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The Wild Elephant and the Method of Capturing and Taming It in Ceylon

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The Wild Elephant and the Method of Capturing and Taming It in Ceylon 7^ A/cu. /U'^ ly THE WILD ELEPHANT, LONDON PRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO. NEW-STREET SQUARE : 796 WILD ELEPHANT THE METHOD OF CAPTURING AND TAMING IT IN CEYLON. SIR EMERSON TENNENT, Bart. J.•^ 'If' K.C.S. LL.D. F.R.S. &c. AUTHOR OF " CEYLON, AN ACCOUNT OF THE ISLAND. PHYSICAL, HISTORICAL, AND TOPOGRAPHICAL," ETC. LONDON LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. 1867. ; TO MY INTELLIGENT COMPANION IN MANY OF THE JOURNEYS THROUGHOUT THE MOUNTAINS AND FORESTS OF CEYLON, IN THE COURSE OF WHICH MUCH OF THE INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME WAS COLLECTED ; TO MAJOR SKINNER, CHIEF COMMISSIONER OF ROADS AND PUBLIC WORKS, ETC. ETC. ONE OF THE MOST EXPERIENCED AND VALUAllLE SERVANTS OF THE CROWN IT IS INSCRIBED, IN THE HOPE THAT IT ALA.Y RECALL TO HIM THE PLEASANT MEMORIES WHICH IT AWAKES IN ME. PREFACE. In this volume, the chapters descriptive of the structure and habits of the wild elephant are reprinted for the sixth time from a larger work,^ published originally in 1859. Since the appearance of the First Edition, many corrections and much additional matter have been supplied to me, chiefly from India and Ceylon, and will be found embodied in the following pages. To one of these in particular I feel bound to direct attention. In the course of a more enlarged essay on the zoology of Ceylon, 2 amongst other proofs of a geo- logical origin for that island, distinct from that of the adjacent continent of India, as evidenced by peculiarities in the flora and fauna of each respectively, I had occasion to advert to a discovery which had been recently an- ' Ceylon: An Account of the of Ceylon. London, 1 861. See also Physical, Historical, Ceylon,, etc. by Sir Island, and To- J. Emerson Ten- pographical. 2 vols. 8vo. London, nent. London, i860, vol. i. pp. 7, Longmans & Co. 1859. 13, 85, 160, 183, &c. ^ Sketches of the Natural History vili Preface. nounced by Temminck in his Survey of the Dutch posses- sions ill the Indian Archipelago,'^ that the elepliant which abounds in Sumatra (although unknown in the adjacent island of Java), and which had theretofore been regarded as identical in species with the Indian one, has been found to possess peculiarities, in which it differs as much from the elephant of India as the latter does from its African congener. On this new species, to which the natives give the name of ''^gadjah" Temminck has conferred the scientific designation of the Elephas ^z/wa- tranus. The points which entitle it to this disti;iction he enumerates minutely in the work- before alluded to, and they have been summarized as follows by Prince Lucien Bonaparte. " This species is perfectly intermediate between the Indian and African, especially in the shape of the skull, and will certainly put an end to the distinction between Elephas and Loxodon, with those who admit that ana- tomical genus ; since although the crowns of the teeth of E. Sumatranus are more like the Asiatic animal, still the less numerous undulated ribbons of enamel are nearly quite as wide as those forming the lozenges of the African. The number of pairs of false ribs (which alone vary, the true ones being always six) is fourteen, one less than in ' Coup tTCEil general sur les ^ Temminck, Coup d'CEil, etc. Possessions Ne'erlandaises dans Vlnde t. i. civ. p. 328 j t. ii. c. iii. p. 91. Archlpelagique. ; Preface. IX the Afi'icam/s, one more than in the Lidiciis; and so it is with the dorsal vertebrae, which are twenty in the Suma- traniis (tweiity-07ie and nineteen in the others), whilst the new species agrees with Africaniis in the number of sacral vertebrae {four), and with Indicus in that of the caudal ones, which are thirty-four.'" ' ' Proceed. Zool. Soc. London, d'avant en arriere, comparees a celles prises dans la direction transversale 1849, P- '44 "°''^- ^^^ original description of Temminck is as fol- et laterale, sont en raison de 3 ou 4 lows : a I ; tandis que dans I'elephant du " Elephas Sumatranus, Nob. res- continent elles sont comme 4 ou semble, par la forme generale du 6 a I. La longueur totale de six de crane, a Telephant du continent de ces rubans, dans I'espece nouvelle I'Asie ; mais la partie libre des in- de Sumatra, ainsi que dans celle termaxillaires est beaucoup plus d'Afrique, est d'environ 12 centi- courte et plus etroite ; les cavites metres, tandis que cette longueur larges n'est que de 8 a centimetres dans nasales sont beaucoup moins ; 10 I'espace entre les orbites des yeux I'espece du continent de I'Asie. est plus etroit ; la partie posterieure " Les autres formes osteologiques du crane au contraire est plus large sont a peu pres les memes dans les que dans I'espece du continent. trois especes ; mais il y a difference " Les machelieres se rapprochent, dans le nombre des os dont le par la forme de leur couronne, squelette se compose, ainsi que le plutot de i'espece asiatique que de tableau comparatif ci-joint I'eprouve. celle qui est propre a I'Afrique " Uelephas Africanus a 7 verte- c'est-a-dire que leur couronne offre bres du cou, 21 vert, dorsales, 3 la forme de rubans ondoyes et non et caudales lombaires, 4 sacrees 26 ; pas en losange ; mais ces rubans 21 paires de cotes, dont 6 vraies sont de la largeur de ceux qu'on voit et 15 fausses. h'elep/ias Indicus a la couronne des dents de I'elephant a 7 vertebres du cou, 19 dorsales, ils d'Afrique ; sont consequemment 3 lombaires, 5 sacrees et 34 cau- moins nombreux que dans celui du dales, 19 paires de cotes, dont 6 continent de I'Asie. Les dimen- vraies et 3 fausses. Uelep/ias Su- sions de ces rubans, dans la direction matranus a 7 vertebres du cou, 20 X Preface. Professor Schlegel of Leyden, in a paper lately submitted by him to the Royal Academy of Sciences of Holland, (the substance of which he obligingly communicated to me, through Baron Bentinck the Ne- therlands Minister at this Court), confirmed the iden- tity of the Ceylon elephant with that found in the Lampongs of Sumatra. The osteological comparison of which Temminck has given the results was, he says, con- ducted by himself with access to four skeletons of the of comparing latter ; and the more recent opportunity a living Sumatran elephant with one from Bengal, served to establish other though minor points of divergence. The Indian species is more robust and powerful; the proboscis longer and more slender ; and the extre- mity, (a point in which the elephant of Sumatra resem- bles that of Africa,) is more flattened and provided with coarser and longer hair than that of India. Professor Schlegel, adverting to the large export of elephants from Ceylon to the Indian continent, which has been carried on from time immemorial, suggests the caution with which naturalists, in investigating this question, should first satisfy themselves whether the ele- et une femelle adultes dorsales, 3 lombaires, 4 sacrees et velle, un male cotes, et un jeune male. Nous n'avons 34 caudales ; 20 paires de dont 6 vraies et 14 fausses. pas encore ete a meme de nous " Ces caracteres ont ete constates procurer la depouille de cette sur trois squelettes de I'espece nou- espece." . Preface. xi phants they examine are really natives of the mainland, or whether they have been brought to it from the islands. " The extraordinary fact," he observes in his letter to me, " of the identity thus established between the elephants of Ceylon and Sumatra, and the points in which they are found to differ from that of Bengal, leads to the question whether all the elephants of the Asiatic continent belong to one single species ; or whether these vast regions may not produce in some quarter as yet unexplored the one hitherto found only in the two islands referred to % It is highly desirable that naturalists who have the means and opportunity, should exert themselves to discover, whether any traces are to be found of the Ceylon elephant in the Dekkan ; or of that of Sumatra in Cochin China or Siam." To me the establishment of a fact so conclusively con- firmatory of the theory I had ventured to broach, was productive of great satisfaction. But in an essay by Dr. Falconer, since published in the Natural History Review for January 1863, "On the Living and Extinct Species of Elephants," he adduces reasons for question- ing the accuracy of these views as to Elephas Siimati'anus The idea of a specific distinction between the elephants of India and Ceylon, Dr. Falconer shows to have been pro- pounded as far back as 1834, by Mr. B. H. Hodgson, the eminent ethnologist and explorer of the zoology of Nepal; Dr. Falconer's own inspection however of the examples of xii Preface. both as preserved in the Museum of Leyden, not only did not lead him to accept the later conclusion of ScHLEGEL and Temminck, but induced him to doubt the correctness of the statements published by the Prince of Canino, both as to the external and the osteological characters of the Indian elephant. As to the former, he declares that the differences between it and the elephant of Ceylon are so trifling, as not to exceed similar pecu- liarities observable between elephants taken in different regions of continental India, where an experienced mahout will tell at a glance, whether a newly captured animal was taken in the Sal forests of the North-Westeni Provinces, in Assam, in Silhet, Chittagong, Tipperah, or Cuttack.
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