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Management Plan for the Lynx Population in Finland

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Management Plan for the Lynx Population in Finland Publication of Management plan for Ministry of Agriculture the lynx population in and Forestry 2007 Finland MMM:n julkaisuja 1/2007 Suomen ilveskannan hoitosuunnitelma ISBN 978-952-453-312-6 1a/2007 Förvaltningsplan för Finlands lodjursstam ISBN 978-952-453-336-2 ISBN 978-952-453-340-9 www.mmm.fi ISSN 1238-2531 PO Box 30, 00023 COVERNMENT 1b2007 MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE LYNX POPULATION IN FINLAND Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 1b/2007 Name of publication Management plan for the lynx population in Finland Publisher: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Photographs: Hannu Huttu, Timo Kinnunen ISBN 978-952-453-340-9 ISSN 1238-2531 Graphis desing: Z Design Oy Layout: Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy Printing: Vammalan Kirjapaino Oy, 2007 Abstract In Finland, the lynx is a game animal species. Responsibility for the management and maintenance of the lynx pop- ulation lies with the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. At the regional level, the responsible bodies for game an- imal management are the game management districts, which are administrative units of the Finnish game admin- istration and of the regional level of the statutory hunters’ organisation. The growth of the lynx population in the past few years and their spread to new areas combined with the emergence of lynx population concentrations have brought new challenges for lynx population management in Finland. The Finnish lynx population has not been this abundant since the 19th century. The objectives set for lynx population management are to a certain extent conflicting, both on national and inter- national levels. The Management Plan for the Lynx Population in Finland was drawn up applying the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, Recommendations of the Standing Committee No 59 (1997) and No 74 (1999) as well as the IUCN’s principle of sustainable use and on the obligations laid down in Council Directive 92/43/EC on the protection of natural habitats and wild flora and fauna (the Habitats Directive), so as to fulfil the international obligations placed on Finland. In drawing up the management plan there was a broad hearing of local people, regional actors and national stakeholder groups. The lynx management plan is divided into two parts. The first part sets a background for the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry’s policy on the lynx. It describes the biology of the lynx and status of the lynx on the basis of up-to- date research information. Due to the lack of Finnish research on the lynx, the focus is on the findings of interna- tional research. The first part also deals with national legislation, international obligations and forms of interna- tional cooperation. There are separate chapters dealing, for example, with financial losses caused by the lynx, the coexistence of lynx and humans, earlier objectives of lynx population, population management measures imple- mented so far and sociological and social large carnivore research. The main part of the background material is based on the socio-economic research material obtained during the hearing procedure. The management plan presents the basic socio-economic outlines of policy based on the biology of the lynx or which are considered important. By implementing these policy outlines, Finland will continue systematic management of the lynx population and establish the lynx population as a permanent feature of Finnish nature and its biodiversity. The basic objective of Finland’s lynx population management and protection is to maintain the population at a fa- vourable conservation level. The objective will be implemented by the combined effect of measures under various headings. The measures are presented regionally under the headings of lynx population management, damage pre- vention and the costs of damage prevention, compensation for loss and damage, exceptions to the protected status of the lynx, monitoring and research on the lynx population and their development, training, advisory services and information, supervision of hunting, transplantation of lynx, cooperation between various interested parties on na- tional and international levels, updating of the management plan, and responsibilities for population management. In the measures to be implemented, consideration will be given to economic and social requirements and special regional and local features. The implementation of the management plan will be monitored and it will be updated as necessary. 3 Contents Abstract 1. Introduction 6 1.1 Background 6 1.2 Preparation of the management plan 7 1.3 Objectives and measures proposed in the management plan 8 PART 1. BACKGROUND TO MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION OF FINLAND’S LYNX POPULATION 9 2. Biology of the lynx 9 2.1 The lynx as a species 9 2.2 Distribution 9 2.3 Ecology and habits 9 2.3.1 Home range 9 2.3.2 Nutrition 11 2.3.3 Impact of lynx on game populations 15 2.3.4 Reproduction 16 2.3.5 Mortality of lynx, parasites and diseases 17 2.3.6 Lynx and other large carnivores 19 3. Status and development of the lynx population in Finland 20 3.1 History of the population in the 19th and 20th centuries 20 3.2 The lynx population today 20 3.3 Monitoring of the lynx population 22 3.4 Spread and re-introduction of lynx population 22 3.5 The lynx in Finland’s neighbouring regions 23 4. Financial losses caused by lynx 24 4.1 Lynx as vermin 24 4.2 Categories and number of losses 25 5. Legislation and commitments relating to management of the lynx population 27 5.1 The status of the lynx in national legislation 27 5.2 European Community legislation 27 5.2.1 Habitats Directive 27 5.2.2 CITES Regulation 29 5.3 Other international obligations 29 5.3.1 The Bern Convention 29 5.3.2 CITES Convention 30 5.3.3 Convention on Biological Diversity CBS 30 5.3.4 The classification status of the lynx 30 5.4 International cooperation 31 5.4.1 Cooperation between authorities in the Nordic countries, the Nordic Council, the Nordic Council of Ministers and the North Calotte Council 31 5.4.2 Nordic large carnivore research coordination group and cooperation with Russia and other European countries 31 6. Lynx population management so far 32 6.1 Finnish Council for Natural Resources: objectives of the Working Group for Large Terrestrial Carnivores 1996–2010 32 6.2 Information on large carnivores 33 6.3 Activities of carnivore contact persons 33 6.4 Advisory committees on large carnivores 34 6.5 The hunting licence procedure of the Ministry of Forestry and Agriculture 35 6.5.1 General 35 6.5.2 Instructions and allocation of hunting licences 35 6.6. Management plans for the Scandinavian and Baltic lynx populations 36 7. Expectations and objectives of Finns regarding lynx population management 37 7.1 History of attitudes to the lynx and of the reactions of Finns to the lynx 37 7.1.1 Wolf, lynx or wolf-lynx 37 7.1.2 The lynx in the press and the influence of media leaders on the emergence of negative attitudes to carnivores 37 7.2 Opinion polls on the lynx and other large carnivores 37 7.2.1 Lynx the most popular large carnivore 38 7.2.2 Negative attitudes to lynx also exist 38 7.2.3 The majority support regulation of large carnivore populations 39 7.2.4 In the reindeer herding area carnivores are accepted as long as compensation is paid 39 7.3 Lynx and humans 40 7.3.1 Summary of research findings 40 7.3.2 Key issues on which the different stakeholder groups agreed 41 7.3.3 Main causes of disagreement 43 8. Threats, viability and favourable conservation status of the lynx population 44 8.1 Possible threats to the lynx population 44 8.2 Viability and favourable conservation status of the lynx 44 PART 2. OBJECTIVES AND MEASURES FOR LYNX POPULATION MANAGEMENT 47 9. Outlines of lynx population management policy 47 9.1 Points of departure and criteria for lynx population management 48 9.2 Regional lynx population management 48 9.2.1 New population management areas 48 9.2.2 Regional target populations 49 9.2.3 Special regional objectives and measures 49 9.3 Monitoring and research on the lynx population 50 9.3.1 Population monitoring 50 9.3.2 Other research 50 9.4 Prevention and costs of loss and damage 51 9.4.1 General 51 9.4.2 Prevention and compensation of losses caused by lynx 51 9.5 Exceptions to the protected status of the lynx 52 9.6 Information, training and advice 54 9.6.1 Information on large carnivores 54 9.6.2 Training and advice 55 9.7 Supervision of hunting 55 9.8 Transplantation of lynx 56 9.9 Cooperation between different interest groups 56 9.9.1 Regional cooperation 56 9.9.2 National cooperation 56 9.9.3 International cooperation 57 9.10 Responsibilities for population management 58 9.11 Evaluation and monitoring of the implementation of the management plan 58 Literature 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Finland’s lynx population was fairly numerous until the 1880s, but by the early decades of the 20th century the lynx had already disappeared almost completely from Finland as a result of systematic persecution. In 1962, when the practice of paying bounties for killing lynx was stopped, the lynx population began to recover, and since the 1970s it has strengthened markedly. The number of litters has also developed favourably, and in 2005 the estimated number was 185 litters. At the end of 2005, Finland’s lynx population was estimated at 1100−1200 animals. In ad- dition, some lynx cross between Russia and Finland, but their exact number is not known.
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