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Vol. 44 No. 2 [2018] Editorial Board Advisor BG Chua Boon Keat Chairman COL Simon Lee Wee Chek Deputy Chairman COL(NS) Irvin Lim Members COL(NS) Tan Swee Bock COL(NS) Benedict Ang Kheng Leong COL Victor Huang COL Kevin Goh COL Goh Tiong Cheng MAJ(NS) Charles Phua Chao Rong MS Melissa Ong MS Ho Ying Ting MR Kuldip Singh MR Daryl Lee Chin Siong MS Sonya Chan CWO Ng Siak Ping Professor Pascal Vennesson Assistant Professor Daniel Chua MR Eddie Lim Editorial Team Editor MS Helen Cheng Assistant Editor MR Bille Tan Research Specialists PTE David Omar Ting PTE Koo Yi Xian PTE Jasmond Oh ß The opinions and views expressed in this journal do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Ministry of Defence. Pointer Editorial Board reserves the right to edit and publish selected articles according to its editorial requirements. All rights reserved. The articles in this journal are not to be reproduced in part or in whole without the consent of the Ministry of Defence. Copyright ©2018 Ministry of Defence. POINTER JOURNAL OF THE SINGAPORE ARMED FORCES ISSN 2017-3956 Vol. 44 No. 2 [2018] contents iii EDITORIAL FEATURES 01 At the Leading Edge: The RSAF and the Fourth Industrial Revolution by LTC Clement Wee Yong Nien, MAJ Tay Cheng Chuan & MAJ Ho Jin Peng 12 Autonomy: The Next Frontier by ME6 Tan Kwang Liang, CPT Lim Guang He & ME4 Gerald Goh Qi Wen 24 The Internet of Things: Applications and Challenges for the RSAF by ME6(DR) Reuben Lim Chi Keong, MAJ Pek Wee Kian & ME5 David Bey 35 The Emergence of Small Unmanned Aerial Systems: Opportunities and Challenges by LTC Ho Sen Kiat, MAJ Lee Mei Yi & CPT Sim Bao Chen 45 Building A Resilient RSAF by LTC Ang Teo Hong, MAJ Nicholas Tay Weizhe & ME4 Kok Khew Fai 58 Manpower Resources and the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Opportunities for the RSAF by LTC Nan Yik Mun, CPT Koh Tze Kia & CPT Zech Tan E-an contents BOOK REVIEW 70 Neal Bascomb, The Winter Fortress: The Epic Mission to Sabotage Hitler’s Atomic Bomb by Jeria Kua PERSONALITY PROFILE 76 Marie Skłodowska Curie by Koo Yi Xian 82 QUOTABLE QUOTES editorial iii Editorial In this second issue of POINTER for 2018, we adopt the opportunities offered by the 4IR. This will are pleased to present an Air Force-themed issue. keep the RSAF at the leading edge in operations, The theme is ‘At the Leading Edge – Opportunities engineering, logistics and training. and Challenges in the Age of the Fourth Industrial The second essay, ‘Autonomy: The Next Frontier’ Revolution (4IR) and Hybrid Warfare.’ This issue cast by ME6 Tan Kwang Liang, CPT Lim Guang He and ME4 the spotlight on the Republic of Singapore Air Force Gerald Goh Qi Wen explores what existing definitions (RSAF) as a forward looking air force, ready to tackle and models of autonomy mean in the context of the the challenges and seize opportunities presented by RSAF, and analyses the trajectory of technologies the development of 4IR technologies like Artificial and military applications that will define autonomy Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), in the foreseeable future. In discussing how the autonomous vehicles while continuing to respond to RSAF can leverage such applications to enhance the menace of hybrid warfare. The essays in this issue its capabilities, the authors also examine how the will explore important issues that the RSAF will need RSAF needs to continuously evolve to address the to consider in the face of the 4IR. These essays will attendant demands, complexities and vulnerabilities cover anticipated changes in the future operating of autonomous systems. environment, the challenges and opportunities that the RSAF will encounter, and the new organisational ME6 (DR) Reuben Lim Chi Keong, MAJ Pek Wee capacities and competencies that the force will need Kian and ME5 David Bey present their perspective on to create to stay ahead of the curve. ‘The Internet of Things: Applications and Challenges for the RSAF.’ Their essay defines the IoT and its The first essay is entitled, ‘At the Leading Edge: military application. One of these is its potential to The RSAF and the Fourth Industrial Revolution’ and shift sense-making and decision-making from non- is written by LTC Clement Wee Yong Nien, MAJ Tay real-time, man-in-the-loop to real-time, autonomous Cheng Chuan and MAJ Ho Jin Peng. According to the processes. The essay discusses how this can alleviate authors, 4IR is transforming every aspect of society, manpower-intensive tasks in a ‘smart airbase’, in and the military is no exception. The authors go on to order to acheve more efficient and effective air power explain how the IoT, System of Systems and AI form generation. The essay also discusses implementation the foundation upon which the 4IR is built. In the risks and how the RSAF’s early experience in commercial world, people are beginning to witness implementing the complex Island Air Defence System the disruptive effects of 4IR, which levels the playing of Systems (IADSoS) provides a useful guide. field for upstarts and established incumbents. The essay highlights the need for the RSAF to build a The fourth essay, ‘The Emergence of Small culture of innovation so that its people at all levels Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS): Opportunities and of the organisation are best positioned to adapt and Challenges’ is written by LTC Ho Sen Kiat, MAJ Lee Mei POINTER, JOURNAL OF THE SINGAPORE ARMED FORCES VOL.44 NO.2 editorial iv Yi and CPT Sim Bao Chen. According to the authors, introduce the RSAF’s existing Adaptive, Innovative advancement in sUAS development has provided and Resilient (AIR) programme − ab initio − and opportunities for the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) discuss how this can be extended into the units. to rethink the way their business is done. The authors The final essay in this issue entitled ‘Manpower suggest that the sUAS can play a greater role in both Resources and 4IR: Opportunities for the RSAF’ is peacetime military operations and future battlefields, written by LTC Nan Yik Mun, CPT Koh Tze Kia and enabling mission accomplishment with safer, faster CPT Zech Tan E-an. It expounds on the potentially and greater efficiency. Conversely, the threat of virtuous cycle that can result if 4IR technologies sUAS poses a significant challenge to the peace and are used to optimise manpower resources and vice security of Singapore. The authors further suggest versa. The essay first covers the impact that the several steps the SAF must take in order to develop and field sUAS innovations. At the same time, the SAF 4IR will have on labour markets in the commercial needs to develop capabilities and measures to defend world to better understand the implications of 4IR on against sUAS threats. force manpower resoure management. A case-study approach that draws examples from the private sector ‘Building a Resilient RSAF’ is written by LTC Ang and foreign militaries is taken to: (1) identify areas Teo Hong, MAJ Nicholas Tay Weizhe and ME4 Kok in which 4IR technologies can be applied to optimise Khew Fai and examine how information operations manpower in the RSAF; and (2) identify programmes are employed in hybrid warfare to target a fighting that other militaries have used to develop Science, force’s soft underbelly – through public opinion and Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) the fighting force’s will to fight. As such, against the talents. Lastly, the essay discusses how the RSAF can advent of hybrid warfare, beyond the core type and engender ground-up innovation to better mobilise its task training, there is a need to train resilient airmen. airmen to respond nimbly to the opportunities of 4IR. This builds on the government’s existing efforts through Total Defence and SGSecure. The authors also The POINTER Editorial Team POINTER, JOURNAL OF THE SINGAPORE ARMED FORCES VOL.44 NO.1 features 1 AT THE LEADING EDGE: THE RSAF AND THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION by LTC Clement Wee Yong Nien, MAJ Tay Cheng Chuan & MAJ Ho Jin Peng Abstract: The 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR) marks the dawn of a new age for every aspect of society, including the military. Technological advancements will blur the lines between the physical, digital and biological spheres and cause the distinction between man and machine, real world and virtual reality to be less defined. This essay explains how the enabling concepts of the 4IR including the Internet of Things (IoT) and the System of Systems (SoS) will lead to game-changing developments in the areas of Augmented Reality (AR) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). The essay highlights the need for the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) to build a culture of innovation so that its airmen are best positioned to adapt and adopt the opportunities offered by the 4IR at all levels of the organisation. This will keep the RSAF at the leading edge in operations, engineering, logistics and training. The essay goes on to recognise the associated challenges posed by the disruption of the 4IR but reassures the readers that these are not insurmountable so long as the RSAF embraces them with the spirit of innovation and resilience. Keywords: Developments; Adapt; Adopt; Innovation; Resilience INTRODUCTION In view of the shift towards Hybrid Warfare, militaries need to adopt fundamentally different The evolving nature of conflict towards Hybrid capability development strategies and to respond Warfare has overturned the logic of conventional more nimbly to this new strategic security landscape. warfare. Developments in the realms of cyber and There needs to be a more innovative approach to information technologies have led to the rise of solutioning. non-conventional capabilities.
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