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Ecology and Conservation of Lynx in the United States

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Ecology and Conservation of Lynx in the United States United States Department of Agriculture Ecology and Forest Service Conservation Rocky Mountain Research Station of Lynx in the General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-30WWW United States October 1999 Leonard F. Ruggiero Keith B. Aubry Steven W. Buskirk Gary M. Koehler Charles J. Krebs Kevin S. McKelvey John R. Squires World Wide Web version Abstract Ruggiero, Leonard F.; Aubry, Keith B.; Buskirk, Steven W.; Koehler, Gary M.; Krebs, Charles J.; McKelvey, Kevin S.; Squires, John R. Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-30WWW. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Available at: http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr030.html Once found throughout the Rocky Mountains and forests of the northern states, the lynx now hides in pockets of its former range while feeding mostly on small animals like snowshoe hares. A team of government and university scientists review the newest scientific knowledge of this unique cat’s history, distribution, and ecology. The chapters on this web site provide information for current scientific and public debates regarding the fate of the lynx in the United States. Chapters look at the relationships among lynx, its habitat, and its prey. The attributes of northern versus southern lynx populations are compared and contrasted. The authors caution against making decisions without enough knowledge and show where we lack information. While the authors present the latest preliminary research results on lynx and offer some qualified insights into lynx management, the book’s intent is to assess the current state of knowledge regarding lynx. Hard copies of the report will be available in late 1999 from the University Press of Colorado, P.O. Box 849, Niwot, CO 80544. The Authors Leonard F. Ruggiero is a scientist at the Rocky Mountain Research Station’s Forestry Sciences Lab in Missoula, MT. Keith B. Aubry is a scientist at the Pacific Northwest Research Station in Olympia, WA. Steven W. Buskirk is professor of zoology and physiology at University of Wyo- ming in Laramie. Gary M. Koehler is research biologist with the Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife in Olympia, WA. Charles J. Krebs is professor of zoology at the University of British Columbia. Kevin S. McKelvey is a scientist at the Rocky Mountain Research Station’s Forestry Sciences Lab in Missoula, MT. John R. Squires is a research associate at the University of Montana in Missoula. The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or any product or service Contents Page Preface Ecology and Conservation of Lynx in the United States ............................. 1 Chapter 1 Toward a Defensible Lynx Conservation Strategy: A Framework for Planning in the Face of Uncertainty ................................ 5 Leonard F. Ruggiero Kevin S. McKelvey Chapter 2 Theoretical Insights into the Population Viability of Lynx .......................... 21 Kevin S. McKelvey Steven W. Buskirk Charles J. Krebs Chapter 3 Disturbance Ecology of North American Boreal Forests and Associated Northern Mixed/Subalpine Forests .................................. 39 James K. Agee Chapter 4 Habitat Fragmentation and Interspecific Competition: Implications for Lynx Conservation ........................................................... 83 Steven W. Buskirk Chapter 5 Species Conservation and Natural Variation Among Populations ................................................................................. 101 Leonard F. Ruggiero Michael K. Schwartz Keith B. Aubry Charles J. Krebs Amanda Stanley Steven W. Buskirk Chapter 6 The Ecology of Snowshoe Hares in Northern Boreal Forests ......................................................................................... 117 Karen E. Hodges Chapter 7 Ecology of Snowshoe Hares in Southern Boreal and Montane Forests ..................................................................................... 163 Karen E. Hodges Chapter 8 History and Distribution of Lynx in the Contiguous United States .......................................................................................... 207 Kevin S. McKelvey Chapter 9 Ecology of Lynx in Northern Canada and Alaska ................................... 265 Garth Mowat Kim G. Poole Mark O’Donoghue Chapter 10 Canada Lynx Habitat and Topographic Use Patterns in North Central Washington: A Reanalysis ............................................ 307 Kevin S. McKelvey Yvette K. Ortega Gary M. Koehler Keith B. Aubry J. David Brittell Chapter 11 Lynx Home Range and Movements in Montana and Wyoming: Preliminary Results ......................................................... 337 John R. Squires Tom Laurion Chapter 12 Space-Use, Diet, Demographics, and Topographic Associations of Lynx in the Southern Canadian Rocky Mountains: A Study ...................................................................... 351 Clayton D. Apps Chapter 13 Ecology of Canada Lynx in Southern Boreal Forests ............................. 373 Keith B. Aubry Gary M. Koehler John R. Squires Chapter 14 Comparative Ecology of Lynx in North America ..................................... 397 Steven W. Buskirk Leonard F. Ruggiero Keith B. Aubry Dean E. Pearson John R. Squires Kevin S. McKelvey Chapter 15 Lynx Conservation in an Ecosystem Management Context .................................................................................................... 419 Kevin S. McKelvey Keith B. Aubry James K. Agee Steven W. Buskirk Leonard F. Ruggiero Gary M. Koehler Chapter 16 The Scientific Basis for Lynx Conservation: Qualified Insights .................................................................................... 443 Leonard F. Ruggiero Keith B. Aubry Steven W. Buskirk Gary M. Koehler Charles J. Krebs Kevin S. McKelvey John R. Squires Chapter 17 Conservation of Lynx in the United States: A Systematic Approach to Closing Critical Knowledge Gaps ....................................... 455 Keith B. Aubry Leonard F. Ruggiero John R. Squires Kevin S. McKelvey Gary M. Koehler Steven W. Buskirk Charles J. Krebs Chapter 18 Epilogue: The Scientific Basis for Lynx Conservation: Can We Get There From Here? .............................................................. 471 Leonard F. Ruggiero Keith B. Aubry Steven W. Buskirk Gary M. Koehler Charles J. Krebs Kevin S. McKelvey John R. Squires Preface Ecology and Conservation of Lynx in the United States When we began the task of elucidating the scientific basis for lynx conser- vation in June 1998, I had little idea how constrained our time would be. The request to do this job came from a consortium of federal land management agencies in response to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s “proposed rule” to list the Canada lynx as a threatened or endangered species throughout its range in the contiguous United States. I underestimated the extent to which legal mandates and the expectations of information-hungry biologists and decision-makers would push us. By late February 1999 we had provided nearly 800 pages of “working drafts” to agency personnel who were respon- sible for various products associated with the potential listing. But the situation grew even more urgent later in the spring when the USFWS decided to delay its final listing decision by six months, from July 1999 to January 2000, so they could consider the entirety of our final product. Although unknown to me at the time, this decision necessitated that our work be made available for public comment in final form far sooner than we 1 Preface had planned. We were told that if we failed to meet this timeline, legal constraints would ensure that agency officials and the general public would not be able to use our findings in decision-making and public involvement attendant to the listing process. Moreover, we were told that in order for all this to happen, our work would have to be disseminated via the Internet! To say the least, it was disconcerting that our “rush job” would be available all over the globe, and that the prospects for publishing our work in book form might be compromised. But as scientists interested in the application of our work, we had little choice. Two fortunate circumstances helped to mitigate this dilemma. First, the Rocky Mountain Research Station has a first-class Publishing Services staff under the direction of Louise Kingsbury. It was the professional capability and dedication of this group that made it possible for us to get camera-ready copies of Chapters 1-16 onto the Internet within the allotted time. Published electronically as USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RMRS– GTR-30WWW, this version of our work was made available to agency personnel as well as to the general public. Thus, all of the most pertinent information in this book was available for use in the sociopolitical process defined pursuant to the Endangered Species Act. The second fortuitous circumstance was that our work caught the atten- tion of Darrin Pratt, Acquisitions Editor of the University of Colorado Press. Mr. Pratt’s interest and the ultimate acceptance of our book for publication by the University of Colorado Press has been extremely gratifying. Accord- ingly, we are deeply grateful to Louise Kingsbury, Darrin Pratt, and to all those who have been instrumental in the editing, production, and publica- tion of both the electronic and hard copy editions of this book. In this book, and in our related activities, we have drawn a clear
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