UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA Oddelek Za Zgodovino
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UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA Oddelek za zgodovino DIPLOMSKO DELO Vid Zakrajšek Maribor, 2012 UNIVERZA V MARIBORU FILOZOFSKA FAKULTETA Oddelek za zgodovino Diplomsko delo BRITANSKA TAJNA SLUŽBA SOE (SPECIAL OPERATIONS EXECUTIVE) V EVROPI 1940–1946 Graduation thesis BRITISH SECRET SERVICE SOE (SPECIAL OPERATIONS EXECUTIVE) IN EUROPE 1940–1946 Mentor: Kandidat: red. prof. dr. Jerca Vodušek Stari č Vid Zakrajšek Maribor, 2012 Lektorica: Ksenija Pe čnik, prof. slov. jezika Prevajalka: Polona Zakrajšek, univ. dipl. prav., zunanja sodelavka Sodiš ča Evropske unije 2004-2010 ZAHVALA Iskreno se zahvaljujem mentorici, red. prof. dr. Jerci Vodušek Stari č, za strokovne nasvete, pomo č, potrpežljivost in čas. Posebej se zahvaljujem svoji družini, o četu in mami, za brezpogojno podporo in spodbudo v času študija ter nastajanja tega diplomskega dela. IZJAVA Podpisani Vid ZAKRAJŠEK, rojen 15. 8. 1980, študent Filozofske fakultete Univerze v Mariboru, smer enopredmetna nepedagoška zgodovina, izjavljam, da je diplomsko delo z naslovom Britanska tajna služba SOE (Special Operations Executive) v Evropi 1940–1946 pri mentorici red. prof. dr. Jerci Vodušek Stari č avtorsko delo. V diplomskem delu so uporabljeni viri in literatura korektno navedeni; besedila niso prepisana brez navedbe avtorjev. __________________________________ (podpis študenta) Maribor, 14. 01. 2013 POVZETEK 1. septembra 1939, manj kot 23 let po koncu 1. svetovne vojne, je tretji rajh z napadom na Poljsko za čel 2. svetovno vojno. Z odgovornostjo za za četek sovražnosti in ponaredbo legitimnega izgovora za napad so tajne službe in posebne enote dale tej novi vojni zna čaj, ki jo je spremljal ves čas njenega poteka. Ta ni imel samo velikega vpliva na razvoj taktike bojevanja in orožja, ampak tudi na druga podro čja življenja v prihodnosti, od znanosti do industrije itd. Vohunstvo, tajne službe in posebne vojaške enote obstajajo že tiso čletja, vendar nikoli prej v takšnem obsegu in pomenu, kot so ga dobile v letih 1939–1945. 22. julija 1940 je bila z ukazom premiera Winstona Churchilla ustanovljena nova tajna agencija Special Operations Executive (SOE) pod taktirko Hugh Daltona, ministra za ekonomsko vojskovanje. Njena naloga je bila, po besedah premiera, da »spravi Evropo v plamene«. SOE ni bila povsem nova formacija, temve č amalgamacija treh že obstoje čih tajnih služb, od katerih je bila vsaka pod drugim ministrstvom. Section D (SIS – Secret Intelligence Service), MIR (Military Intelligence Research – del War Office) in Department EH (Foreign Office) so združili v eno službo. Naloga SOE je bilo organiziranje odporniških gibanj, urjenje odpornikov, vohunjenje in sabotaže, izvajanje atentatov, uni čevanje mostov in manjšanje sovražnikovih strateških in takti čnih sposobnosti vodenja vojne. Zaradi tega SOE ni mogla delovati dalj časa, brez da bi pritegnila pozornost sovražnika. Pri čakovana sovražnikova reakcija je bila glavni razlog nesporazumov med SOE in MI6, kajti MI6 je hotela, da so skrivne operacije tudi ostale prikrite. Metode SOE so povzro čile tudi trenja z begunskimi vladami drugih držav, ker so nekatera odporniška gibanja, ki jih je SOE podpirala, opremljala in urila, hotela spremeniti politi čne sisteme svojih držav. Metodologija SOE je bila zagotavljanje takti čne podpore, urjenje, oboroževanje, denarna in zdravstvena pomo č in zagotavljanje agentov skupinam, ki so lahko dokazale bojevanje proti nacizmu in fašizmu, ne glede na njihove verska, politi čna in sociološka prepri čanja in povezave. Pragmati čni pristop SOE je bil kriv za obtožbe kratkovidnosti, toda v tedanjih okoliš činah okupirane Evrope je bila to edina pot za zagotovitev kon čne zmage. Tako kot je njen nastanek bil zna čilen za vse vojne agencije in posebne vojaške enote, od Popskijeve zasebne vojske (Popski's Private Army ) in hudi čeve brigade (Devil's Brigade ) do Long Range Desert Group (LRDG), je bil tudi njen konec zvest temu zna čaju. SOE je bila ustvarjenja za boj proti fašizmu in nacizmu in s koncem vojne je ostala brez svojega naravnega sovražnika. Preživela je svoje »kolegice« in vojno za le manj kot leto dni. Po notranjih prepirih med raznimi ministrstvi in tajnimi službami, kdo bo SOE prevzel, jo je novi premier Clement Attlee 15. januarja 1946 razpustil. Klju čne besede: SOE, druga svetovna vojna, sabotaže, tajne službe, odporniška gibanja, nacizem. SUMMARY On 1 September 1939, with the attack on Poland, the Third Reich started World War II, less than 23 years after the end of the Great War. By being instrumental for the beginning of hostilities and providing spurious grounds in the attack, secret agencies and special forces gave this war a new, different and previously unseen character that stayed with it throughout its duration and had an enormous influence not only on the development of tactics of combat and weapons, but also on other many aspects of life and for the future, including, but not limited to science and industry. Espionage, secret services and special forces have been existing for millennia, but never before in such a range and importance, as they attained in the years 1939-45. On 22 July 1940 Prime Minister Churchill issued a special order under the provisions of which a new secret service, Special Operations Executive (SOE) , was formed, placed under the command of the Minister of Economic Warfare, sir Hugh Dalton. It's mission was to »set Europe ablaze«. Created into one agency from three separate secret services, Section D from the Secret Intelligence Service (or MI6), MI(R) from the War Office and Department EH from the Foreign Office. SOE's task was to organize resistance movements, train resistance fighters, conduct espionage and sabotage, carry out assassinations, blow up bridges and check the enemy's strategic and tactical ability to wage war. This mission made it impossible for the SOE to conduct operations over a protracted period of time while still remaining invisible to the enemy. The inevitability of enemy reaction to SOE's activities was a major cause of disagreement between SOE and MI6; the latter organisation preferring that clandestine operations should remain undetected by the enemy. SOE's methods also brought them into conflict with various allied governments-in-exile as a number of the resistance groups the organisation was supporting, equipping and training, wanted to make political changes in their countries. SOE's methodology was to provide tactical support, training, armament, monetary and medical aid and also agents to groups who could prove they were fighting Nazis and Fascism, regardless of their religious, political and sociological beliefs and affiliations. SOE's pragmatic approach frequently resulted in accusations of short-sightedness being levelled against it, but in the-then circumstances, with the whole of Europe occupied and under oppression, this was the only way to insure final victory. SOE's end, like its birth was very similar to other ad-hoc secret services and special forces so characteristic of World War II, like Popski's Private Army, Devil's Brigade, Long Range Desert Group, etc. SOE was formed to fight Nazism and Fascism and with the war coming to an end, SOE had been left without it's natural enemy and reason for existence. SOE survived its colleagues and war for less than a year. After in-fighting between different ministries and secret agencies, who would get SOE under their command, the new Prime Minister Clement Attlee finally dissolved SOE on 15th January 1946. Keywords: SOE, World War II, sabotage, secret services, resistance movements, Nazism. KAZALO 1. UVOD...........................................................................................................................1 2. BRITANSKA TAJNA SLUŽBA SOE V EVROPI 1940–1946...................................2 3. DELOVANJE SOE PO DRŽAVAH............................................................................ 30 3.1 Češkoslovaška ........................................................................................................30 3.2 Poljska....................................................................................................................33 3.3 Madžarska ..............................................................................................................35 3.4 Francija...................................................................................................................39 3.5 Jugoslavija..............................................................................................................48 3.6 Avstrija...................................................................................................................54 3.7 Švica.......................................................................................................................54 2.8 Danska....................................................................................................................55 3.9 Norveška.................................................................................................................57 3.10 Švedska.................................................................................................................58 3.11 Romunija ..............................................................................................................59 3.12 Bolgarija ...............................................................................................................61 3.13 Gr čija....................................................................................................................62