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History of the United States Marine Corps

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History of the United States Marine Corps BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Mtnvu W. Sage 1891 .AU.(^-7^-^-^- g..f..5.J4..^..Q: Cornell University Library VE23 .C71 1903 History of the United States marine corp 3 1924 030 896 488 olin The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030896488 FRANKLIN WHARTON, Lieutenant-Colonel U. S. Marine Corps. Commandant March 7, 1804. DiEO September 1, 1818 : HISTORY OF THE United States Marine Corps RICHARD S. COIvIvUM:, Major U. S. M. C. NEW YORK L,. R. Hamersly Co. 1903. T Copyright, 1903, by L. R- HamERSLV Co. TO THE CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATES THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULI,Y DEDICATED ; WITH A DESIRE THAT THE SERVICES OF THH UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS MAY BE INTEI,I,IGENTI,Y APPRECIATED, AND THAT THE NATION MAY RECOGNIZE THE DEBT IT OWES TO THE OFFICERS AND ENLISTED MEN, WHO, IN ALL THE TRYING TIMES IN OUR COUNTRY'S HISTORY HAVE NOBLY DONE THEIR DUTY. ' ' From the establishment of the Marine Corps to the present time it has constituted an integral part of the Navy, has been identified with it in all its achievements, ashore and afloat, and has continued to receive from its most distinguished commanders the expression of their appreciation of its effectiveness as a part of the Navy." —Report of House Committee on Naval Affairs ; Thir- ty-ninth Congress, Second Session. PREFACE. A CUSTOM has prevailed throughout the armies of Europe to keep regular record of the services and achievements of their regi- ments and corps. This principle has not obtained in our own country, hence a great difficulty arises in presenting an authentic account of the services of any branch of our establishment either military or naval. This defect has long been felt in relation to the Corps of which this historical record is designed to treat. An attempt was made by the author in 1874 to present a true and faithful record, but owing to circumstances beyond his control the original idea was changed during his absence from the country. It is now thought that the proper time has arrived for an edition which will present a record of events that will be acceptable to the Corps and to the nation. Impressed with this consideration, and influenced by a strong attachment to the welfare and reputation of the Corps in which he has the honor to serve, the author feels persuaded that an impartial account of the services of the United States Marines will not only reflect an additional lustre c^ its distinguished character, but en- courage a spirit of emulation, which is the strongest impulse to great and gallant actions. Although he may have failed in accomplishing that object with the ability due its importance, he trusts that the fidelity and zeal which has been exercised in the present compilation will obtain for him the indulgent consideration of those who are aware of the difficulties with which he has had to contend. • 6 Preface. He desires to express his obligation to his brother officers who have kindly rendered him their cordial assistance, without which this record would have been incomplete. In narrating these events the information obtained has been com- piled from official reports, "Cooper's Naval History," "Hamersly's Record of Living Officers," and "Hamersly's Naval Encyclopedia." Although this record must fail to do the United States Marines ample justice, the author trusts that sufficient has been said to prove that their distinguished repute is well merited, and that they have not, under any circumstances, tarnished their motto— "Semper Fidelis." — CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. PAGE The Antiquity of Marines—The Royal Marines of Great Britain—The American Marines .... 15 CHAPTER I. 1740=77.—Colonial Marines—Organization of the Corps—First Regular Cruisers—Vessels ordered to be Constructed—Commodore Hopkins ap- pointed Commander-in-Chief—The First Ensign—Descent on New Providence—Alfred, Cabot, and Glasgow—Lexington and Edward Appointments in the Corps—The Sachem—Doria and Racehorse—Uni- form—Adoption of the American Flag—Fox and Hancock .... 21 CHAPTER II. 1777.—Capture of Philadelphia—The First Attack by the British Fleet on the Defences of the Delaware—Success of Commodore Hazelwood in repulsing the Enemy—The Advance Squadron of the Enemy succeeds in opening the Channel 25 CHAPTER III. Contemplated Capture by the Combined British Army and Navy of Forts Mercer and AlifBin—The Attempt made October 22, i777^Attack on that Day on Fort Mercer repulsed with Heavy Loss to the Assailants—The Navy rendering Great Aid—No Serious Attack on Fort Mifflin—Two British Vessels run aground, and on the 23d are set on Fire—Their Magazines explode .... -27 CHAPTER IV. The Second Attack on Fort Mifflin— Success of the British—A Portion of the State Fleet saved—The Continental Fleet burnt by its Commander The Treason of Captain Robert Whyte—Marines attached to the Penn- sylvania Navy 29 CHAPTER V. 1777-80.—Second Descent on New Providence—Ranger and the Drake Capture of a British Privateer—Capture of the British Sloop Jason, Schooner Hibernia, and Five Transports—The Expedition to Castine The Squadron under Commodore Paul Jones—Trumbull and Watt Alliance—Congress and Savage—The Hyder Ally ... 34 — Contents. CHAPTER VI. PAGD 1798=1800.—Commencement of the New Navy—The Organization of the Corps— Alarine Camp near Philadelphia—The Quasi French War—Death of Washington ... 41 CHAPTER VI L 1801 = 1805.—War with Tripoli—The Squadron under Commodore Dale Capture of the Tripoli by the Enterprise—Commodore Preble assigned to the Command of the Squadron before Tripoli—Loss of the Philadel- phia—Destruction of the Philadelphia by Decatur—Actions before Tripoli—The Expedition to Derne—Assault and Capture of the City 46 CHAPTER VIII. 1809=13.—Increase of the Corps—The War of 1812—President and Bel- videre—The Constitution and Guerriere—United States and Macedonian —Wasp and Frolic—Constitution and Java—Hornet and Peacock—The Essex—Lieutenant Gamble—Attack on the Batteries of Craney Island Actions on the Lakes . ... 50 CHAPTER IX. 1814=15.—The War of 1812 Continued—The Chesapeake Flotilla under Captain Barney—The Loss of the Adams in the Penobscot—The Ad- vance upon Washington—The Battle of Bladensburg—Capture of the City of Washington—Unsuccessful attack by the British on Baltimore Battle of New Orleans—Capture of the Cyane and Levant by the Consti- tution—The President and Endymion—Hornet and Penguin .... 55 CHAPTER X. 1824.—The Mutiny in the Massachusetts State Prison . ... 62 CHAPTER XL 1824=35.—Operations against Pirates—Quallah Batoo—Services in New York . ... 65 CHAPTER XII. 1836=42.—Potomac at Port Alahon—The Services of the Corps during the Campaigns against the Indians in Florida—The United States Ex- ploring Expedition—The mutiny on board the brig Somers . 68 CHAPTER XIII. 1846=48.—War with Mexico, I.—Operations on the Pacific Coast 83 CHAPTER XIV. 1846=48.—War with Mexico, II. —Naval Operations on the East Coast of Mexico . ... 91 — Contents. 9 CHAPTER XV. PA6B 1847=48.—War with Mexico, III. —Operations of the Marines attached to the Army under General Scott . ... 97 CHAPTER XVI. 1852=55.—The Expedition to Japan—Combined attack of English and Americans on the Chinese—Monument in Happy Valley, Hong-Kong loi CHAPTER XVII. 1855=60.—Insurrection at Montevideo—Engagement with Savages in Washington Territory—The Barrier Forts in China—The Riot in Wash- ington— Savages at Waya—Montevideo—Expedition to Paraguay Services on Staten Island—John Brown Insurrection—Services at Kisembo—Panama . 105 CHAPTER XVIII. 1861.—Tlie Civil War . 113 CHAPTER XIX. 1 86 1.—The Civil War, I. —Resignations—Star of the West—Fort Pickens —Destruction of the Gosport Navy-Yard—Potomac Flotilla—The First Battle of Bull Run—Reorganization of the Corps—Hatteras Inlet 115 CHAPTER XX. 1861.—The Civil War, II.—The Capture of the Confederate Privateer Judah off Pensacola—Destruction of the Royal Yacht—Battle of Port Royal—Loss of the Governor—The Trent Affair—Occupation of Was- saw Island ... 123 CHAPTER XXI. 1862.—The Civil War, III.—Cedar Keys—Appalachicola—Joint Expedi- tion for Operations in the Waters of North Carolina—Cumberland Sound—Fort Clinch—Fernandina . 132 CHAPTER XXII. 1862.—The Civil War, IV.—Destruction of the Cumberland and Con- gress—Merrimac and Monitor—Capture of Norfolk—Action at Drury's Bluff— Pass Christian—Expedition up Santee River— Morris Island 137 CHAPTER XXIII 1862.—The Civil War, V.—The Capture of New Orleans— Passing the Batteries at Vicksburg—The Ariel captured by the Alabama . 144 CHAPTER XXIV. 1863.—The Civil War, VI.—Raid of Rebel Ironclads among the Vessels off Charleston, South Carolina—Attack on Port Hudson—The Draft Riots in New York City— Morris Island—Assault on Fort Sumter Potomac Flotilla—East Gulf Squadron ... 152 10 Contents. CHAPTER XXV. PAGE 1864.—The Civil ^^'ar, VII.—Condition of the Corps—Sounds of North Carohna—The Ram Albemarle—Murrill's Inlet—The Defeat of the Alabama—Engagement at Simonosaki—Havre de Grace—Admiral Far- ragut's Attack on the Defences of Mobile Bay—Safety of the Wabash due to the Action of the Marines IS9 CHAPTER XXVI. 1864.—The Civil War, VIII. —The Expedition under Admiral Porter up Red River—The First Attack on Fort Fisher 169 CHAPTER XXVII. 1864=65.—The Civil War, IX.—Services in the Pacific Squadron—Ma- rines at Boyd's Neck andTulifinney Cross-Roads— Second Attack on Fort Fisher—Its Capture by Porter and Terry—Occupation of George- town—Report of Admiral Dahlgren . 177 CHAPTER XXVIII. 1865.—Assassination of the President—The Arrest of Semmes .
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