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Compact City Or Sprawl? the Role of Urban Form in Subjective Well-Being

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Compact City Or Sprawl? the Role of Urban Form in Subjective Well-Being Norwegian University of Life Sciences Faculty of Landscape and Society Department of Urban and Regional Planning Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) Thesis 2018:52 Compact city or sprawl? The role of urban form in subjective well-being Kompakt by eller byspredning? Bystrukturens betydning for subjektiv livskvalitet Kostas Mouratidis Compact city or sprawl? The role of urban form in subjective well-being Kompakt by eller byspredning? Bystrukturens betydning for subjektiv livskvalitet Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) Thesis Kostas Mouratidis Norwegian University of Life Sciences Faculty of Landscape and Society Department of Urban and Regional Planning Ås (2018) Thesis number 2018:52 ISSN 1894-6402 ISBN 978-82-575-1523-2 It’s one of the joys, you know, in the morning to go out… Early in the morning and all the sound of the city waking up. People maybe opening the stores or... I don’t know it’s a special sound. Very often a special smell. I love that. And… Yeah, the wind of the trees. No, it has to be. I have to live in a nice area. The area is very, very important, absolutely. Extremely important. –Project participant Acknowledgements First of all, I want to thank the person who initiated this fellowship, resulting in a wonderful, fulfilling journey for me, my main supervisor Petter Næss. I am deeply grateful to Petter for his continuous trust, support, encouraging words, and mentorship from the beginning to the end of this journey. His work, knowledge, and devoted and meaningful guidance have been an enormous source of inspiration for me. I also owe a sincere debt of gratitude to my co- supervisor Jin Xue for her insightful comments, empathy, encouragement, as well as for her thought-provoking questions which always motivated me to sharpen my research. I truly thank you both for being such inspiring supervisors and colleagues and hope I have been able to meet your expectations. Particular thanks go to the members of the PhD thesis evaluation committee, Julie Lawson, Jason Cao, and Mina Di Marino. Thank you for accepting to be members of the committee, for devoting time to reading the thesis, and for providing very useful remarks and evaluation. I consider your feedback to be greatly beneficial for my future research. At this point, I want to thank all the colleagues at the Department of Urban and Regional Planning at NMBU as well as the colleagues from the other departments of the Faculty of Landscape and Society for their academic as well as personal support. I was lucky enough to work with you and want to thank you for creating this welcoming, friendly, and stimulating working environment. Special thank you to my fellow PhD colleagues for their friendship and the extremely precious informal time we shared together. I also want to warmly thank the administrative personnel of our faculty for their vital assistance during these years. I must stress the importance of the invaluable experience and knowledge I gained from my research visit at the Department of Human Geography and Planning at Utrecht University, in the Netherlands. I sincerely thank Dick Ettema for his invitation, guidance, and support. A very fruitful collaboration emerged during this stay. I am grateful to the opponents in my three PhD seminars, Hege Hofstad, Marit Ekne Ruud, and Rolf Barlindhaug. Thank you for your helpful comments and advice during the various stages of the project. Kind thanks are also dedicated to the coordinators of the PhD courses I followed during these years, Erling Berge, Tim Richardson, Petter Næss, Elin Børrud, Marius Grønning, Nikolai Olavi Czajkowski, Tilmann von Soest, Arnt Fløysand, and Tor Aase. You helped me acquire knowledge and competences that greatly contributed to successfully complete this thesis. I am also deeply indebted to all the participants of my project for being willing to get involved in the project’s survey and interviews. Without them, this thesis would not have been realized. I want to take the opportunity to thank the wonderful friends who have been my family in Oslo throughout this period. Thank you for being such good friends and for sharing these special years together. Special thanks also to the ones who have been physically away but continuously accompanied me on this journey nevertheless. Thank you my beloved friends from Thessaloniki, from other parts of Greece, and from other parts of the world. And finally, I want to profoundly thank my beloved family, my mother Rea, my father Tasos, and my sister Elena. This thesis is dedicated to them. Summary The novel contribution of this thesis is the new theoretical and empirical knowledge it generates on the relationship between urban form and subjective well-being (SWB). It specifically examines how urban form, in other words the composite of the physical characteristics and functions of cities, affects SWB, the subjectively-measured quality of life. By investigating this topic, the thesis (a) improves the state-of-the-art of scientific knowledge on quality of life in cities and (b) contributes to scientific debates on environmental versus social sustainability of cities since the urban form can influence both environmental (e.g. emissions, land consumption, pollution) and social (e.g. SWB) sustainability. Such knowledge can have a significant societal impact, providing practitioners and policymakers with input on how to enhance quality of life in present and future cities. The thesis’ empirical investigations are based in Oslo metropolitan area, which constitutes a good case for this type of research due to the high variety of urban forms present within the same geographical and cultural context. The empirical study follows a mixed-methods research approach. Data are collected through survey and interviews, both developed and conducted for the purposes of this project, and are analyzed with both quantitative and qualitative methods. This thesis develops, applies, and assesses a new theory on urban form and SWB. According to this theory, urban form can influence certain life domains (personal relationships, leisure activities, health, and neighborhood impact on emotions and mood) which in turn influence SWB measures (life satisfaction, hedonic well-being, and eudaimonia). The thesis also develops, applies, and assesses a new theory on urban form and personal relationships, which is a major life domain of SWB previously understudied for its relation to urban form. The empirical results of this thesis suggest that neighborhood satisfaction, social well-being and personal relationships satisfaction, and perceived physical health are all facilitated by compact urban forms compared with low-density sprawled ones. On the other hand, emotional response to place is less positive for compact urban forms. Leisure activities satisfaction is similar across different types of urban form. SWB measures – life satisfaction, happiness, and eudaimonia – are also found to be similar across different types of urban form, while anxiety is found to be higher for compact urban forms. Independently of the type of urban form, the empirical findings suggest that some attributes are important for most residents: easy access to facilities and services, public transport, open public spaces, green areas, safety, quietness, cleanliness, and aesthetic quality. The thesis’ findings indicate positive signs for urban sustainability. High-density development does not necessarily exert a negative influence on SWB, as often claimed. Important synergies between environmental and social sustainability are identified. It is of particular significance that environmentally friendly urban forms (compact) can be beneficial for personal relationships and physical health. These are not only among the most crucial domains for quality of life at a certain point in time, but are very important for human flourishing across the lifespan. On the other hand, special attention should be paid to fear of crime and noise, which appear to be concerns even in relatively peaceful and quiet compact cities and may lead to unpleasant emotions and increased anxiety. Researchers, practitioners, and policymakers should carefully look into ways to counter these implications in order to mitigate conflicts between environmental and social sustainability. Sammendrag Denne avhandlingen har frambrakt ny og original teoretisk og empirisk kunnskap om forholdet mellom bystruktur og subjektiv livskvalitet (SLK). Avhandlingen undersøker spesifikt hvordan bystrukturen, dvs. byens fysiske elementer og funksjoner, påvirker SLK, den subjektivt målte livskvaliteten. Ved å undersøke dette emnet bidrar avhandlingen (a) med ny vitenskapelig kunnskap om livskvalitet i byer, og (b) med innspill til den vitenskapelige debatten om miljømessig versus sosial bærekraft i byer, siden bystrukturen kan påvirke både miljø (f.eks. utslipp, arealforbruk, forurensning) og sosial (f.eks. SLK) bærekraft. Slik kunnskap kan få stor samfunnsmessig betydning, bl.a. ved å gi praktikere og beslutningstakere innspill om hvordan man kan forbedre livskvaliteten i dagens og framtidens byer. Avhandlingens empiriske undersøkelser er utført i Oslos storbyområde. Dette byområdet egner seg godt for denne typen forskning på grunn av den store variasjonen av bystrukturelle nabolagsegenskaper innenfor samme geografiske og kulturelle kontekst. Den empiriske studien følger en forskningstilnærming basert på metodekombinasjon. Dataene er samlet gjennom en spørreskjemaundersøkelse og kvalitative intervju utformet og utført for dette prosjektets formål, og analyseres med både kvantitative
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