40 .01 25.6 24.8 N.d. 10 Mine 1, Lone Mountain district, Nev______8.65 2.17 5.8 14.1 N.d. 11 26.30 .28 1.35 7.4 1.25 12 li\~~ ~t;;~~~. ~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 15.40 .015 4.5 12.0 N.d. 13 Jean Stockpile, Goodsprings, Nev ______7.10 .015 15.6 28.0 N.d. 14 Soda Mountain district, Calif______20.80 .10 2.9 42.2 3.28 15 Emma mine, Little Cottonwood district, Utah. 23.80 .015 22.6 33.7 N.d. 16 Mine 1, American Fork, Utah------22.10 .015 6.2 7.8 N.d. 17 Mine, western part of Park City, Utah.------7.40 .02 13.4 37.8 N.d. 18 Fish Springs district, Utah.------16.50 .007 7.5 38.6 .53 19 Mine 1, Tin CuphColo.------28.50 .04 6.6 37.9 N.d. 20 Massadona-Youg all, Colo.------.50 .12 2.2 36.5 .66 21 Fryer H!¥inLeadville, Colo.------4.00 .03 1.85 11.9 N.d. 22 Mine 2, Cup, ColO------50.10 .18 11.4 39.7 N.d. 23 Mine 1, Star district, Utah------13.80 .01 7.2 17.4 N.d. 24 Mine 2, American Fork, Utah------23.00 .59 43.8 16.4 N.d. 25 North Tintic district, Utah------4.10 .01 8.1 35.1 N.d. A-8 OXIDIZED ZINC DEPOSITS OF THE UNITED STATES gold, and lead; nevertheless, many such ores contain marketable quan­ tities of all three metals. A few wallrock ores are notably rich in copper or manganese. Some of the main varieties and commercial classes of oxidized ores are as follows:

HYPOGENE ORES MineraZ content OZastt Franklinite, willemite, zincite ______Zinc; manganese and iron byproducts. Cerussite, phosgenite, smithsonite______Lead (zinc is lost). Descloizite, wulfenite, vanadinite______Vanadium-lead, in places molybdenum and silver (zinc is lost).

SUPERGENE ORES Wurtzite (mixed with hypogene spha- Zinc. lerite). DmECT-REPLACEMENT ORES Smithsonite, hemimorphite, a little ce- Zinc. russite. Smithsonite, hemimorphite, and lead; Zinc-lead; with byproducts silver, silver, gold, and copper minerals in gold, and copper. places. Smithsonite, hemimorphite, aurichal- Zinc-copper. cite; copper oxides and carbonates. Descloizite, wulfenite, vanadinite ______Vanadium-lead, in places molybdenum (zinc is lost) . Oxidized lead, silver, and manganese Lead-silver, manganese; zinc rarely minerals; zinc carbonates and sili­ recovered. cates. Willemite, hemimorphite, hydrozincite__ Zinc. Hemimorphite, hydrozincite, smithso- Do. nite. Porous brown or gray smithsonite ; in Zinc, zinc-lead drybone. places galena. W ALLROCK-REPLACEMENT ORES Gray massive smithsonite------Zinc, gray carbonate ore. Brown porous smithsonite, a little hemi- Zinc, brown zinc carbonate ore. morphite, limonite. Red massive or spongy smithsonite, a Zinc, zincite ore. little hemimorphite or hydrozincite. Smithsonite, hemimorphite, chalcopha- Zinc-manganese, black zinc oxide ore. nite, hydrohetaerolite, hetaerolite, manganese oxide minerals. Sauconite, hemimorphite______Zinc tallow clay or talcy zinc ore. Aurichalcite, limonite, malachite______Copper (zinc is lost). Hydrozincite, smithsonite, hemimor- Zinc, white zinc ore. phite. PART 1. GENERAL GEOLOGY A-9

GRADES Oxidized zinc ores sold to smelters or zinc pigment plants commonly contain at least 25 percent and often as much as 50 percent zinc. Pre­ ferred ores are lean in iron and other impurities, except lead in some cases. High-grade smithsonite, willemite, and hydrozincite ores con­ taining at least 35 percent zinc may be purchased at a premium. Ores containing 20 percent combined zinc and lead, and usually some silver, are generally sold as zinc-lead oresw At times, fuming plants will accept much lower grade zinc and zinc-lead ores, especially if the ores are rich in silver, gold, and copper, all of which can be recovered, and lean in iron.

GENERAL GEOLOGY Most of the oxidized zinc deposits are in carbonate rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and marble, or in rocks with considerable quan­ tities of carbonate minerals. A fairly la.rge number of commercial deposits in the Western United States, however, are in host rocks other than limestone or marble. Nearly all the deposits are of super­ gene origin and are the result of oxidation of sulfide deposits contain­ ing zinc and, in places, lead, silver, copper, molybdenum, manganese, and vanadium. A few deposits are largely of hypogene origin, and their minerals were formed by metamorphism or were deposited by hydrothermal solutions of unusual composition.

HYPOGENE DEPOSITS Oxidized zinc deposits of hypogene origin are uncommon. The locations of known hypogene or partly hypogene deposits and the main features of their geology and mineralogy are given in figure 1. Included are veins, lodes, and replacements of widely different geo­ logy, but mostly in Precambrian rocks. The metamorphic suite of minerals in marble at the very large Franklin and Sterling Hill de­ posits is almost unbelievably complex, whereas the cerussite and phosgenite lodes at lise, Colo., that contain smithsonite are unusually simple. Late hydrothermal deposits are represented by the zincian siderite and veins that cut a massive sulfide ore body at Ever­ green, Colo., and by the descloizite, vanadinite, and wulfenite veins and incrustations in previously weathered lead-zinc deposits of the Mammoth-St. Anthony district of Arizona (Creasey, 1950, p. 63-84; Peterson, 1938, p. 43-50). Massive sulfide deposits at the Bon Ton and Cotopaxi mines near Salida, Colo., contain hypogene gahnite. > r--- ...... ___ _ I 0""""" .... ~.. 7'!··-- ,_, ___ ~::~f \ ·--~-:------·--r------·-' 0 • . . I . • ' ••••• / <... , ..... ! 1 L.._... ,...--. ~ .. _ > ! ...... i i \ ~ ~ ~- t:::j ~ .. ,.. -, .. ,__ !• ...· "' ·---r·-..i ------.. 1c __ , r/A. ""' ri1 (•"'' ..... • ts ! ,_,,____ ! i .....------1 ...... ( ,---\-·j \ . t:r.1 ---~ t:::j i r---,.. ; ...... i ...... ! L · '· · ! \ zts .. \ ...... I .. L_r------.. . :::::: n ...... \ \ !' •• i! H - r-~::---l----~c~··-.. ,• .... \) ... • I ) ' 'I ----...... " l;-;- "\~ • • •' t:::j \ L ' I, t:r.1 ·. i ---.... f H/?"""!~. }c------s------··-,' '? ' '"'"'" \)'"'"'" ,. .. .._A•',.,r ~l· "'tt ;~---"~· 0 \_r' -----{--lil'.z ila6 i ...... ~ '-~ t \-. / v 1"'1 ~ \.."'-"' U2 ~ I ------.. , .. 1 ! ...... ! I J ~·>',;::; .. / . ~ \ •• I ~--~------I " r"' \ j ...... '(]2 •• ..... i• • !• ---. "'",.t..-s------.-:---'1 ...... / ...... ! -----~\-··-··-··-·· 0 ~ --<·('·· H1$ 'i '\8 " '"" ' j1 \. "'""'" ,\ I·~ "'""" /-/ "'" • ·,·-,_:_J_,--~;:;-----~ ·--~---1;:~:-~:ri-r ..~ .. r.~s~:;> ~ '\ .... . \ ) l i ) • \.J--..,_ ! . -1·:::--1 lzx~J.~.---.f It:::j \ \. '(]2 \ ' \ '"'~, ... .rJ'.- '(]2~ Oxidized zinc .data compiled by A. V. Heyl and C. N. B.ozion, 1959

FIGURE 1.-0xidized zinc or lead-zinc deposits reported to be partly or wholly of hypogene origin. EXPLANATION H:.r Deposits of hypogene origin H?a Deposits of possibly hypogene origin HS:w: "'d Deposits of hypogene and supergene origin ~ H?S ... t-3 Deposits of supergene origin and, in part, possibly of hypogene origin ~

GENERALIZED GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY Q l':l Mine or district Geol0(11J Main minerals 1. Franklin Furnace, N.J ______Metamorphic replacement deposits of zinc, manganese, Franklinite, willemite, zincite. ~ and iron; Precambrian in age. 2. Sterling Hill, N .J __ ~ Metamorphic replacement deposits; further altered to Franklinite, willemite, and zincite; Q supergene direct-replacement ores in places where supergene hemimorphite, chalco­ l':l sphalerite was probably originally present. Meta­ phanite, zincian clays, hetaerolite. 0 morphic deposits are Precambrian in age. s 3. llse, Colo ______Large lodes of lead carbonate and lead chlorocarbonate Cerussite, phosgenite, smithsenite. ~ in major fault. Deposit is in Precambrian rocks. 4. F. D. M. mine, Evergreen, Colo __ Late veins of zincian siderite in a massive sulfide de­ Zincian siderite, a little smithsonite. posit. 5. Bon Ton mine, Monarch, Colo ___ _ Zinc (gahnite) is a common mineral in vein sul­ Gahnite, sphalerite. fide deposits of Precambrian age. 6. Cotopaxi mine, Cotopaxi, Colo __ _ Zinc spinel is a common mineral in massive sulfide de­ Gahnite, sphalerite, . posits of Precambrian age...... ~ ..... GENERALIZED GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY-Continued ~1-' 1::-.j Mine or district-Continued Geology-Continued Main minerals-Continued 7. Lark mine, Red Mountain district, Lead carbonate pipes cutting altered felsic volcanic Cerussite, sericite, a little smithsonite, Colo. rocks of Tertiary age surrounding a central sulfide . pipe. ~ .....t::l 8. Iron Mountain district, N. Mex __ _ Contact-metamorphic deposit in limestone of Paleozoic Helvite, , fluorite, willemite. ~ 1:':.1 age. t::l 9. Mammoth-St. Anthony district, Direct supergene replacement of primary vein deposit; Cerussite, smithsonite, calamine, wil­ ~ Ariz. partly in rocks of Tertiary age, modified by late lemite, malachite, descloizite, vana­ hydrothermal vanadium- and molybdenum-bearing dinite, wulfenite. ~ solutions. t::l 1:':.1 "tt 0

~rJ2 0 l:rj ~ ~ 1:':.1 t:1 rJ2:; ~ rJ2 PART 1. GENERAL GEOLOGY A-13 The deposits of zinc oxides and silicates at Franklin (the northern deposit) and at Sterling Hill (the southern deposit), N.J., are similar geologically in many respects, but they have enough major differences not commonly explained in textbooks that a brief sum.. mary of the deposits and their differences may be helpful. The two deposits are 3 miles apart in a northeastward-trending belt of coarse-grained white marble of Precambrian age. Coarse• grained gneisses lie toward the northwest of the marble belt (Palache, 1935 ; Pinger, 1950). They dip southeastward and physically under­ lie the marble. Westward-dipping quarzite and limestone of Cam­ brian and Ordovician age unconformably overlie the Precambrian rocks and zinc deposits, and this erosion surface cuts off the northern end of the Franklin deposit. The same lie in a fault block southeast of the marble. Alkaline mafic dikes ( minettes) and granite pegmatites cut ore, marble, and gneiss at Franklin, but the age of the pegmatites relative to the ore is still not certain. Dikes are rare or absent at Sterling Hill. The Franklin and Sterling deposits have many features in com­ mon, such as similar marble host rocks and broadly similar structures; both deposits are synclinal-shaped and the axes plunge northeast­ ward in synclinal-shaped folds. The main minerals franklinite, willemite, and zincite are common to both deposits and are fairly uniformly distributed throughout each one. Marked mineralogl~ variations are present in the structurally more complex Sterling Hill ore body (Metsger and others, 1958), which has two northward­ plunging keels. Many of the rare and unusual minerals at Franklin, including the sulfides, fluorite, and borosilicates, occur in the meta.. morphic-contact zones along the pegmatite dikes. Pegmatites and their associated rare minerals are almost entirely lacking at Sterling Hill. Supergene minerals such as hemimorphite, chalcophanite, hetaerolite, and zincian clays form two large bodies in the central part of the Sterling Hill deposit, and these bodies near the surface , were mined in large tonnages for zinc many years ago. These typical supergene minerals are rare or absent at Franklin. ~ At Sterling Hill the main primary ore bands are composed of brown, red, or black willemite, each in distinct bands or bodies mixed with franklinite and more locally zincite (Metsger and others, 1958, fig. 1) ~ Franklinite, , pyroxene, and are the main constituen~ of lean mineralized areas. Sphalerite is abundant in the graphiti9 marbles of the central keel areas of the northeastward-plunging synclines (Pinger, 1950, p. 86).

620709-62.--3 A-14 OXIDIZED ZINC DEPOSITS OF THE UNITED STATES

Metsger and others (,1958, p. 775) describe the paragenesis of the primary ores as follows: · · Paragenetically, it appears that of the ore minerals, willemite formed first in the sequence, with tephroite, zincite and franklinite following in unde­ termined order; tephroite and zincite may have been emplaced at the same time. There is abundant evidence of later generations of willemite, franklinite and zincite. Primary [oldest generation] zincite has been observed only in the presence of tephroite. There is evidence that tephroite has replaced willemite. Manganese solutions possibly replaced the zinc in willemite to form tephroite and may have resulted in the formation of zincite. There is at least one later generation of willemite, zincite, and franklinite formed by a much later reworking of the deposits by relatively low-temperature magnesian-rich solutions, which serpen­ tinized the older generations of minerals and dolomitized the marbles, according to Metsger and others (1958, p. 787-788). The supergene hemimorphite bodies at Sterling Hill are large when compared to similar deposits elsewhere, although they form only two central cores within the still larger franklinite-willemite-zincite de­ posits. Along the keels of the ore bodies the graphitic-marble cores containing sphalerite in places have been altered to hemimorphite and to zincian clays of kaolinite, sericite, and types to a depth of 680 feet. Near the surface, at least, these minerals are asso­ ciated with manganese-zinc minerals, chalcophanite, hetaerolite, hydrohetaerolite, and also with calcite and limonite. Pinger (1950, p. 86) states: These deposits * * * show an interesting segregation of iron, zinc and manganese into a limonitic , an iron-manganese gossan, and an under­ lying deposit of calamine [hemimorphite] of low iron and manganese content. Pinger (1950, p. 86) concludes that the hemimorphite bodies are tnainly the result of deep weathering and oxidation of the sphalerite­ bearing cores of the deposits; Metsger and others (1958) disagree but present no alternate hypothesis. . Zinc-bearing tactites. of contact-metamorphic origin occur in the Iron Mountain district, in northwestern Sierra County and south­ western Socorro County, N. Mex. (Jahns, 1944b, p. 45-79). They are irregular bodiesof iron-rich silicate rock formed by replacement o£ Paleozoic limestone and calcareous shale at or near contacts with small intrusive masses of felsic rocks, probably of middle Tertiary age. Some of the zinc is in the complex helvite, a selected sample of which contained 5.61 percent zinc oxide (Glass ·nnd others, 1944, table 1) ; some is in willemite, which is locally abundant in massive iron-rich tactite and is associated with , andradite garnet, hedenbergite, specular hematite, fluorite, apatite, and many other minerals. Massive tactites containing fluorite, specu- PART 1. GENERAL GEOLOGY A-15 larite, and willemite in the Scheelemite and North End areas are reported to have assayed 8 to 21 percent zinc (Jahns, 1944b, p. 60) in places, but most of the tactites contain much less zinc. In the Goat Canyon area, prospects in willemite-bearing tactites exposed small bodies partly weathered to smithsonite, hemimorphite, wulfenite, anglesite, cerussite, and the oxides and carbonates of copper. At the Lark mine, Red Mountain district, Colorado, lead carbonate pipes containing some zinc carbonate cut altered felsic volcanic rocks of Tertiary age which surround a central sulfide pipe. The sulfide pipe and the adjacent carbonate pipes have been exposed by mining to a depth of several hundred feet (W. S. Burbank, oral communica­ tion, 1954). The peculiar geologic relations suggest to Burbank that the carbonate pipes are of hypogene origin and formed by hydro­ thermal solutions. Deposits of descloizite, vanadinite, and wulfenite at Mammoth-St. Anthony, Ariz., are suggested by Peterson ( 1938) and Creasey (1950) to have been formed by late hydrothermal vanadium- and molybdenum-bearing solutions reworking a sulfide deposit that had been previously oxidized to cerussite, smithsonite, hemimorphite, willemite, and malachite. If this interpretation is correct, other des­ cloizite, vanadinite, and wUlfenite deposits in the Southwest may have similar origins. SUPERGENE DEPOSITS

WALLROCKS The deposits of supergene origin are commonly in carbonate-rich rocks, especially in the purer limestones and dolomites. The greatest number are in limestones and dolomites of Paleozoic age, particularly those from Cambrian through Mississippian, which are the principal carbonate-rock units throughout most of the nation. Some deposits, however, are in limestones, dolomites, or marbles of other ages, espe­ cially Precambrian, Pennsylvanian, and Mesozoic. Although such an occurrence is considered by many to be rare or nonexistent, a considerable number of deposits of commercial size are in a wide variety of noncarbonate rocks. Twenty-four such districts are shown in figure 2, all in theWestern United States. Some deposits are notably large and rich, such as those in the Warm Springs district, Idaho; Bagdad, Clifton-Morenci, Globe-Miami, and Silver-Eureka districts, Arizona; and the Sedalia mine, Salida, Colo. The often­ stated rule (Lindgren, 1933, p. 851) that zinc is usually dispersed in solutions when veins are oxidized in noncarbonate rocks is not uni­ versally true. The wallrocks include many ages, and lithologies such as granitic rocks, gneiss, schist, greenstone, clastic sedimentary rocks, ~ ~ 0') EXPLANATION 0 .Boundary of physio- ~ graphic province t:::l ~ ~ X l:':l Estima~d 1 ro 1,000 t:::l short tons of ore ~ ~ Estima~d 1,000 ro sa 10,000 short tons 0 of ore t:::l ~ l:':l Estima~ 10,000 "'d ro 0 1,000,000 short tons Ol of ore ~ t-3 Oxidized zinc district, containing rll 10 to 40 percent zinc, with or 0 without lead, silver, copper, gold, l:lj and vanadium ~ ® l:':l Oxidized zinc district of an esti- mated 10,000 to 100,000 short tons of low-grade ore containing 5 to 10 percent zinc, with or without lead, silver, copper, gold, ~l:':l and vanadium t:::l rll:; ~ Oxidized zinc data compiled by A. V. Heyl rll --~·· and C. N. Bozion, 1959 FIGURm 2.-0xidtzed zinc-bearing ores ln commercial quantities ln rocks other than limestone, dolomite, and marble. District-Continued PrincipaZ host rocks-Continued 1. Los Cerillos, N. Mex------Quartz monzonite in shales. 2. North Magdalena, N. Mex------Volcanic rock. 3. Sedalia mine, Salida, Col0------Precambrian biotite schist, gneiss, and pegmatite. 4. Silver Cliff, Colo ____ ------___ ------__ ------______Tertiary felsic volcanic rock. 5. Creede, Colo------Do. 6. Escalante, Utah ___ ------______------______Tertiary volcanic rocks; manganiferous calcite gangue, 7. Searchlight, Nev ___ ------____ ------___ ------______Precambrian gneiss; local rich areas of descloizite. 8. Galena, Nev ______------______----_------____ _ Metamorphosed sediment in felsic Tertiary volcanic rocks. 9. Antelope (Cedar), Pershing County, Nev __ ------Triassic slate intruded by dike of rhyolite porphyry. 10. Bagdad, Ariz------Precambrian amphibole- schist derived from lava flows, ~ tuffs, sandstone, and shale. Widespread granite intrusions. 8 Tertiary rhyolite, quartz monzonite, and Pleistocene or ~ Recent basalts. 11. Chloride-Wallapai, Ariz ______------_____ ------____ _ Precambrian granites, gneisses, schist, and amphibolites in­ ~ truded by two younger granites, one of which is Precam­ 1:9z brian(?) in age and the other possibly Mesozoic or Tertiary. 1:9 12. Clifton-Morenci, Ariz ______----_____ -----______Carbonate-free oxidized skarn. 13. Globe-Miami, Ariz _____ ------______Qu9. rtzites of Precambrian and Cambrian age and diabase. ~ 14. Silver-Eureka, Ariz _____ ----______----____ ------______~ Schist, granite, and Tertiary volcanic rocks. 1:9 15. Castle Dome, Ariz_------Schist, gneiss, and granite of Precambrian age, some Creta­ ceous clastic sedimentary rocks intruded by diorite porphyry, s and a thick section of volcanic rocks, probably of Tertiary ~ age; carbonate gangue. 16. Mammoth-St. Anthony, Ariz------Granite intrusive rocks, rhyolite and rhyolite breccia, basaltic volcanic rocks and late Tertiary and Pleistocene Gila con­ glomerate. 17. Signal Hill, Calif_ ____ ------____ ------____ ---_____ ------_ Granite. 18. Grapevine, Calif______---__ --- Felsic volcanic rocks. 18a. Black Hawke mine, Agua Caliente, Calif______Quartzite, hornfels, and a little marble. 19. Hondo, Calif------Probably in noncarbonate rocks. ..-tr ~ Di&trict-Continued Principal host rocks-Continued 20. Copperopolis (Foot Hills copper belt), Calif ______Volcanic and argillaceous rocks of probable Jurassic age meta.. r...... morphosed to schists, slates, and greenstone and intruded 00 by granodiorite, diorite, hornblendite, gabbro, and serpentine. 21. Warm Springs (Ketchum), Idaho_------Calcareous sandstone, some shale, a little limestone. 22. Lava Creek and Era, Idaho------Lavas and tuffs. 23. Coeur d'Alene (Hypotheek), Idaho ______Calcareous quartzite (ore may be in large quantities). ~ ~ 24. Butte, Mont ______---______----__ ----______Quartz monzonite. t;l t::1 ~ tj t;l ~ 0 '(T.J ::3 i7J 0 l:lj

~t;l I t::1 i7J ~ ~ i7J PART 1. GENERAL GEOLOGY mafic and felsic volcanic rocks, and calcareous quartzite. Most of the districts have long histories of deep and intense oxidation. The oxidized zinc ores directly replace, or are concentrated in the same position as, the parent hypogene ore bodies.

CLASSIFICATION OF DEPOSITS Most deposits of supergene origin can be classified into three main types: (1) direct replacements, (2) wallrock replacements, and (3) saprolitic accumulations. These are shown diagrammatically in figure 3. A few supergene sulfide-enrichment deposits are known, and a few residual, alluvial, and colluvial placer, bog, and cave accumula­ tions. Many deposits are combinations o{one or more types. Direct-replacement deposits are formed by oxidation of primary zinc ores essentially ir;t place, without major migration of the ~inc in solution. They are by far the most abundant type in both t~e East and the West, notwithstanding statements to the contrary in t~e liter­ ature. All the known oxidized zinc deposits in noncarbonat' rocks are of this type. Direct-replacement deposits are quite simpl~ if the primary ores are mineralogically simple, as in deposits of the tissis­ sippi Valley type, or in zinc and iron sulfide vein~ such as thos at the Moon Claim, in the Hyrum district, Utah, but they are muc more complex than the other types if the primary ores contained s~ch ele­ ments as copper, lead, silver, gold, vanadium, and antimony as well as zinc. Direct-replacement deposits are typically less rich ln zinc than wallrock-replacement deposits, but the total accumulation jof zinc in them throughout the country is far greater. · W allrock-replacement deposits are the result of leaching of primary ores, migration of zinc in solution, and redeposition of zinc by re­ placement of nearby carbonate wallrocks. Such deposits ~re rare east of the Rocky Mountains, but many of the richest large zt•c de­ posits in the West are of this type; examples are deposits at Le dville, Colo.; Magdalena, N. Mex.; Goodsprings, Nev.; and Cerro . ordo, ~~ I Saprolitic accumulations are found only in the Valley and! Ridge province of the Eastern United States. They are typically a :ritixture of ( 1) thoroughly decomposed earthy but untransported r~k and oxidized zinc minerals, (2) residual masses ofclay, smithsonite, and hemimorphite that have slumped vertically and collected in s~lution pockets of decomposed limestone between buried pinnacles of un­ weathered limestone, and ( 3) zinc carbonates and silicates that were deposited near the limestone walls in the bottoms of the solution pockets by reaction of descending zinc-bearing solutions that formed from the weathering of the mineralized pinnacles and leaching of the A-20 OXIDIZED ZlNC DEPOSITS OF THE UNITED STATES

0 5 FEET A

B

FIGURm a.-Diagrammatic sections of main types of oxidized zinc de­ posits. lA, Diret:t replacement of zinc sulfide vein by oxidized zinc minerals, Redmond, Utah. B, Wallrock-replacement deposits (after cLoughlln, 191!,.. fig. 2), Tintic district, Utah. a, Saprolltic accumu­ lation (after watson, 1905, fig. 16), Bertha, Va. PART 1. GENERAL GEOLOGY A-21 saprolites above. The source of the zinc is sphalerite, which may occur either in lean disseminations or commercial deposits in the un­ weathered limestones. The oxidized zinc deposits at Austinville and Bertha, V a., are characteristic examples of saprolitic deposits (Wat­ son,1905,p.78-92). Large supergene zinc sulfide deposits are uncommon, but a super­ gene wurtzite enrichment zone in the San Francisco district of Utah has been described by Butler (1913). Supergene concentrations of zinc, including zinc sulfide in peat bogs near Manning, Orleans County, N.Y., have been described by Cannon (1955), but few other bog zinc deposits have been described as yet. Cannon's study indicates that the zinc in the bog is derived from the slow accumulation of zinc­ bearing waters that were produced by the gradual weathering of sphalerite-bearing dolomites of Silurian age which surround the peat bogs. The known simple residual deposits form thin blankets of smith­ sonite and hemimorphite in soils that were derived by weathering from underlying sphalerite deposits in carbonate rocks. They are locally common in the Tri-State district of , the Upper Missis­ sippi Valley district, and the Kentucky-Illinois fluorspar-zinc district, but most of them are small. Similarly, small hillside colluvial blan­ kets and valley-fill alluvial and placer smithsonite deposits have been prospected in the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district. In that district, fragments of massive smithsonite and galena have been mined locally in the clay deposits in small caves near Dubuque, Iowa. The smithsonite replaced hypogene sphalerite-galena veins and dissemina­ tions that formerly filled parts of the dolomite wallrock in which the caves formed. When the dolomite was dissolved, the ores settled to the cave floors and were redeposited in mud, clay, and rock fragments. Table 3 classifies deposits of the three major types in the Eastern and Central States and in Colorado and Utah, and summarizes the type of ore body and principal minerals at each locality. The table shows that direct-replacement deposits are much more abundant than all the other types combined. If the rest of the Western States and Alaska were included, the ratio of about 2 direct-replacement deposits to 1 wallrock-replacement deposit typified by Colorado and Utah would probably not change substantially. · Table 3 also shows that most of the supergene oxidized zinc de­ posits of the Western States (exemplified by Colorado and Utah) are mineralogically more complex and richer in precious metals than those in the Eastern and Central States. Direct-replacement deposits in the West are especially complex, particularly in such areas as the Star district, Utah, and the Creede district, Colo. A few of the 6207()9.---.82---4 TABLE 3.-Types of supergene oxidized zinc deposits in the Eastern and Central States, and in Colorado and Utah > ~ t..:> Classification Principal zinc minerals

cb Q 0 :!; CD ,;; Other zinc minerals and Q .s .... >4 Location or district Po 8 Type of ore body assocmted minerals 1-4 ~~ .e .s ! .s t::t e 'C. ~ ~~ 1-4 .~.~ .s ·a ,.t:l..c:l .s 0 .s ~ P,+" ·~ N ~~ f~ '"' N ~~ 81:l .§ '§ .g 80 t;j '0-s :=leD ~§ s i -"d ~ t::t ~s ~8 .!::S CD ~ a ~ .a~ r:n ~ ~ Ir:n ~ ~ < r:n 0 ~ N ---··------Eastern and Central States ~ t::t New York: t;j Manning Bog __ ------1 I I I Supergene bog accumulations Zinc sulfides and zincy peats. "'d from nearby disseminated sul- 0 fides. Ul Ne:~s:::------~ X ILarge pocket in footwall ______X ::3 Sterling Hill ______Ul I I X Hemimorpbite and other min- I X X X X Hetaerolite, limonite. erals replace sphalerite core in 0 metamorphic deposit. P.l:l German Valley------~ X X I Veins and saprolit1c pockets _____ , X X Cerussite. Pennsylvania: Friedensville. ------X X Veins, bedded veins, and sapro- X X X Limonite, greenockite. I I litic pockets; supergene spbal- I erite reported. ~ Bamford.------X Bedded veins._------X Sinking Valley_------X Veins and breccia pipes ______X X Cerussite. Pequea _____ ---______-----___ ~ X ____Veins. .do ______------• ______--_____ X Silver, cerussite. 1-4 Phoenixville ______------___ X X I X Wulfenite, silver, anglesite. ~ Doughty mine ______X Veins and primary pods ______X Cerussite. ~ Maryland: Unionville •••. ______---__ ----- X Breccia ______.---______-----_-- X X Copper carbonates. Virginia: Ul Aus~ville ______.; ____ X Saprolitic pockets and residual X X X Limonite, cerussite; locally by- accumulations. drozincite. Timberville._------X Bedded veins------X Dolomite. Tennessee: ~ Ul Mascot-Jefferson City------X Saprolitic pockets------X X Locally bydrozincite, sauconite. New Prospect..------X Veins and breccias._------X Galena. Goin prospect ______X? X Breccia and pockets(?) ______X Cerussite. Straight Creek ______X Vein and breccia ______X Galena. Copper Ridge.------X Bedded breccia ______X Falls Branch.------X Bedded breccia, in part residuaL X X Residual barite. Friendsville._------X Bedded breccia ••• ------X? Galena. Eve Mills.------X Saprolltic pockets _____ ------X Bedded replacement ______EmbreevilleCharleston. ______------X X X Galena, barite. X Saprolltic pockets ______X X I I I I X Cerussite, limonite, hydrozinclte. Felknor __ ------X Breccia.------·------X X Cerussite. Kentucky-Illinois fluorspar ______X Veins, residual deposits ______X X Galena, greenockite, pyromor­ phite, limonite. U~r Mississippi Valley, Wise.- X Veins and disseminated replace- X Galena. .-Iowa. ments; local residual, collu- vial, cave, and placer deposits. Tri-State, Mo.-Kans.-Okla __ ----- X Replacements------X X Greenockite. Southeast Missouri------X Bedded replacements __ ------X X Lead ores. Arkansas: _-_-.do ______--______Main N orthem Arkansas dis- X X X Greenockite, cerussite. trict (Yelville). Eastern part of N orthem X ----.do _____ ------__ - __ --_------X X Do. Arkansas district (Lawr- ence and Sharp Counties district). Oklahoma: § D:::a~~::~~:~~~:~~~-~--s-1--1-1 ~4~-----dO------~ X Do...... 191 25 I I 21 I 4 States. Q t;l ~ ~ Q t;l g 0 ~

~ ~ ~ TABLE 8.-Types of supergene oxidized zinc deposits in the Eastern and Central States, and in Colorado and Utah-Continued ~ Classification Principal zinc minerals ~

g ~ cb § Other zinc minerals and (,) s Location or district (,)<1.1 a Type of ore body :E s assocmted minerals ~1-t ~ s -a i~ "'= -a "S ~ ..cl..cl t:::l ~:a ~!l ~!l -~ -; t:lo'¢ i ~ ~3 ~~ ~~ i e ~ j ~'C ~ t;l ·m ~ <1.1 t:::l §'a ~a ]a i. s i a ..cl~ ~ 00 A ~ ~ til a: ~ 00 0 A -- ~ Colorado and Utah ~ t:::l Colorado: t;l Massadona------X Veins ••• ------·------X X l"d CarbonateRifle Creek •••••••••••••••••••• ______X • •••• do •. ------X X Cerussite. 0 X Veins and breccias------X X Selenite. rn Red Cliff ••••••••••••••••••••• X Replacement pockets ______X X Manganosiderite. ::3 Lenado •• ------X Veins •• ------X Silver, cerussite. rn Veins and massive replacements. Aspen ••• ------X Replacement pockets ______X Do. LeadvilleMosquito •. Range ------.---- ______X X X X X Hydrohetaerolite, hetaerollte. 0 X •••••do •• ------X X X X Hydrohetaerolite. 1:.1 X X Wallrock casing and veins ______X? Horseshoe------·-- Bedded replacements ______X X Weston Pass••.•.• ------X Veins and pipes ______X Cerussite. Tomichi •• ------X X Do. TincUP------X Bedded veins, pipes ______X X Gold, silver, cerussite. Gold Brick------X Veins_.------X ~ Spring Creek------X X Great breccia pipe, local replace- X X Cerus..~ite, silver. ment pockets. Monarch------X X Veins and mantos and footwall X X Limonite, jarosite, cerussite. blankets. Sedalia mine, Salida ______X Weathered massive sulfide de- X X X X X Sulfates, rosasite(?). It:::l Silver Cl11f ______posit. X Breccia pipes, veins. ------X Silver, cerussite. Rico ______.-----•• ---_-- X Bedded veins. ______X Cerussite. Creede •• ------X Veins._------X X? Goslarite, cerussite, anglestte, ~ Sunnyside ______silver. ~ X Replacements of calcareous tufa. X 1,;1;1 Spar------_ X Disseminated smithsonite in X Cerussite, barite. rJJ veins. Utah: Moon Claim, Hyrum ______X Voln and hn!OOia------~ X New Bullion mine, North X X Secondary veins, weathered pri- X X X IUmoot~.Cerussite, limonite. RedmondTintic. ______mary chimney. X X X Escalan t11 ••..•••• -~---- .. __ • _•• X -~~~"0.:::::::::::::::::::::::::: I I I I I I I X Pyromorphite, manganocalcite. Gold HilL.. ------·------·· X Massive replacements.------Adamite, austinite, scorodlte. Star_------X Veins, pipes, and bedded re- X X X Descloizite, . placements. American Fork.------X Bedded replacements and dis- X Cerargyrite, cerussite. seminations. Little Cottonwood.------X Pipes and· bedded replacements. X X Stolzite. silver, cerussite. Park CitY------X Bedded replacements------X X Silver, cerussite. Carbonate mine, Big Cotton- X SMondary veins and casings _____ X X. X wood. Mono •• ------X Secondary replacement pockets .. X X Casings __ ------X X X ¥flti~~:~::-~:::::::::::::::: X Replacement pockets ______X X X X I Plumbojarosite, lead-copper arse- I I I nates, silver. Ophir •• _------X Casings.------X X X Rush Valley------X Replacements and casings ______X San FrancisCO------X X Secondary9Jipes and casings and X X W urtzite enrichment zone. giant oxi ized vein; supergene ~ sulfide enrichments. l;tl Scranton mines, North Tintic_ X X Replacement pockets and oxi- X X Plumbojarosite and jarosite. 1-3 dized veins. PromontoryLucin •• ------______X X Replacementsandoxidized veins. X X Wulfenite, anglesite, aragonite. .... X X Pockets and casings and oxi- X X Cerussite. dized veins and replacements. X Veins and replacements------X Tecoma. _------Disseminations ______a:~ Swan Creek------X X Argenta.------______X Veins. ___ ------X X Cerussite, limonite. 1::&::1 X Veins and bedded veins ______X? X? z Erickson. __ ----__ ------1::&::1 Lakeside •• ------____ --.-.-- X Veins._------X X Cerussite. l;tl Bradshaw------X Replacement pockets, ore shoots X X > Fish Springs ______along fissures and in caves. t"' X Veins •• ------X X Cerussite, silver, jarosite. ------a:~ Total, Colorado and Utah •• 19 36 30 42 6 2 5 4 3 1 1::&::1 = -- = 0 Grand totaL------8 20 60 49 67 6 4 5 8 4 1 t"' 0 ~

t..:>~ ere A-26 OXIDIZED ZINC DEPOSITS OF THE UNITED STATES western wallrock-replacement deposits, such as those at Leadville, Colo., and Tintic, Utah, have a great variety of oxidized zinc minerals, greater even than most of the direct-replacement deposits, but few other minerals are associated with them. The most complex deposits in the East are the previously described (p. 13) hemimorphite, zincian clays, and zinc-manganese oxide deposits in the centers of the franklinite, willemite, and zincite de­ posits at Sterling Hill, N.J.; a few of the silver, lead, and zinc veins in the Piedmont province are also complex.

SHAPES OF DEPOSITS Oxidized zinc deposits have many shapes and forms, which are mainly determined by structural and wallrock controls. Direct-re­ placement deposits assume the forms of the hypogene bodies from which they are derived; modifications are internal and involve redis­ tribution of the metals in the deposit during oxidation and leaching. For example, lead and silver tend to remain in the center and zinc, copper, and iron tend to migrate and reconcentrate as shells of sec­ ondary zinc and copper minerals that have limonite in the margins, or as local kidney-shaped masses within the original ore bodies. The outcrop of the deposit is commonly leached to a porous gossan, and the metals thus leached are redeposited farther downward as oxidized minerals and still deeper as supergene sulfides. The wallrock-replace­ ment bodies have distinct new forms closely dependent on the shape, size, and position of the nearby hypogene ore bodies from which they are derived, and upon the relative of the wallrocks and available solution channelways or impermeable zones. Saprolitic accumulations are concentrated in solution pockets be­ tween the limestone pinnacles, and the richest ore occurs in the bowl­ shaped accumulations that line the bottoms of the pockets. Pieces of smithsonite and hemimorphite are scattered in the soft saprolite near the pinnacle walls and in the central areas of slumped residual clay. These scattered pieces are not shown on Watson's (1905) diagram (fig. 3 of this report) . The main forms of ore bodies are listed below in their approximate order of abundance and in terms of whether they are derived from hypogene deposits, secondary wallrock bodies, or are of diverse origin. PART 1. GENERAL GEOLOGY A-27

Direct supergene replace­ Supergene replacement of Diverse origin: ment of hypogene ore wallrock: Residual pockets bodies: Pockets Residual blankets Veins and lodes Casings Bogs and soils Breccias and stock­ Blankets Placers works Bedded replacements Massive replacement Pockets in saprolites bodies Secondary veins Bedded replacement Secondary pipes bodies Massive replacements Pipes Disseminations Blankets or mantos Cave fillings Disseminations Irregular c o n t a c t zones Secondary sulfide en­ richment zones The distribution of the main forms listed a;bove In relation to oxidized zinc districts is given on table 3.

STAGES OF PROGRESSIVE OXIDATION Oxidized zinc deposits of supergene origin undergo a series of changes during oxidation and leaching to the ultimate limonite-quartz gossan. The usual paragenetic sequences for direct-replacement and wallrock-replacement deposits in progressive stages from sulfide de­ posits to gossans are tabulated below :

Paragenetic sequence from sulfide deposits to go88an8 Direct-replacement deposits (compZea: sulfide ore bodies) Wallrock-replacement deposits Unoxidized sulfides------Unoxidized sulfides. Partly leached vuggy sulfides, partly re­ Complete or nearly complete leaching placed by spongy smithsonite, hemimor­ of sphalerite, and later of pyrite, phite, and locally goslarite and zinc from Jlypogene deposits; zinc, cop­ clays; also copper, lead, and silver per, and iron migrate into carbonate minerals. Commonly much galena, wallrocks. some sphalerite, and pyrite remain. Smithsorrite and hemimorphite; copper Massive or concentrically banded gray and lead carbonates, argentite, and smithsonite or maganosiderite halos ruby-silver minerals fairly evenly dis­ deposited, which replace limestone tributed. Partly replaced grains of wallrocks; smithsonite commonly galena and chalcopyrite common. Un­ ferroan. der special arid conditions, willemite is also formed as an early mineral. Many secondary copper sulfides and oxides in places. Smithsonite leached to hemimorphite ; Gray smithsonite is leached to spongy hydrozincite and possibly aurichalcite porous brown or red smithsonite, formed. Minerals are partly redistrib­ hemimorphite, and chalcophanite in uted. Zinc and copper migrate toward vugs. ore-body walls. Lead sulfate and lead carbonate remain in center, with wul­ fenite and ruby-silver minerals. A-28 OXIDIZED ZINC DEPOSITS OF THE UNITED STATES

Zinc minerals now leached mostly to Hemimorphite, aurichalcite, sauconite, hemimorphite and hydrozincite; no as well as limonite and secondary galena remains, only oxidized lead jasperoid, formed by further leach­ minerals ("sand carbonate") and ing of brown smithsonite. Local copper oxides and carbonates. Much areas, veins, and vugs filled with limonite and secondary jasrperoids. coarse white crystalline smithsonite. In places descloizite, vanadinite, and In casings, limonite is nearest the wulfenite in crusts and vugs. source ore body, copper-zinc car­ bonates next, crystalline zinc car­ bonate on outside. Vuggy jasperiod and limonite leached All zinc carbonates are leached to con­ vein with local crystals and crusts of centric shells of limonite, calcite, jas­ cerussite, plumbojarosite, hemimor­ peroid or equivalent spongy porous phite, malachite, azurite, or complex masses. A few vugs with clear arsenides or antimonides ; in places hemimorphite crystals. much cerargyrite. Siliceous limonitic gossans ______Siliceous limonitic gossans. Where oxidation is deep and replacement is direct, single ore bodies may show all seven progressive stages, starting with the gossan at the surface, and continuing, in the reverse of the order given, down to unoxidized sulfides.

REGIONAL V A.RIATIONS BECAUSE OF CLIMATE Oxidized zinc deposits of supergene origin differ greatly in depth of oxidization and in geology from region to region across the nation. In cool humid climates that have been stable throughout most of the Recent period, as in the Northeast, the Northwest, and the northern Central Lowland, oxidation is not far advanced, and its effects are confined to shallow depths, commonly less than 100 feet below the surface. In the warm humid climates of the Ridge and Valley and Piedmont provinces south of New York, oxidation is deeper, and in the warm but more arid parts of the West, especially the Basin and Range and Colorado Plateaus provinces, oxidation is commonly very deep and irregular. In the Central Lowland, where the close correspondence between depths of oxidation and present water tables indicates a stability of these levels throughout much of the Recent period, ground water below the water table in limestone areas is nearly uniformly neutral. In the Upper Mississippi Valley district, for example, the pH of such water below the water table ranges from 7 to 7.5 whether the water is collected from rich deposits of marcasite, pyrite, galena, and sphalerite or from barren rock (Kennedy, 1956, pl. 17). Surface water and vadose water in the zone of oxidation of the same district are more variable, having pH values that range from 7.0 to 8.4-the lower values commonly in water that contains metals derived partly PART 1. GENERAL GEOLOGY A-29 from oxidizing ore bodies. The water within oxidizing ore bodies is locally very acidic, but it is quickly neutralized by the wallrock and calcite gangue so that nearly all the oxidized zinc minerals directly replace the primary sulfides and little zinc is lost. Pseudomorphs of smithsonite after sphalerite veins and crystals are common. In the Ridge and Valley and Piedmont provinces, where climate is warm and rainfall heavy, limestones commonly underlie valleys or basins and are deeply altered and dissolved by vadose water to soft clayey saprolites and residual clays. As the water descends from ground level it dissolves the limestone in deep pockets between pin­ nacles of undissolved limestone. In places the limestone is mineralized with sphalerite; where weathered, the limestones dissolves irregularly; some of the sphalerite is directly replaced by oxidized zinc minerals, but the remainder is dissolved, and moves down into the pockets. Zinc carbonates and silicates accumulate by slumping and redeposi­ tion in these peculiar clay- and saprolite-filled pockets. The main minerals are hemimorphite and smithsonite, but hydrozincite and zinc clays are deposited locally from zinc-bearing ground water. Beneath some of the saprolitic accumulations and in other limestone deposits where the pockets are not formed, sphalerite is directly replaced as hemimorphite and smithsonite. The ground water in these deposits is rich in humic acids and ranges in pH from 7.0 to as low as 4 or 5 in eastern Tennessee (Kelley and others, 1958, p. 1596). Oxidation -commonly extends at least 100 to 200 feet below the present water table. This may be simply the result of oxygenated phreatic water -currents set up by the descent of large quantities of vadose water that is rich in humic acids, dioxide, and , or it may reflect a formerly more humid, tropical climate. In the warm arid West the present water table is generally far below the surface. It may be below or above-commonly far above-the deepest oxidation. In many places water tables are locally perched, preserving bodies of sulfides within the oxidized ore bodies. Such sulfide bodies are present in the Darwin and Argus districts, Inyo County, Calif. Surface water is very alkaline (pH 8 to 12 in many places), but mine water is commonly very acidic. Limestones and dolomites are very resistant to weathering and make ridges that form the crests of some of the highest mountains. In oxidizing sulfide deposits, even those in carbonate rocks, the zinc is much more mobile than lead or silver and commonly migrates in vadose water from the :sulfide with some of the copper, where present. The zinc is in part lost, and in part redeposited as wallrock-replacement deposits of :SIIlithsonite, hydrozincite, and aurichalcite. Such wallrock-replace­ ment deposits are also found in the high humid mountain areas, A-30 OXIDIZED ZINC DEPOSITS OF THE UNITED STATES where they remain from former periods of greater aridity during the Cenozoic era. Leadville, Colo., and the deposits in Montana are examples.

REGIONAL MINERALOGIC VARIATIONS Regional mineralogic variations in the oxidized zinc deposits are notable, particularly in the West. They are partly a reflection of marked climatic changes in certain areas, but they probably also re~ fleet metallogenetic differences in the hypogene deposits from which the oxidized deposits are derived. Several regional variations have been noted and plotted on a series of distribution maps, but no detailed study has been made of the relations that may be involved. Of the silicates of zinc, hemimorphite is the most abundant, and it is widespread as a major ore mineral. Kelley and others (1958, p. 1596) proposed that hemimorphite is more abundant in warm humid climates of much rainfall and groundwater of low pH. No such sim­ ple relation is apparent to the writers. Hemimorphite is more common than smithsonite (1) where the deposits and wallrocks are rich in silica, (2) where the oxidized ores directly replace the hypogene ores, especially if quartz is present as a gangue, and (3) where progressive oxidation has reached the later stages, approaching the final stage of limonitic and siliceous gossan. Smithsonite and hydrozincite are most abundant elsewhere. Willemite (fig. 4), the anhydrous silicate of zinc, is much more abundant in the West as an ore than is commonly reported. It is nearly restricted to certain deeply oxidized districts in the Basin and Range province and, for reasons not yet clear, to certain deposits within those districts. The only other supergene willemite known is at two deposits in the Precambrian of Colorado and one in New York, all of which show evidence of late progressive oxidation, per­ haps in Precambrian times. Hypogene willemite is restricted to three deposits in New Jersey-Franklin, Sterling Hill, and Andover­ and is also present at Huachuca Mountain, Ariz. (fig. 4). Zinc-manganese oxides and silcates (fig. 5) are widely distributed throughout the country without evidence of any restrictive associ­ ation other than an abundance of zinc and manganese in the hypo­ gene ores, deep oxidation, and carbonate wallrocks. Helvite,. troostite, and franklinite are hypogene minerals. Sauconite and other zincian clays (fig. 6) are locally abundant throughout the United States south of the 41st parallel; north of this line they are known only in southwest Wisconsin as uncommon minerals (Heyl and others, 1959). No regional relation other than this is apparent. · PART 1. GENERAL GEOLOGY A-31 Small deposits of vanadium-bearing oxidized zinc-lead minerals are common throughout the southern part of the Basin and Range prov· ince of the United States (fig. 7) and also far southward into Mexico. In this part of the United States the minerals descloizite, mottramite, and vanadinite have been mined in places for their vanadium. They are less common in the northeastern part of the Basin and Range province and are absent in the northwestern part. Elsewhere in the country, they are found sporadically in Idaho and Montana and in the metamorphic rocks of the Northeast. The source of the vanadium has been attributed by many to the adjacent limestones, although limestones as a group are lean in vanadium (Kelley and others, 1958, p.1596). Newhouse (1934, p. 209-219) attributed the vanadium in oxidized zinc deposits to trace quantities in the hypogene deposits. The study by the writers shows that the vanadium minerals are restricted to limited areas within geomorphic provinces, where they occur under a great variety of geologic conditions and in wallrocks that include granitic rocks, felsic and mafic volcanic rocks, gneisses, amphibolites, limestones, and clastic rocks of many ages. Only one of the several oxidized zinc deposits in the Colorado Plateaus province contains vanadium minerals, although vanadium-bearing rocks are widespread. This information throws considerable doubt on the theory that the vanadium was derived from the wallrocks. The pres­ ence of vanadium in deposits of the Northern Rocky Mountains and the Northeastern States, and its absence in most of Nevada and east­ ern California, does not support the concept that vanadium is concen­ trated only in areas of deep and intense oxidation. Most probably the descloizite ores are derived from small amounts of vanadium that occur in one or more of the hypogene ore or gangue minerals which are found in the deposits. One hypogene deposit of vanadium minerals is shown in figure 7: the deposit at St. Anthony, Ariz. The hypothesis of Peterson (1938) and Creasey (1950), that late hydrothermal vanadium-bearing solu­ tions reworked the already-oxidized base-metal ores at St. Anthony and added vanadium to them, seems to the writers to have merit and possibly warrants wider application. Hydrozincite (fig. 8) is abundant and a major ore in the northern part of the Basin and Range province and locally in the semiarid Colorado Plateaus province, but it is sparce in the southern part of the Basin and Range province. Thus it is most abundant where vana­ dium minerals are rare or absent. It is a mineral typical of the late­ progressive oxidation stages of zinc deposits-particularly in arid areas, as proposed by Kelley, and others ( 1958, p. 1596) ~but the rea­ sons for its relative sparsity in the southern Basin and Range province > ~ -J--,- .. __ __ ~ '-'------,1 \_ ------T------,----'L /1. ) i ...... ! i ~-.,_ ) t, • EXPLANATION ./ (,...\ i NORTH .... ,. I rf ...... ~ ' L : ...... --~ , r. ~ OR EGolf ~ f ·-----r-··-·--- : ·-··-··-··-··-··' •.•• ,.o,.) , ... \ ( '. Boundary of physiographic l"'.J i ------! ( ·, .,:. \" ' • ;, province t:1 ·i wr j! ""'" ...... !j '-·.,.,wosco•"" \ j-,.".ss \ -· ~ 001 .. r-- - ______J ------\ -__ :::. ::~ ·s~ Hypogene willemite I '\ \..,_. .. -·· lt-J:: t::. ~ ··----.... -1 NEBRASKA '\.,, IOWA ) ttNMsv<>A':,'' l,~f(z Minor ore mineral or t:1 ·-.., ., ( I ~ ./j,J mineralogic occurrence l"'.J l ------..; \ . •.. o :\ --- ·:::::·-..oJ?f-- Jod : -·------~. \ ,.u•o" i'""""•i .J -·v;·J·o..... \\\ 0 .4 ,.1 • COLORAOO I ?.., '\ t !"'~- .... (w,., t. · One of the main ore minerals w. ~, f' ...... , ~5 ',...... :I MISSOURI : I ,;-f \ I ...... j : "' ~- ,..___ _....,.. ~ ··T:::.:-:.::------1 \-..r ___:.~:~_,_/.!.-r------· Supergene willemite I j \------;. ,.,:.--r- _.,/ •o•'" c••o•••• 0 . 1:1;1 j I OKLAHOMA i 7 TENNESSEE r·' Minor ore mineral or i t... ! ...... • r----r-----y_c.-(----::-~~:··, __ mineralogic occurrence I ...... ___ ,... ______i ,r ~ 1: \ '--~··o .. •• ~ • ...., ! ' \ .. ~ i 1------·< ::: i ••••••• \ GEORGIA \ One of the main ore minerals, ____ , l. } ; ( or in laqte quantities \ ! ~ : ( LOU 15(:~::--: ,... .. ----A_.. ----.J ~l"'.J ;t:1 ,,...,.·· Oxidized zinc data compiled by A. V. Heyl fll and C. N. Bozion, 1959 Fmuam 4.-Known occurrences of wlllemtte in oxidized zinc deposits. HYPOGENE DEPOSITS 9. Clifton-Morenci, Ariz. 10. California (Hilltop-Chiricahua), Ariz. 1. Franklin-Sterling Hill, N.J. 12. St. Anthony, Mammoth, Ariz. 2. Andover, N.J. 13. Dripping Springs, Ariz. 6a. Iron Mountain, N. Mex. 14. Globe-Miami, Ariz. 11. Huachuca Mountain, Ariz. 15. Silver-Eureka, Ariz. 16. Star district, Utah. SUPERGENE DEPOSITS 16a. Fish Springs district, Utah. 3. Balmat, N.Y. 17. Ely, Nev. 4. Evergreen, Colo. 18. Mina, Nev. 5. Sedalia mine, Salida, Colo. 18a. Pioche, Nev. § 6. Magdalena, N.Mex. 19. Lemoigne, Calif. 7. Hillsboro-Kingston, N.Mex. 20. Cerro Gordo, Calif. :-" 21. Goodsprings, Nev. 8. Tres Hermanas, N.Mex. ! ~ Cl gt_:l:j 0 ~

tCl.) t L"'o...... '--...... ~ ., ...,.. ___ _ ~ I \ ··------·--r-···------,---~- l.. ! .. ; \ NORfH DAKOTA I -··-··--.}) \I •o····· I: , ~tj 1-f • <-, / \MINNESOTA) N •••••• ( L r··-··-··-··-··-·t ~ t?;j i 10 '----r··-··--·-··-··-1 1 ...... co•"" tj ··-.. : '"• ! i sour. DAKOIA i ~'-~ .. >·-··-L ...... ,.. .. __J ...... ~--··-··-··~ t·-··-··-·\---· N EXPLANATION ~ ! I i I "\\ lOW. j i i 10 J ! '-··-.. 1 N£BRASU ) \ , oM . tj ( • .,., j •' L-··-··--t '"""' \'""'"i r' Mineralogic occurrence t?;j ~--·-··-··-c- .. , ~ I'd ·., 4, i ""• i 6 l.--··-··-··-··-", \ I ../ '"" X 0 .. : : 3 : ., \... l j~.:::;\ { ••• c, \ I J r.cd",.,••oo I I ua1 } f ,.J'J ,7'.._../ ----- Minor ore mineral or "'"•" ·. ,~' i .... I ...... I ..... " - ...... / . ··-··-- locally abundant ~ ~ .:;~\ /··-·-··-·-j-·-··-··-··-··c:~:::.:-··-··-··-··j\-·---··--J j:~:.:~~;~.:_;~~;:''· One of the main ore minerals 0 l:z:J •1 Xl "C 1 1 1 ..... 0.. \1 \ \.. ""oL•·· ( ~ ••lzo.. 1· ,a t ••••N••• r~---·r: \ ·,_ Not fully determined occurrences , • w M

'·,·...... ·"I _. __ .{ --~,--1., ..... \ \ I·-----; ; ~\ ··-··-'~---r

"""\ ( LOUISIANA \ ·- \. ~·-..,_ Itj ·-.... / \ fJl \.... '·· ...... - Oxidized zinc data compiled by A. V. Heyl fJl~ and C. N. Bozion, 1959

FIGURE 5.-Localities for zinc-manganese oxides and silicates: chalcophanlte, hetaerolite, hydrohetaerolite, helvlte, willemite variety troos· tlte, and franklinite. District or deposit Minerals 1. Franklin, N.J------· Franklinite, willemite variety troostite, chalcophanite. 2. Sterling Hill, N.J------Franklinite, willemite variety troostite, chalcophanite, hetaerolite. 3. Leadville, Colo ______Chalcophanite, hydrohetaerolite, hetaerolite. 4. Mosquito Range, Colo ______Chalcophanite, hydrohetaerolite. 5. Monarch, ColO------Chalcophanite? 6. Aspen, Colo------Do. 7. East Tintic, Utah------Do. 8. Magdalena, N. Mex ______Chalcophanite. 9. Superior, Ariz ______Chalcophanite? and coronadite. 10. Gold Bottom mine, Slate Range district, Chalcophanite? ~ California. 8 11. Pioche, NeV------Zincian manganese oxides. ~ 12. Antelope (Baldwin), Nev______Chalcophanite. 0 13. Iron Mountain, N. MeX------· Helvite. 1::';1 14. Lake Valley, N. MeX------· Chalcophanite. ~ 15. Contact and Copper Flat mines, Grant Chalcophanite, hetaerolite. ~ County, N. Mex. E:4 16. Lucky Cuss mine, Tombstone, Ariz______Hetaerolite. g~ 0 ~

~ ~ Q'1 ...... "'...... ?-..,... __ _ 0')t l .. , ______j \ ------T-···-- '" ) / ...... i ··-·-r··.r\. ... ( .,, i ...... \ -----.., __

- ! "---r-·- L .. ! ..- ~t_:J:j ·--, - .. _/ ..... i ·- ·-· ---~ -·-··- --·-) ...... tr<---- ~ ! -----,..... ! ... ! ...... j l EXPLANATION IS i..I ...... I,-- Jl ..J L.._ ""I! ...... ______.. ~------':\'"""'· ' ~ "• \ ,, i ),> ;-----...... _/ ...... "i Sauconite and (or) other zinc-bearing t:1 ...... \ ' .. ! --.. , .. \ .... ~--'") clay mineral present in oxidized t_:J:j ••' zinc deposits of district I'd "'&18 \ '.J iL ! ...... '1I "''w.,., I,L ...... s------1I ., ' I """" I1·,·••••••\ '1 .... t1jl.-·r- ---•• 0 , • ~ - .. -.1 ' '- ' 1 r v;··-:'.3· -~ ~'i r ./ ' .. ____ ...... !j ...... 'I '"""" ·~ I f! f'"' '-·"·· r' wEst ,..J ....,~ 1-3 I ... I - .. L.:-~:-...... i '--. ~ ~"""f ...... til ... lI "" !· ., I: ..., 1 ...... ,\" 1...... \').~r------"'-·o-'~-'"""_ · "'"'" /"{ ...... -· 0 l:l;j .,__ ' 15 i !1 ' I "'""'" V ..... """" ..,. o • ; o • ''"" 1 """''" 1 ,s }.-~ o !!" ------L--~"~-J1 "'-"~~~:~{i-T<'~.:r:2~;.~> ~ \ : """ ~\ I I •; I' \< ...... -,/ ~ \ i' ...... i ..... , ,_....w;;::.._\ .. - ..l ~------f' ~ t_:J:j ~ \. til 'I ~ \ ...... ~ til _,...~·· Oxidized zinc data compiled by A. V. Heyl and C. N. Bozion, 1959

FIGURE G.-Localities for sauconite and other zinc-bearing clays. See list of localities on facing page. PART 1. GENERAL GEOLOGY A-37 and its occurrence in inverse proportion to the vanadium minerals is not apparent. Perhaps the late hydrothermal solutions, proposed by Peterson ( 1938) and Creasey ( 1950) as sources of the vanadium at St. Anthony, Ariz., were widespread and leached the easily soluble hydro­ zincite to provide zinc for descloizite. Hydrozincite is absent through­ out the Northern Rocky Mountains even though its analog aurichal­ cite is present. Although widespread as a minor mineral in deposits south of the 45th parallel, it is notably absent in the United States in the colder climates north of the 45th parallel (except for a single occurrence in Alaska). Aurichalcite, the copper analog of hydrozincite, and rosasite ( ~), a not completely established rare analog of malachite, are found in many places throughout the country (fig. 9). Aurichalcite is much more abundant than commonly described. It is most common in the arid Basin and Range province where, unlike hydrozincite, it is distributed throughout the province fairly uniformly. Locally in the Southwest it is a major or contributing ore mineral that has been mined mostly for its copper content. A new occurrence of rosasite ( ~) was recently found at the Sedalia mine, Salida, Colo. Zinc arsenates are rare minerals in this country and are restricted to a few occurrences in the northern Basin and Range province, in deposits whose primary ores are rich in (fig. 10). Adamite, however, is present also in deposits in Mexico. At Gold Hill, Utah, adamite and the rare mineral austinite are deposited in local abun­ dance as crusts in the oxidized ores, together with and copper arsenides. Zinc sulfides as supergene ores are rare (fig. 10). The best known occurrence is the yellow wurtzite associated with hypogene sphalerite and supergene copper sulfides in the Hornsilver mine, San Francisco district, Utah (Butler, 1913). Sphalerite that is possibly supergene is present in the oxidized zone at Aspen, Colo., and sphalerite of supergene origin is reported by Brown ( 1936) in quantity at Balmat, N.Y.

LOCALITmS 1. Sterling Hill, N.J. 10. Mosquito Range, Colo. 2. Friedensville, Pa. 11. Dry Canyon, Utah 3. Austinville-Bertha, Va. 12. Tintic, Utah 4. Embreeville, Tenn. 13. Alpine (Lone Mountain), Nev. 5. East Tennessee zinc (including 14. Goodsprings, Nev. Mascot-Jefferson City) district 15. Magdalena, N.Mex. 6. Upper Mississippi Valley district 16. Superior, Ariz. 7. Tri-State zinc-lead district 17. Cerro Gordo, Calif. 8. Northern Arkansas district 18. Lee district, Calif. 9. Leadville, Colo. ,...... - ..._ EXPLANATION ~ i\: \ \. ... -~~------·--r------,----"'"'---~- ,,-~! • Boundary of physiographic ~ "I I ' _/.__. province 1-t t:j ! \ , I · \ i" "·. . ''··------.1 0 ! \.i """"" !' ...... !i """ "" •) . ,..• t'0:r 11tGoN 1 (·;,:·~ De8cloizite-mottramite, ~ l:;j mineralogic occurrence t:j / \ .:." -- -- -J---- l._ .. "'"'" - .. 0 \ :,.---r i ...... -~i ' ...... :-:..~)~i.·"" Vanadinite, mineralogic ~ I """' I · '-··-··-·----~ > 1 " '"fl~>.. occurrence 'i •"./1! ' ...... '--··-··------!i ' '---··) • t.\ ,_,;;.::::\\\--:;;<:, ,. nz _,___ ;::-: lJ ! \ .... '"' \ '. ... r' - .rJ l . Descloizite-mottramite in t:j i I ...... I ) ' ...... I . .. " commercial quantities l:;j "d • > I -··-··-{ "''"'" I ·~ , f.•• ,., "" . 0 ------·---~------.S.\ \\.1 \ '"'/- \::~~:~---- Vanadinite in commercial quantities ~ 1 i ...... "- (--- """'" U2 L:;r· ...... -4 ~ 4 Descloizite and vanadinite 0 -----)~=;-·:=:~-----t------i=~::::~:~:~s;,~-- Both. present, and shown in terms ~ 1 ! ...... ' ,r-1 \ '- qf abundance as above i I ! ...... I ' i i ...... \ I: :'-··...... __ V""·~·--· .....j , -<( :::! I: oc••••• \I ~ __ j """ ~-~:.~(:-~ \ ~--j___ _. ~ '1J?,(.)J ~ t:j U2

l:;j~

__....,·· U2 Oxidized zinc data compiled by A. V. Heyl and C. N. Bozion, 1959 FIGURJD 7.-Known occurrences of vanadium minerals in oxidized zinc deposits. Location Main lithology ana age of host rock 1. Southampton, Mass ______Red shales of Triassic age. 2. Sing Sing Prison, N.Y------Marble of Paleozoic(?) age. 3. Franklin, N.J------Marble of late Precambrian age. 4. Sterling Hill, N.J______Do. 5. Phoenixville, Pa------Granodiorite and paragneiss of Precambrian age and red shales of Triassic age. 6. North Magdalena, N. Mex ______Veins in volcanic rocks of Tertiary age. 7. Central (Georgetown, Santa Rita, Vanadium), N. 1\feX------Quartz diorite porphyry and sandstone and shale of Cretaceous age. 8. Lone Mountain, N. Mex______Limestones of Silurian age. ~ 9. Organ Mountains, N. Mex ______Limestones of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian age. t-3 10. Palomas Gap, Caballo Mountains district, N. Mex_ Limestone of Carboniferous age. :-' 11. Lake Valley district, N. Mex ______Lake Valley limestone of Mississippian age. 0 12. Hillsboro district, N. Mex ______Limestone of Paleozoic age capped by lavas of Tertiary age. t;j 13. Hansonburg district, N. Mex ______Limestones of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian age. zt;j 14. Sacramento district, N. Mex______Strata of Paleozoic age. 15. Hachita, N. Mex ______Limestone lenses and clastic rocks of Paleozoic and Cretaceous age. ~ 16. Leadville, Colo ______Leadville limestone of Mississippian age. 0 17. Tintic, Utah______Limestone and sandstone of Paleozoic age and volcanic rocks of Tertiary age. t;j 0 18. Escalante, Utah ______Volcanic rocks of Tertiary age. t"4 19. Star district, Utah ______Limestones of Paleozoic and Triassic age. 0 20. Gold IDll, Utah ______Limestones of Paleozoic age. ~ 21. Pioche, NeV------Limestone and sandstone of Paleozoic age and dikes of Tertiary age. 22. Goodsprings, Nev ------Limestones of Mississippian age. 23. Searchlight, Nev______Gneisses of Precambrian age. 24. Tombstone, Ariz______Limestones of Devonian and Mississippian a.ge. 25. Bisbee, Ariz______Do. 26. Nogales, Ariz______Information not available. 27. San Cayenta (Grove mine), Ariz______Do. tr 28. Old Yuma, Ariz------Do. co~ Location-Continued Main Utholo·gy and age of host rocks-Continued 29. Saint Anthony (Mammoth, Tiger, Old Hat), Ariz_ Rhyolite, rhyolite breccias, basaltic volcanic rocks, Gila conglomerate of late t Tertiary age and intrusive granite. 30. Bunker Hill (Copper Creek), Ariz ______Granodiorite. 31. Ray, AriZ------Information not available. ~ 32. Banner, Ariz------Limestones of Pennsylvanian age. 33. Dripping Springs, Ariz______Do. ~ ~ 34. Globe-Miami, Ariz______Quartzites of Precambrian and Cambrian age. t::l

35. Vulture (and Phoenix mine to northeast), Ariz __ _ Information not available. ~ 36. Castle Dome, Ariz ______Schist, gneiss, and granite of Precambrian age, some clastic sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous age intruded by diorite porphyry; also, a thick section of vol­ ~ canic rocks, probably of Tertiary age. t::l 37. Silver-Eureka, Ariz ______Schist, granite, and volcanic rocks of Tertiary age. ~ 0 38. Chloride (Wallapai), Ariz______Granites, gneisses, schist, and amphibolites of Precambrian age intruded by two younger granites, one of which is of Precambrian(?) age and the other possibly of Mesozoic or Tertiary age. ~ 0 39. Havasu district, Ariz ______Limestone, shales, and sandstones of Cretaceous age in Colorado Plateau. I:Jj 40. Ivanpah district, Calif______Granite gneiss of Precambrian a.ge and quartzites and limestone of Cambrian age. 41. Signal Hill district, Calif______Granite, probably of Precambrian age. ~ 42. Slate Range district, Calif______Limestone of Paleozoic age. (Vanadium-mineral identification not certain.) ~ 43. Mineral Hill (Hailey), Idaho______Liimestones and other sedimentary rocks of Devonian, Mi·ssissippian, and Penn- sylvanian age. ~ t::l 44. Teas (Gilmore) district, Idaho______Dolomites of Devonian age. m 45. Bald Mountain district, Mont______Limestones. 46. Silver Star district, Mont______Information not available. ~ ~ m r--.··---" : \ ! \... } r{ ... -·r-) \

"d EXPLANATION ~ 1-:3 Boundary of physiographic ..... province

0 Hydrozincite, a minor ore mineral, t:'j or locally common in district

X ~ Hydrozincite, one of the ~ main ore minerals ~ 0 gt:'j 0 ~

Oxidized zinc data compiled by A. V. Heyl .,.... ·· and C. N. Bozion, 1959

FIGURm 8.-Known occurrences of hydrozinclte in oxidized zinc deposits. See list of localities on next page. l...... LIST OF LOCALITIES 1. Sterling Hill, N.J. 27. Aurum, Nev. l 2. Friedensville, Pa. 28. Ely, Nev. ~ 3. Austinville (and Bertha), Va. 29. Lone Mountain, Nev. 4. Embreeville, Tenn. 30. Pioche, Nev. 5. Kentucky-Illinois fluorite district 31. Viola (Carp), Nev. 6. Granby, Mo. 32. Bristol, Nev. 7. Northern Arkansas ~l:'lj 33. Gass Peak, Nev. t:=' 8. Leadville, Colo. 34. Goodsprings, Nev. N 9. Horseshoe, Colo. '35. Dillon (Johnnie), Nev. 10. Rifle Creek, Colo. 36. Hornsilver, Nev. ~ 11. Massadona-Youghall, Colo. 37. Alpine (Lone Mountain), Nev. t:=' l:'lj 12. Tintic, Utah 38. Downeyville, Nev. "'tt 12a. North Tintic, Utah 39. Pilot Mountain, Nev. 0 13. Dry Canyon, Utah 40. Silver Star, Nev. ~ 13a. Park City, Utah 41. Adelanto, Calif. rJJ 0 14. Fish Springs, Utah 42. Ivanpah, Calif. l2j 14a. Newfoundland, Utah 43. Grapevine, Calif. 15. Promontory, Utah 44. Holcomb, Calif. 16. Redmond, Utah 45. Kingston Range, Calif. ~ 17. Nebo, Utah 46. Soda Lake, Calif. 18. Ohio, Utah 47. Agua Caliente, Calif. 19. Central (Hanover), N.Mex. 48. Argus (Zinc Hill) , Calif. ~ 19a. Lone Mountain, N. Mex. 49. Ballarat, Calif. I:' 20. Magdalena, N. Mex. 50. Carbonate, Calif. ~ 21. Tres Hermanas, N.Mex. 51. Cerro Gordo, Calif. ~ 22. Castle Dome, Ariz. 52. Darwin, Calif. ~ 23. Superior, Ariz. 53. Coso, Calif. rJJ 24. Havasu, Ariz. 54. Lee, Calif. 25. Spruce Mountain, Nev. 55. Modoc, Calif. 26. Ruby Valley, Nev. 56. Resting Springs (Tecopa), Calif. 57. Slate Range, Calif. 61. Wild Rose, Calif. 58. South Park, Calif. 62. Copper Center (Willow Mountain), Alaska 59. Tibbets, Calif. (No. 62is not shown on :flg. 8, but is shown on pl.1 as Alaska No. 60. Ubehebe, Calif. 1)

~1-3 !'""

C-l z11':.1 11':.1 ~> t'l C-l s11':.1 ~

t ~ t

0 ~ • EXPLANATION s ~ l"'.. Boundary of physiographic t::l province A urichalcite ~ t::l l"'.. X '"d Minor ore mineral in district 0 !l<: ~ One of the main oxidized zinc ore 1-3 minerals in district rJl 0 Rosasite m 1:1;1 Known or reported" mineralogic occurrence in district ~

~l"'.. t::l rJl ~ ~ rJl .,...... ·· Oxidized zinc data compiled by A. V. Heyl and C. N. Bozion, 1959

FIGURE 9.~nown {)Ccurrences of aurichalcite and rosasite ( ?) in oxidized zinc deposits. AURIOHA.LOITE 1. Franklin-Sterling Hill, N.J. 25. Magdalena, N. Mex. 2. Moores Station, N.J. 26. Clifton-Morenci, Ariz. 3. Phoenixville, Pa. 27. Globe-Miami, Ariz. 4. Bamford district and York area, Pa. 27a. Silver King mine, Superior, Ariz. 5. Linganore, Md. 28. Bisbee, Ariz. 6. Upper Mississippi Valley, Wis. 29. , Ariz. 7. Tri-State, Mo.-Okla.-Kans. 29a. Empire, Ariz. 8. Alma, Colo. 30. Aurum, Nev. 9. Horseshoe, Colo. 31. Ely, Nev. 10. Leadville, Colo. 32. Ward, Nev. 11. Sedalia mine, Salida, Colo. 33. Gold Butte, Nev. ~ 12. Spring Creek, Colo. 34. Yellow Pine mine, Goodsprings, Nev. !'"' 13. Massadona-Youghall, Colo. 35. Downeyville, Nev. Q 14. Park City, Utah 36. General Thomas group (Lone Mountain district), Nev. l:':J 15. Carbonate mine, Big Cottonwood, Utah 37. Alpine group (Lone Mountain district), Nev. ~ 16. Rush Valley, Utah 38. Silver Star (Luning), Nev. 17. Dry Canyon, Utah 39. Cortez, Nev. ~ 18. Lion Hill, Utah 40. Old Ivanpah, Calif. ~ 19. Iron Blossom mine, Tintic, Utah 41. Kingston Range, Calif. 0 20. West Tintic, Utah 42. Darwin, Calif. tot 0 21. Fish Springs, Utah 43. Cerro Gordo, Calif. 22. Lucin, Utah-Nev. 44. Alder Creek (Mackay), Idaho ~ 23. Cave mine, Bradshaw, Utah 45. Beaverhead, Mont. 24. Star, Utah 46. Elkhorn mine, Elkhorn. Mont. 24a. Tutsagabet, Utah ROSA SITE ( ? ) 1. Sedalia mine, Salida, Colo. 4. Majuba Hill, Nev. 2. Magdalena (Kelly), N.Mex. 5. Wellington, Nev. 3. Tombstone, Ariz. l Of r--- ...... l0) EXPLANATION Zinc arsenates ~":::::~7\------~~:=:··-----T~:::~:::::·r~~"-- 6 Mineralogic occurrence ~ ) (\ Q5 ! \ uoNNESOTA: ~ .. l;lj ······ f <...... ,------! ·------,; L ...... Locally abundant ~ : 'o),,\ /- - --, 0 ----r- -- --~=~~~------~- 1~~:.::~:~:_;~~;;> ~

\? ! : OKLAHOMA \ e>RO<••• \ •••zo., i f !I 1 ARKANSAS rZ .. --,--- : \. \ \.. ·,. f : •oco : :,., : / : I \ oto••" \, £ ! ! ...... ,-...... , .. ~--..!.1 < .;; : ... •• • • \ . ----1'· ' I 1-··-··-·< ~ ! i ~ ---.. ... , ! i l ~ § i \ ~ • •• , I ••• _,~------.. _, \ f i ··-··..lo·------J "•-}.._j \ TEXAS ( .. 111 -"1 ~ 111 0 .,\ ( t.OUISIANA \ ~ \ ...... f··--..... ~ '(Jl \\ ~ .. ~ \·-, '(Jl -~" ... Oxidized zinc data co.mpiled by A. V. Heyl and C. N. Bozion. 1959 FIGURE 10.-Localitles for zinc arsenates and supergene zinc sulfides. ZINC ARSENATES: ADAMITE, AUSTINITE

matriot Minerals 1. Gold Hill, Utah------,------Adamite, austinite. 2. ~ntic, Utah------Adamite. 3. Chloride Cliff, Calif ______Do. 4. !fina, ~eV------Do. 5. Bel~~eV------Do.

SUPERGENE ZINC SULFIDES : WURTZITE OR SUPERGENE SPHALERITE [Only a few well-established examples shown] ~ 1. San Francisco, Utah-...,------Wurtzite. 2. Aspen, Colo______Sphalerite. ~

3. Balmat, N.Y------Do. 0 4. Manning Bog, N.Y------Part of zinc in bog is sulfide; mineral identity not known. tr.l 5. Butte, Mont------'------Wurtzite. ~ ~ ~ g 0 ~

> ~ ...:t A-48 OXIDIZED ZINC DEPOSITS OF THE UNITED STATES SELECTED REFERENCES

Behre, 0. H., Jr., 1953, Geology and ore deposits of the west slope of the Mosquito Range: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 235, p. 176. Boswell, D. F., and Blanchard, Roland, 1927, Oxidation products derived from sphalerite and galena: Econ. Geology, v. 22, p. 419~53. Brown, J. S., 1936, Supergene sphalerite, galena, and willemite at Balmat, N.Y.: Econ. Geology, v. 31, p. 331-354. Butler, B. S., 1913, Geology and ore deposits of the San Francisco and adjacent districts: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 80, 212 p. Butler, B. S., and others, 1938, Some Arizona ore deposits: Arizona Bur. Mines, Geol. Ser.12, Bull.145, 136 p. Cannon, H. L., 1955, Geochemical relations of zinc-bearing peat to the Lockport dolomite, Orleans County, New York: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1000-D, p. 119-185. Creasey, S. 0., 1950, Geology of the St. Anthony (Mammoth) area, Pinal County, Arizona ; in Wilson, E. D., Arizona zinc and lead deposits, Part I : Arizona Bur. Mines, Geol. Ser. 18, Bull. 156, p. 63-84. Emmons, W. H., 1913, The enrichment of sulfide ores: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 529,260p. Glass, J. J., Jahns, R. H., and Stevens, R. E., 1944, Helvite and danalite from New Mexico and the helvite group: Am. Mineralogist, v. 29, p.163-191. Hewett, D. F., 1931, Geology and ore deposits of the Goodsprings quadrangle, Nevada: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 162. Hewett, D. F., and Fleischer, Michael, 1960, Deposits of the manganese oxides: Econ. Geology, v. 55, no.1, pt. 1, p. 1-55. Heyl, A. V., Jr., Agnew, A. F., Lyons, E. J., and Behre, 0. H., Jr., 1959, Geology of the Upper Mississippi Valley zinc-lead district: U.S. Geol. Survey Prot. Paper 309, 310 p. Heyl, A. V., Jr., and Bozion, 0. N., 1960, Varieties of supergene zinc deposits in the United States, in Short papers in the geological sciences: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 400-B, p. B2-B5. Jahns, R. H., 1944a, "Ribbon Rock," an unusual beryllium-bearing tactite: Econ. Geology, v. 39, p.175-205. ---1944b, Beryllium and tungsten deposits of the Iron Mountain district, Sierra and Socorro Counties, New Mexico, with a section on The beryllium minerals by Jewell J. Glass: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 945-C, p. 45-79. Kelley, W. C., 1958, Topical study of lead-zinc gossan: New Mexico Bur. Mines and Mineral Res. Bull. 46, 79 p. Kelley, W. C., Takahashi, Taro, Behre, C. H., and others, 1958, Progress in studies on Leached outcrops [ abs.] : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 69, p. 1596. Kennedy, V. C., 1956, Geochemical studies in the southwestern Wisconsin zinc­ lead area: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull.1000-E, p.187-223. Lindgren, Waldemar, 1933, Mineral deposits: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 930 p. Loughlin, G. S., 1914, The oxidized zinc ores of the Tintic district [Utah]: Econ. Geology, v. 9, no. 1, p. 1-19. Loughlin, G. S., 1916, Zinc carbonate and related carbonate ores at Ophir, Utah: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 690-A, p.1-14. ---1918, The oxidized zinc ores of Leadville, Colorado: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 681, 91 p. PART 1. GENERAL GEOLOGY A-49

Mason, Brian, 1947, Mineralogical aspects of the system Fe30rMn30rZnMn20r

ZnFe20 4 : Am. Mineralogist, v. 32, no. 7-8, p. 426-441. Metsger, R. W., Tennant, C. B., and Rodda, J. L., 1958, Geochemistry of the Sterling Hill zinc deposit, Sussex County, New Jersey: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 69, no. 6, p. 775-778. McKnight, E. T., 1935, Zinc and lead deposits of northern Arkansas: U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 853, 305 p. Newhouse, W. H., 1934, Source of V, Mn, W, and Cr in oxidized lead deposits: Am. Mineralogist, v. 19, no. 5, p. 209. Nolan, T. B., 1935, The Gold Hill mining district, Utah: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 177, 172 p. Palache, Charles, 1935, The minerals of Franklin and Sterling Hill, Sussex County, N.J.: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 180,135 p. Peterson, N. P., 1938, Geology and ore deposits of the Mammoth Mining Camp area, Pinal County, Arizona: Arizona Bur. Mines, no. 11, Bull. 144, p. 1-63. Pinger, A. W., 1950, Geology of the Franklin-Sterling Hill area, Sussex County, New Jersey, in Symposium on the geology, paragenesis and reserves of the ores of lead and zinc: Internat. Geol. Cong., London, 18th sess., p. 77-87. Ross, C. S., 1946, Sauconite, a clay mineral of the group: Am. Mineralogist, v. 31, p. 411-424. Smirnow, S. S., 1954, Die oxydationszone sulfidischer lagerstatten: Berlin, Akademie-Verlag, p.167-189 (in German]. Smith, T. E., 1934, Zinc as secondary carbonates: Eng. Mining Jour., v. 135, no. 9, p. 411-412. U.S. Bureau of Mines (published annually), Mineral resources of the United States: Washington, U.S. Govt. Printing Office. ---(published annually), Minerals yearbook of the United States: Washing­ ton, U.S. Govt. Printing Office. Wang, Y. T., 1916, The formation of oxidized zinc ores from the sulfides: Am. Inst. Mining Engineers Trans., v. 52, p. 567-710. Watson, T. L., 1905, Lead and zinc deposits of Virginia: Virginia Geol. Survey Bull. 1, p. 78-92.

INDEX

A Page Page Adamite---·-·------A-4, 5, 6, 37, 47 Garnet __ ------14 Andover, N.J., ore deposits------30 Globe-Miami mining district, Ariz ______15 Apatite------14 Goat Canyon area, N.Mex ______15 Aragonite------4, 6 Gold-bearing zinc ore------7 Argentite------27 Gold Hill, Utah, mining district ______37 Aspen, Colo., ore deposits______37 Goodsprings, Nev., zinc deposits ______19 Auricbalcite •••• ______4, 5, 7, 8, 28, 29, 37, 44, 45 Goslarite ___ ------27 Austinite __ ------4, 6, 47 Grade of ore------9 Azurite______28 H B Hedenbergite------14 Helvite------6, 12, 14, 30, 35 Bagdad mining district, Ariz., ore deposits___ 15 Hematite------14 Balmat, N.Y., ore deposits------37 Hemimorphite__ 5, 7, 8,11,13,14,15, 21, 26, 27, 28, 29,30 Bertha, Va., zinc deposits ______20, 21 Hetaerolite_ ------5, 6, 11, 13,35 Biotite••• ______13 Homsilvermine, San Francisco district, Utah. 6, 37 Bon Ton mine, Monarch, Colo______9, 11 Huachuca Mountain, Ariz., ore deposits______30 Hydrohetaerolite_ ------6,14, 35 c Hydrozincite ______5, 8, 9, 29, 30, 31, 37, 41, 42, 43 Calamine______12 Hypogene deposits, abundance·------26,27 Cerargyrite______4, 5 distribution. ______2, 10, 11, 30, 31, 32,33 Cerro Gordo, Calif., zinc deposits______19 origin.______10, 11, 12, 27, 28,31 Cerussite ______4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15 shape of, in relation to wallrock-replace- Chalcophanlte------4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 27, 35 ment bodies_------26 Chalcopyrite------11 varieties______8 Classification of deposits------19-21 Clifton-Morenci mining district, Ariz______15 I Climate, efiect on oxidation••• ·------28-30 Ilse, Colo., ore deposits.------11 Commercial ores·--··------7-9 Iron Mountain district, N.Mex., minerals in_ 12,14 classes of oxidized______8 Island Fort, Va., phosphate minerals from____ 6 Leadville, ColO------7 Pioche, NeV------7 J Tintic, Utah------7 Jasperoid.------5 Contact mine, Grant County, N.Mex______6 Cotopaxi mine, Cotopaxi, ColO------6, 9, 11 Kaolinite. ______K _ Creede district, Colo., zinc deposits ______21, 24 14 Cuprodescloizite______7 L D Danalite---·------6 Lark mine, Red Mountain district, Colo _____ 12,15 Descloizite ______6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 15, 28, 31 Leadville, Colo., zinc deposits ______19, 24,26 Direct-replacement ores ______8, 15, 19, 20, 21, 27 Limestone, Paleozoic______15 Distribution of oxidized zinc ores •• 3, 4, 27, 28; pl. 1 Limonite------5, 8 Dolomite, PaleozoiC------15 , oxidized zinc deposits______4 zinc-producing districts______3, 4 F Lithology of ore-bearing rocks._------39 Localities, aurichalcite ______44-45 F.D.M. mine, Evergreen, Colo ______6, 11 chalcopbanite ___ ------34-35 Fluorite.------12, 13, 14 franklinite ______34, 35 Franklin, N.J., ore deposits ______2, 5, 7, 9, 13, 30 helvite ___ ------34-35 Franklin Furnace, N.J., ore deposits ______5, 11, 13 hetaerolite ______34-35 Franklinite______2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 14, 26, 30, 35 hydrohetaerolite------34-35 hydrozincite deposits ______41-43 G oxidized zinc districts ______3, 4; pl. 1 Gahnite------5, 6, 8, 9, 11 rosasite------44--45 Galena------5, 6, 28 sauconite deposits______36 A-51 A-52 INDEX

Page Page Localities-Continued Sangre de Cristo Mountains, danalite in______6 troostitEL------34-35 Sauconite.------6, 8, 28, 30 vanadium minerals ______38-40 Scheelite. ___ ------12 willemite ______32, 33, 34, 35 Sedalia mine, Salida, Colo •• ______15, 24, 37 zinc arsenates------46-47 Sericite·------14 zinc-bearing clays ••• ___ ------36 Serpierite------6 zinc-manganese oxides ___ .------34, 35 Shape of zinc deposits______26 silicates------34,35 Siderite______------6 Silver-bearing zinc ore______7 M Silver-Eureka mining district, Ariz______15 Smithsonite______5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, 21, 27, 29, 30 Magdalena, N.Mex., zinc deposits______19 Sphalerite ______5, 6, 11, 13, 28, 29, 37, 47 Malachite ______12, 15, 28,37 Star district, Utah------21 Mammoth-St. Anthony district, Ariz., min- Sterling Hill, N.J., ore deposits______2, erals in.---______------12, 15 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 26, 30 Manganese oxides______5 Supergene deposits, age______15 Manning, N.Y., zinc deposits ______21,24 classification oL ------19 Marble ______9, 13, 16 distribution ______2, 6, 11, 12, 21, 30, 32, 33, 47 origin ______11, 12, 15, 27, 28 Marcasite __ ------28 Metsger and others, quoted______14 types·------22-26 varieties of ______8, 37, 47 Minerals in oxidized zinc deposits, associated. 4 main_------4 Moon claim, Hyrum district, Utah ______19, 24 T Mottramite-bearing ore______7, 31 Tactite------14 Tepbroite .. _------13 N Tintic district, Utah, zinc deposits ______20, 24, 26 N ontronite ______------14 Troostite------30, 35

p v Paragenetic sequence ______27-28 Vanadinite ______9, 12, 15, 28, 31 pH of ground water------28, 29 Vanadium minerals, lithologic description ____ 39, 40 Phosgenite __ ------9, 11 localities_------39, 40 Pinger, A. W., quoted______14 Previous reports on oxidized zinc deposits. __ • 3, 5 W Production of oxidh.ed zinc ore______2 Pyroxene------13 Wallrock-replacement ores______8, Pyrite------28 15, 19, 20, 21, 26, 27, 29 Warm Springs district, Idaho, ore deposits in. 15 R Willemite_ 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 26, 30, 32, 33,35 W olftonite ______------6 Redmond, Utah, zinc deposits ______20, 24 Wulfenite ______8, 9, 12, 15, 28 Rosasite------37 Wurzite------5, 6, 8, 21, 47 s z Zincian clays ______26, 30 St. Anthony,Ariz., ore deposits------31, 37 Zincite------5, 11, 13, 14 San Francisco mining district, Utah ______21, 37 Zinnwaldite------56 0