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Leif Tronstad Began Thinking Aloud About Something the British Had and That Norway Was Missing: Military Research

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75TH ANNIVERSARY MAGAZINE FROM THE NORWEGIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT (FFI) 1946–2021 PROUD PAST, EXCITING FUTURE FFI 75 years 3 VITEN IS NORWEGIAN FOR 'KNOWLEDGE' AND IS FFI'S MAGAZINE AIMED AT A WIDER AUDIENCE. THIS IS A SPECIAL EDITION TO CELEBRATE FFI'S 75TH ANNIVERSARY. 2 FFI 75 years NORWEGIAN DEFENCE RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT On 11 April 1946, the Norwegian Parliament (Stortinget) decided to establish the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI). FFI has now been supplying knowledge and ideas for an effective Norwegian defence for 75 years. The story continues. Here are the stories of a proud past and an exciting future. FFI 75 years 1 PUBLISHER: FFI PROJECT MANAGER: Grethe Skaugvoll EDITOR: Lars Aarønæs 04 40 DESIGN: Grete Alvestad Tina Hay Iversen James Bond and I A lifetime of construction kits Isabel Nordang PHOTOGRAPHY: Espen Wang-Naveen [email protected] COVER/ILLUSTRATIONS: Martin Hvattum / ByHands CONTRIBUTORS: Bjørn Fremstad Wenche Gerhardsen Anne-Lise Hammer Espen Hofoss Jan Olav Langseth Ålov Runde Tone Elisabeth Vesteng Solberg PHOTO: Lars-Erik Berg Fieldmade Forsvaret Terje Heiestad Director General John-Mikal Størdal is fond of secrets. He put his mark on the institute for a quarter of a Kongsberg Defence and Aerospace Now, he is sharing some of them with us. century. Meccano construction kits set the course. KDA FFI, too, was a construction kit for the remarkable NAMMO NASA / JPL-Caltech Director General and national strategist Finn Lied. Norsk Industriarbeidermuseum Norsk Romsenter / UTIAS / AdobeStock NTB Espen Rasmussen / VG Reuters / Rosatom Paul White / TT Nyhetsbyrån FFI 02.2021 Printing: 07 gruppen Edition: 500 (06/2021) P ISBN: 978-82-464-3323-3 E ISBN: 978-82-464-3324-0 P ISSN: 2535-2679 E ISSN: 2535-2687 30 The penguin learned to fly 66 They study terrorism When Norway’s first research and development The researchers in the TERRA Project are now among project was launched, it was really too big an under- the world`s most knowledgeable on international Follow us: Facebook taking for such a small country. The Penguin missiles terrorism and Jihadism. Instagram became the start of an industrial adventure that LinkedIn continues to this day. ffi.no/en Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) Visiting address: Instituttveien 20 NO-2007 Kjeller Postal address: P.O. Box 25 NO-2027 Kjeller Telephone: +47 63 80 70 00 52 Soul searchers 72 Super measurer Can a research institute have a soul? Historians Can a super-precise measuring device be 55 metres Olav Wicken and Olav Njølstad found traces of in length and weigh hundreds of tons? It can, if its something resembling a soul. Together, they wrote name is H.U. Sverdrup II. Climb aboard. the book Kunnskap som våpen (Knowledge as a weapon), the story of FFI’s first 30 years. 2 VITEN / FFI 75 år 90 The space scouts CONTENT We are James Bond’s Q ......................................... 04 This is FFI ............................................................... 10 Everything is top-secret, right? ............................. 12 Made in England .................................................... 14 Don’t you actually need a million? ........................ 16 The Chief of Defence lends his ear to FFI ............. 18 This mix is magical ................................................ 20 You are Nammo’s technology scouts ................... 21 The short way is the best way ............................... 21 Leadership is understanding ................................ 22 Can spare parts fit in your pocket? ....................... 26 How the penguin learned to fly ............................. 30 We have a secret treasure trove ........................... 34 "Hey Armed Forces! I have an idea" ..................... 38 Finn was the system builder .................................. 40 How can tiny satellites reveal sinister ships in Norwegian waters? What secrets can be found FFI Director Generals ............................................ 48 around Saturn and on Mars? Several outer space scouts have been developed at FFI. We must be prepared ........................................... 50 Can an institute have a soul? ................................ 52 Minesweeping with Hugin .................................... 58 Sensors characterise the battlefields of the future 62 The terrorism researchers ..................................... 66 Kjeller was first online ........................................... 68 How Sverdrup uncovers the deep sea ................. 72 From industrial mechanics to civil protection ...... 76 The new trends may change everything .............. 78 Highlights from the past 75 years ......................... 80 Spermal was Norwegian napalm .......................... 82 Where is FFI heading? ........................................... 84 Mars, Saturn and hidden ships will be revealed ... 90 84 Four challenges 118 Armstrong at Spåtind The hunt for viruses .............................................. 94 What research fields will be the most exciting He was the first man on the moon. But what Moments of history ................................................ 98 in the coming decade? We have explored four was Neil Armstrong (on the left) doing with The images I will never forget ............................... 118 of them in more detail. FFI’s Olav Blichner at the Spåtind Mountain A radioactive researcher in the corridor .............. 122 Hotel? See the pictures photographer Bjørn How to avoid an explosion ................................... 124 Fremstad will never forget. Summer internships are awesome ....................... 126 1948 1955 1967 1972 1990 2003 2018 EKKOLODD NÆRHETSBRANNRØR FOR BOMBEKASTER MISSILMOTOR REGISTRERENDE BUNNSTASJON EPITEK-LABORATORIET INNVIES JOINT STRIKE MISSILE (JSM) JOINT STRIKE MISSILE (JSM) Utvikling av asdic (ekkolodd) Gjennombrudd for miniatyrelektronikk gjør bombe- FFI og Raufoss Ammunisjons- Prototyp for registrerende bunnstasjon Det første i sitt slag innenfor Forstudier av Joint Strike Missile Første velykkede skyting til havneforsvar starter. FFIs kastere mer effektive. Et viktig arbeid for FFI starter. fabrikk utvikler motor for lages. Den samler data på havbunnen kommunikasjon og elektrooptikk (JSM) starter. med JSM. teknologi blir kommersialisert Penguin Mk1. og er uavhengig av fartøy. i Skandinavia. gjennom Simrad, med suksess NYTT KAMPFLY 3D-PRINTING TELEVERKETS hos fiskeflåten. 1957 1960 1973 NYTT FORSKNINGSSKIP FFIs støtte til valg av nytt kampfly På Nato-øvelsen Trident FORSKNINGSINSTITUTT Forskningsskipet «H.U. Sverdrup II» starter. Juncture demonstreres INSTITUTT FOR ATOMENERGI opprettes på Kjeller, som avløser «H.U. Sverdrup I» (1960). 3D-printing av reserve- (IFA, seinere IFE) opprettes på FØRSTE DATAMASKIN TREKANTSAMARBEIDET avlegger av FFI. DATATEKNOLOGI/INTERNETT FØRSTE PRESSEKONFERANSE deler i felt. Kjeller, som avlegger av FFI. FFI får sin første Samarbeidet mellom Forsvaret, industrien 15. juni er FFI på Kjeller første sted utenfor VÅPENSTASJON FFI kaller inn til sin første presse- elektroniske regne- og FFI begynner å ta form. USA som kobles til Arpanet, forløperen til Utvikling av fjernstyrt konferanse noensinne. Temaet er INNOVASJON 1945 1953 maskin/datamaskin, 1968 internettet. 1983 våpenstasjon starter. 1999 en rykende fersk FFI-rapport: 2009 Prosjektet ICE worx, 2021 Frederic. SVERDRUP Al-Qaidas mediestrategi. FFIs innovasjonssenter, Forskningsskipet «H.U. Sverdrup I» BØYUMS METODE TERRORISMEFORSKNING JOINT STRIKE MISSILE (JSM) etableres. FREDEN ER HER FELLES- avløser «Tustna» (1946). KONGSBERG (KDA) GEORADAREN RIMFAX Andre verdenskrig VERKSTED Arne Bøyums metode for etablerer seg på Kjeller, for å være FFI begynner å forske på Utvikling av Joint Strike Nasas Mars-rover celleseparasjon lanseres. terrorisme og assymetriske Missile (JSM) starter. er slutt. Ideen om å Fellesverk- tett på FFI og utviklinga av søke- 2014 «Perseverance» lander etablere FFI blir til 1950 stedet på 1958 1961 1974 hodet til Penguin. 1991 1994 trusler (Terra). 2005 18. februar 2021. Den konkrete planer. Kjeller opp- PENGUIN-MISSIL bærer georadaren rettes. Dette Første vellykkede skyting RADIOSYSTEMET KOBRA Rimfax, utviklet av FFI. BEDRIFTSSKOLE blir senere TERNE-MISSILET STRÅLINGSBIOLOGI med Penguin. KAMPLEDELSESSYSTEMET SJØMÅLSMISSIL MOBILT LUFTVERNSYSTEM NANOSATELLITT NASA VELGER FFI Utvikling av radiosystemet KOBRA FFI velges som leveran- FFI får sin egen prototyp- Kongsberg Våpen- Toksikologiavdelingen opprettes, Kampledelsessystemet MSI-90U (NSM) FFI rådgir Luftforsvaret i Utvikling av nanosatellitt (Kommunikasjon for Brigadens dør av georadar til Nasas bedriftsskole. verksted. fabrikk begynner å for å styrke forskningen på radio- NORSAR for ubåter lanseres. FFI og Kongsberg leveransen av det mobile (AISSat) starter. Avdelingsluftvern) starter. neste Mars-kjøretøy, produsere Terne. aktiv stråling og nervegasser. Oppstart av prosjektet starter samarbeid luftvernsystemet Norwegian «Perseverance». Norsar, som skal drive med KAMPFLYANALYSE om Nytt Sjømåls- Advanced Surface-to-Air seismologisk registrering Kampflyanalysen sluttføres, og legger missil (NSM). Missile System (NASAMS) av atomsprengninger. grunnlag for valg av nytt kampfly. fra KDA/Raytheon. 1946 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 RADIOLINJE SJØMÅLSMISSIL (NSM) Første radiolinje for Første vellykkede skyting ANTIUBÅTVÅPEN ODIN LANGTIDSPLANLEGGING NYTT KAMPFLY F-16 NANSEN-FREGATTER AUTONOM MINERYDDING 70 ÅR Forsvaret opprettes med NSM. Utvikling av Terne FFI begynner å jobbe med Langtidsplanlegging for General Dynamics F-16
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    ANNUAL REPORT AND SUSTAIN ABILITY REPORT 2018 01 Year 2018 02 About 03 Sustainability 04 Corporate 05 Directors’ Report and KONGSBERG Governance Financial Statements 01 02 3 YEAR 2018 11 ABOUT KONGSBERG 4 Key Figures 2018 12 This is KONGSBERG 7 Important milestones 2018 14 Strategy and ambitions 8 President and CEO Geir Håøy 15 Vision 16 Our values 17 Corporate Executive Management 18 Business areas 28 The world of KONGSBERG 03 04 34 SUSTAINABILITY 75 CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 35 About the Sustainability Report 76 The Board’s Report on Corporate 36 Framework for the preparation of Governance Sustainability Report 77 Policy 37 Responsible Business Conduct 78 Articles of Association 38 Responsible Tax – our Tax Policy 79 Board of Directors 40 Organisation and Management Systems 80 The Board’s Report relating to “The 41 Focus areas 2018–2019 Norwegian Code of Practice for Corporate 67 Climate Statement and Key Figures Governance” 74 Auditor’s Report, Sustainability Interactive PDF with bookmarks Navigate in Contents and hyperlinked text (hyperlinks are underlined). You can 05 browse one page back or forward by using the arrows in the top right-hand corner. Use the menu button on the far left to go back to the table of contents. The chapters are also bookmarked, and you can find short cuts to these in the 92 DIRECTORS’ REPORT AND left-hand menu of the PDF Reader. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 93 Directors’ Report 2018 111 Financial Statements and Notes 182 Statement from the Board 183 Auditor’s report 2018 187 Financial calendar 187 Contact KONGSBERG Annual