11958 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 11, 1973

Yea-and-nay votes may occur on that ADJOURNMENT UNTIL 9:30 A.M. IN THE ARMY bill. It is possible, if consent is given, Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Mr. P resident, T he following-named officers to be placed that the measure would be temporarily on the retired list in grade indicated under if there be no further business to come the provisions of title 10, United States Code, laid aside from time to time and other before the Senate, I move, in accordance items on the Calendar could be taken section 3962: with the previous order, that the Senate To be lieutenant general up tomorrow and Friday—but only if stand in adjournment until 9:30 a.m. L t. Gen. Julian Johnson Ewell, xxx-xx-xxxx , unanimous consent is gotten. tomorrow. With respect to the bill to amend the A rm y of the U nited S tates (m ajor general, N ational Foundation on the A rts and T he m otion was agreed to; and at U.S. Army) . 5:53 p.m. the Senate adjourned until to- L t. Gen. William R aymond P eers, xxx-xx-x... Humanities A ct, I do not believe that xxx-x... A rmy of the United States (major gen- that bill will be taken up tomorrow. The morrow, Thursday, April 12, 1973, at 9:30 a.m. eral, U.S. Army) . distinguished author of the bill (M r. L t. G en. W illard P earson, xxx-xx-xxxx , PELL) has requested that the bill be taken A rm y of the U nited S tates (m ajor general, U.S. Army) . up not tomorrow, but either Friday or NOMINATIONS Monday. L t. Gen. R ichard Thomas Cassidy, xxx-xx-x... , A rmy of the United States (major gen- A s I say, there may be yea-and-nay Executive nominations received by the eral, U.S. Army) . votes tomorrow. Senate April 11, 1973 : T he follow ing-nam ed officers under the The Senate will be in session on Friday. ADMINISTRATION ON AGING provisions of title 10, United States Code, sec- A rth u r S . F lem m in g, o f Virgin ia, to be tion 3066, to be assigned to a position of im- Commissioner on Aging, vice John B. M artin, portance and responsibility designated by the Jr., resigned. P resident under subsection (ae) of section ORDER FOR ADJOURNMENT FROM 3066, in grade as follows: TOMORROW UNTIL ON FRIDAY NATIONAL TRANSP ORTATION SAFETY BOARD To be lieutenant general T im othy J. M urphy, of M assachusetts, to Mr. ROBERT C. BYRD. Mr. P resident, be a member of the N ational T ransportation M aj. G en. W illiam R obertson D esobry, I ask unanimous consent, so that Sena- S afety B oard for the term expiring D ecem - xxx-xx-xxxx , A rmy of the United States (ma- tors will be appropriately alerted, that ber 31, 1977, vice Francis H. M cA dams, term jor general, U.S. A rmy) . when the Senate completes its business expired. M aj. Gen. R ichard Joe Seitz, xxx-xx-xxxx , A rm y of the U nited S tates (m ajor general. tomorrow it stand in adjournment until IN THE COAST GUARD 12 o'clock meridian on Friday. U.S. Army) . Harold Jam es B arneson, Jr., of the U .S . M aj. Gen. Raymond L eroy Shoemaker, xxx... The P RESIDING OFFICER. Without Coast G uard R eserve, for prom otion to the xxx-xx-xxxx , A rm y of the U nited S tates (m ajor objection, it is so ordered. grade of rear admiral. general, U.S. Army) .

EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS

TOASTMASTERS INTERNATIONAL — THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS, 1754 saved for later, L ucky S trikes; in the tunics SERIOUS SP EECH CONTEST A 22-year old colonel of provincial militia of the E nglish, E cksteins. stands in a m akeshift fort som ewhere near WORL D WAR II, 1943 the twisting M onongahela. He stands in tor- T h e M arian as, S o u th w est P acific. T h e HON. DAVID TOWELL rential rain, the end of an ill-conceived and U nited S tates has been at war for two years. disastrous expedition to attack F rench-held OF NEVADA Y o u are an A m erican m arin e, bare to th e F ort D uquesne. A fter seven years, Colonel waist, short on water, testing your condition. IN THE HOUSE OF REP RESENTATIVES G eo rge W ash in gto n 's m en are rebellin g. Y ou press your tongue to the roof of your Wednesday, April 11, 1973 Without food or ammunition, they break into mouth and your gums bleed. N ow your squad the last of the supplies: the rum . W ashing- is moving up. S omeone's flame-thrower ex- Mr. TOWEL T, of Nevada. Mr. Speaker, ton fits together the words he will use to sur- plodes, covering him with jellied gasoline. recently I had the pleasure of address- render to the F rench. H e craw ls gro tesq u ely , scream in g, u n til, ing members of A rea III, District 36, Y o u k n e e l b y th e C o lo n e l, h o ld in g a charred and burned, he is im m olated. wounded soldier. What passes for a surgeon Toastmasters International, who were is a m pu ta tin g h is le g. Y o u h a n d th e so l- THE VIETNAM WAR, 1972 assembled in Washington for their an- dier his anesthetic: a wooden block to clench T he U nited S tates has been in Indochina nual Serious Speech Contest. I suggested betw een his teeth. Y ou know he w ill die, fo r 1 2 y ears. B efo re th at, th e F ren ch h ad to them that their work toward better- but not quickly or pleasantly. been at w ar for 1 0 . Y ou are stationed in a ing human communication strengthens THE REVOL UTIONARY WAR, 1777 m ilitary h o spital in D en v er— in th e B u rn Ward. You see a lieutenant, 22 years old, the their community, their country, and, ul- T he wind howls down the Schukylkill and timately, the rapidly shrinking world we point of his patrol, with second- and third- across the Valley F orge plateau. It is sub- degree burns on 80 percent of his body. He live in. As a past governor of Toastmas- zero weather. In weeks past it has snowed, has turned sour. ters International, District 59 in Nevada, but tonight it is too cold to snow . Y ou are "You've got a girl," says a doctor. "T ry to I know first-hand of the contribution h u d d le d w ith re m n a n ts o f th e 1 1 th Vir- th in k a b o u t re p ly in g to h e r le tte rs . S h e these men and women are making toward ginia, Varnum's brigade, and L ee's Dragoons. knows you're burned." T he lieutenant stares the Toastmaster's goal of "Better L isten- Y o u sit, sw a th e d in ra gs, tu c kin g bits o f with hollow eyes. "Y ou'll be out of here in ing, Thinking, and Speaking." stra w a n d gra ss in to y o u r bo o ts to ke e p no tim e," the doctor lies. T he lieutenant is warm. smarter; for all intents and purposes, he was The winning speech of the evening was N ear you sits a sentry, a M arylander hop- delivered by Mr. Williamson Day, past dead the m om ent he was hit. ing to be hom e by spring. He is num b with F ive faces of war. F ive faces that gave us president of Capitol Hill Club, Toastmas- cold, too weak to stand. A n officer limps by, the freedom we enjoy tonight. Five faces that ters International and 1972 Outstanding and the sentry, grasping his rifle, stiffens in gave us a legacy of peace. T hose faces are Toastmaster for District 36. M r. Day, salute. T he next morning, as dawn colors the looking at us tonight, looking into our eyes. sky, you find him—frozen in salute. whose speech was titled "Five Faces of If we fail to keep that peace, dare we look War," brings to his remarks a heritage WORL D WAR I, ARDENNES, FRANCE, 1918 back? of service to his country. He is a veteran Verdun is to the S outh, Chateau-T hierry of Korea, and his forebears have served behind, the M euse-A rgonne line ahead. It is in every major American war since the Christm as D ay. T he snow has frozen w ith P ETER SNOWE, MAINE STATE m ud. T renches zig-zag across the breast of REP RESENTATIVE, KIL L ED Revolution, when Col. Oliver Spencer the earth, scarring the F rench countryside. fought with General Washington. As we Y ou see A m ericans and E nglishm en leave look toward the Bicentennial celebration th e ir tre n c h e s a n d m e e t G e rm a n s in n o - of our country's birth, I am pleased to man's land to exchange chocolates and ciga- HON. WILLIAM S. COHEN share with my colleagues M r. D ay's rettes: A m erican L ucky S trikes for G erm an OF MAINE thoughtful comments about his country E cksteins. T he soldiers sing, first in German, and his deep commitment to its freedom: Stille Nacht; Heilige Nacht, then in E nglish, IN THE HOUSE OF REP RESENTATIVES Silent Night, Holy Night. T hey shake hands FIVE FACES OF WAR Wednesday, April 11, 1973 and thread their way back through the coils (By Williamson Day) of barbed wire to their trenches. Hours later, Mr. CO HE N . Mr. Speaker, on Tuesday Five faces of War . . . five faces to remem- they meet again, eviscerated, lying lifeless on the people of Maine lost one of their most ber. th e w ire . I n th e po c ke ts o f th e G e rm a n s, promising young legislators. State Repre- April 11, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 11959

sentative Peter Snowe was killed in an was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, and need little discussion here. What is im­ as follows: portant for this paper is that solving pol­ auto crash when his car went out of con­ lution problems which arise from energy pro­ trol on the Maine Turnpike. The 30-year­ ENERGY SUMMARY-MARCH 1973 duction also requires energy. We pay for the old lawmaker was returning to his home INTRODUCTION solutions in reduced efficiency. in Auburn after the house session that Primitive man needed about 2000 calories 5. An ethical or political problem arises day. of food energy a day to exist reasonably well, from the fact that the U.S., with 6 % of the A young and brilliant legislator, Peter with the added energy of a wood fire about world's population, is now using 35 % of its had already begun to make his mark on 4000 calories all together. In contrast, every energy. As other countries, wishing to gather citizen of the United States now has the use for their peoples the benefit s of industriali­ the legislative process in Maine. A con­ of 230,000 calories each day. This is the energy zation, also press for an increasing propor­ cerned and hardworking party activist, equivalent of enough food to support 115 tion of limited resources, conflict seems in­ he brought to our political system a vital­ chilly primitives or 71 pounds of coal or 7.4 evit able. The specter of the U.S. fighting a ity and level of integrity rarely seen in gallons of gasoline or 270 kilowatt-hours of war to protect its right to air conditioning politics. He served the people of Maine electricity or a 15 horsepower motor running seems a distant but still real possibility un­ with honor and distinction and we will continuously. less a fairly rapid shift from fossil fuels to long remember his concern for and con­ We may be blase enough to see these fig­ other sources of energy occurs, or we volun­ tributions to our general welfare. ures without a small sense of shock. After tarily choose to restrict our growth. all, an eightfold doubling of energy used What follows, then, is a brief discussion of But beyond his professional duties, per person over a million year period (a dou­ several alternative energy sources, either Peter Snowe was a friend. He could al­ bling every 125,000 years) seems no more than nonfossil-fuel or more efficient, cleaner, or ways be counted on for advice, compas­ what is due an increasingly civilized people. more flexible uses of fossil fuels. First, how­ sion, encouragement, or simply for that But a number of factors make the situation ever, we discuss fossil fuel reserves and use warm smile that won the hearts of all of more disturbing: rates. us. 1. It is not the average doubling time FOSSIL FUELS Our sympathy goes out to his young over eons that counts; what matters more is Coal the time between now and the next doubling, wife, Olympia, and to the rest of his and that is now variously estimated between Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel en­ family. 16 and 30 years. (Use of electrical energy is ergy reserve. Using a coal reserve est imat e of expected to double in 10 years.) In addition, 1.6 x 101!1 short tons or 42 x 1018 BTU and a doubling process sneaks up on you. For ex­ consumption at the predicted 1985 rate of ENERGY SUMMARY-A PRIMER ON ample, suppose the water in a pond doubles 25 x 1015 BTU/ year there is nearly a 1700 year ENERGY in quantity every day in such a way as to supply in the country. Some sources, which completely fill the pond in 30 days. On the predicate a heavier than 1985 use-rate, esti­ 29th day, the pond is only half full. Any mate our reserves at 600 years. Presently, 510 exponential growth is intrinsically unstable million tons are mined for domestic use and HON. PETE V. DOMENICI as soon as it begins to press on capital re­ 71 million tons for export. In 1985, it is esti­ OF NEW MEXICO sources. mated 1000 million tons will be mined for domestic use and 140 million tons for export. IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 2. The pressure on capital resources is now very real. The table below detailing the Many people feel, however, that without Wednesday, April 11, 1973 sources of the energy used by the U.S. in 1970 new technology we cannot use all our re­ helps illustrate how real. serves without destroying our natural en­ Mr. DOMENIC!. Mr. President, like vironment (strip mining) or overwhelmingly every new Member of this body, I feel Percent of total polluting the air and water. The biggest the need for as much professional advice technological problem is the elimination of Nuclear Power ------0. 3 sulphur dioxide emissions. The problem is and expertise as I can muster to my Hydropower ------4. 2 support in this post. Natural Gas and Liquid Natural Gas__ 37. 6 presently under intensive investigation and For that reason, I have asked an out­ Petroleum------37.0 it appears the solution will be easier for large standing group of scientific and techni­ users than for small users. However, some Coal ------20. 9 experts-such as the President's ex-science cal people, of which my State has an advisor, Edward David-are gloomy about extraordinary number, to serve as a sci­ Total------100. 0 removal of S02 from coal and foresee a con­ entific advisory committee to their junior Note that almost 96 % of our energy is de­ straint on our use of this resource Senator. rived from fossil fuels and that the propor­ At the present time many large energy They have taken to the task with a tion of power from falling water, the only ex­ users are given reduced rates for oil and gas vigor and willingness which is out­ ception, has probably peaked. Already almost if used on an availability basis only. As the a third of the petroleum we use is imported. price of and demand for oil and gas in­ standing. As our reserves are used up, that proportion creases, priority should be given to small One example of their work is an ex­ will certainly increase as will its price on the convenience users who need a clean fuel, tremely comprehensive summary of the world market. But how long will the world thereby increasing the demand for coal or present status of energy resources which supply last? Good guess: '\bout fifty years, other cheap energy sources by the large they prepared at my request. subject to several variables. Coal is apt to users, who can more efficiently handle the I found their summary so helpful to last a minimum of six times longer. (See next pollution problem from such fuels. any positions I may take in respect to section for longer estimates.) * Natural gas this complex problem, which must take 3. Of late, energy is being used in the U.S. From the testimony before the House Com­ less efficiently than ever before and more is a high priority in all our minds, that I going into personal consumption. The pro­ mittee on Interior and Insular Affairs, April am moved to share it with all Members portion of fuels going to personal automo­ 1972, and from Figure 1, three conclusions of this Congress by asking permission to biles and into electrical power for air condi­ can be made about the natural gas situation insert it in the RECORD. tioning and home heating, both relatively in the United States. These conclusions are As an American, I feel a sense of inefficient users of energy as well as areas of summarized below and discussed in more de­ urgency about our energy situation; it is end consumption, is increasing. Thus the tail later. ratio of energy consumption to G.N.P. has 1. By 1985, the domestic production will not mere journalism to refer to it as a account for less than ¥:? the demand even ac­ crisis, which, if it is not upon us already, risen very rapidly since 1965. The flow chart on the following page nicely sUinmarizes the counting for potential reserves. will soon be here. As a representative of flow of energy from source to end use in the 2. There will be a large unsatisfied de­ a State which offers a maximum number U.S. in 1970, with relative efficiencies of each mand for gas. of potential solutions to the problem, I major use. 3. The United States will rely heavily on am doubly interested in it. 4. As energy usage increases, so does pol­ foreign sources for natural gas. It is with gratitude to the scientists lution-carbon, sulphur, and nitrogen oxides, Expert testimony indicates that the price for natural gas must be increased to make and technical people who prepared this heat, etc. The problems are well-publicized production from the potential reserves feasi­ report, under the chairmanship of R. A. ble. Until recently, natural gas has been a Bice, vice president of Sandia Corp. in * Estimating how long a given resource byproduct of oil exploration and production. Albuquerque, that I urge my fellow Mem­ will last is a very tricky process. As prices The unsatisfied demand for gas will serve bers of Congress to add it to their own vary, use may shift from one resource to an­ to make it a fuel for clean convenience uses background material on energy and to other or one competing use, say plastics from rather than industrial uses. expand their knowledge, as I have mine, petroleum, may force another out. One meth­ After 1985 we will rely heavily on foreign by a careful study of it. od, for example, assumes that an energy gas or synthetic gas. The technology for both source is depleted when the price has dou­ is presently available but requires an enor­ Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ bled. Another estimates reserves in terms of mous capital investment. Liquid Natural Gas sent that the entire report be entered in present usage per year only, and so on. Do imports, Alaskan or Canadian pipeline gas, the RECORD. not expect, therefore, that the literature gas from coal or other chemicals are all esti­ There being no objection, the report (nor this summary) will be consistent. mated to cost about $1 .00 per million BTU's 11960 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 11, 1973 at the source or port of entry, about four more than 99% of natural uranium) a.re The conversion ratio possible with LWR (a times today's average wellhead price. therefore called fertile isotopes. nonbreeder, CR=0.6) HTGR (a nonbreeder, OiZ Each fission event in a reactor produces C~0.8) systems would still permit respec­ Dr. McKetta., Chairman of the National several neutrons, one of which is used to tively energy utilization of approximately 2.5 Energy Polley Committee, lists the world's create another fission while the remainder and 5 times the natural fissile material recoverable oil reserves as 36.6 billion barrels, a.re either lost in nonproductive processes or available. But the GCFBR or the LMFBR sys­ a supply for seven years at the 1970 usage perhaps absorbed .in. a fertile atom to convert tems (both breeder with CR's >1) would that atom ~o a fissile species. In relation to permit energy utilization of essentially all rate. The undiscovered world oil potential, available tertile and fissile fuel. not including oil sands or shale reserves, is energy needs and available resources, the estimat.ed at 104 billion barrels or a 19.8 years basic distinction between reactor types is Tables I and II taken from Scientific supply based on 1970 use rate. There is some their conversion ratio (CR) which is defined American (September 1971) show the rela­ d11ference of opinion on the reserves with as the number of new fissile atoms produced tive prospects of various sources in meeting some oilmen estimating much greater sup­ per fission. Clearly if a CR > 1 is possible, all cumulative and energy needs between now plies if the price is large enough to justify fertile material resources are potentially and the year 2000 and the energy require­ available for energy production after conver­ ments in the year 2000. development. sion to .fissile species. A breeder reactor is by SYNTHETIC FUELS At the present time 21 % of our liquid definition a reactor whose conversion ration hydrocarbons are imported. It is estimated is> 1. The CR of a given reactor type is de­ As a means of easing the energy cns1s­ that 50% of the U.S. oil supply will be im­ tailed by the neutron economics of that type. and ultimately surmounting it--synthetic ported by 1985, assuming it is available. The Light Water Reactors (LWR) are limited to a fuels offer considerable merit and hope. Al­ U.S. demand for oil will increase about 25% CR of """ 0.6 whereas the CR o! High Tempera­ though several alternative types of synthetic by 1985. ture Gas Cooled Reactors (HTGR) is limited fuels-such as gas and liquid hydrocarbons The oil shale reserves of the United States to """' 0.8. A Light Water Breeder Reactor derived from coal and synthetic natural gas are estimated at 1800 billion barrels and the (LWBR) based on the thorium cycle is under derived from petroleum (SNG)-are being oil sands reserves at 3 billion barrels. At the study but its theoretical maximum CR of 1.06 given careful attention, some of the more present time little progress has been made makes it unattractive compared to Liquid popular current thinking suggests that re­ tow.a.rd the establishment of an oil shale in­ Metal Fast Breeder Reactors (LMFBR) or placement of fossil fuels by synthetic fuels dustry. Problems remain to be solved re­ Gas Cooled Fast Breeder Reactors ( GCFBR) , can take place in roughly two steps: first, by lating to both the technological and lease whose CR's are respectively 1.27 and 1.48 transforming our most abundant fossil fuel, development aspect of the situation. based on oxide fuels and 1.50 and 1.60 when coal, from a solid to an easily transportable, The Bureau of Mines and others have char­ based on carbide fuels. A Molten Salt Breed­ high heat content gas; and second, by pass­ acterized shale oil as being nearly ecc>nom­ er Reactor (MSBR) concept under study has ing on to a fuel economy based on hydrogen. ically competitive with crude oil. Recent a CR of 1.06. TABLE I change.s Jn the depletion allowance applica­ Although many problems exist with LWR's ble to oil shale additionally enhance the eco­ in relation to safety and public acceptance, nomics of oil shale. Depletable supply (1012 their development is essentially complete and watt-years) World United States NUCLEAR REACTORS tion of the energy needs until """5 1990. In ad­ There is no question that nuclear power dition to having a higher CR (0.8 vs 0.6), Coat______1s a saving technical development occurring HTGR's operate much higher temperatures 670-1, 000 160-230 than do LWR's and hence are more efficient Petroleum ______------100-200 20-35 at the right moment to give us a chance to Gas ___ ------_------_ 70-170 20-35 bridge the time-gap between decreasing in transformation of fission energy to elec­ stores of fossil fuels and the development of trical energy. However, the HTGR develop­ Subtotal______840-1, 370 200- 300 ment, while more advanced than that of the Nuclear (ordinary reactor)_ ,_,3,000 ,_,300 new energy sources. But, of course, nuclear Nuclear (breeder reactor) __ ,_,300, 000 ,_,30, 000 fission fuels can also be depleted, and, if breeder concepts, is considerably behind that Cumulative demand 1960 present reactor designs are not improved, of LWR. HTGR's are projected to supply a 10 year 2000 (lOU watt- quite rapidly. Fortunately, breeder reactors significant portion of the energy needs by years) ___ ------______350-700 100- 14) a.re already in the design stage and can ex­ 1990, but they will not have much impact un­ tend tbe amount o! power from uranium and til the early 80's. thorium .reserves by a !actor of more than Based on a comparison of the potential Ncte: E~~nomica}ly recoverable fuel supply is an estimate of a.hundred. problems and merits of various breeder con­ the quant1t1es available at no more than twice present costs. cepts, the AEC's Division of Reactor Develop­ U.S. reserves of all fossil fuels are slightly less than a 4th of Breeder reactors depend upon the fact that the world total and its reserves of nuclear fuels are only a of the three fissile isotopes, uranium-235, ment (Milton Shaw) has selected the LMFBR 10th of the world totals. Fossil-fuel reserves are barely equivalent uranium-233, and plutonium-239, the latter as the principal candidate to solve the long to twice the cumulative demand for energy between 1960 and two can be created artificially by adding, in­ term energy ne.eds. The President has en­ 2000. Even nuclear tuel is none too plentiful if one were to use only the ordinary light-water reactors. By employing breeder side the reactor. a neutron to thorium-232 dorsed this selection by declaring the LMFBR reactors. however, the nuclear supply can be amplified roughly or u:rani.um-239. Th2:1:1 and U238 (making up to be a national goal. a hundredfold. (1012 watt-years equals 29.9 X l()IJ Btu.)

TABLE II

World United States World United States

Possible Possible Possible Possible Continuous supply (lOU watts) Maximum by 2000 Maximum by 2000 Continuous sappy (lOtt watts) aximum by 2000 Maximum by 2000

Solar radiation ______.: 28, 000 ______-;; Nonsolar: Fuel wood ______l, 600 ------3 1. 3 . l 0. 05 Tidal _____ ------______1 0.06 D. l 0.06 Fann w

1 Unknown. !fan efficient solar cell existed to convert sunlight directly to electric power, 1 could think of utiliz· mg_solar energy on a la!ge scale. The sunlight that falls on a few percent of the land area of the Note: Continuo~s . or renewabl~, energy supply can be divided into 2 categories: solar and non­ United States would satisfy most of the energy needs of the country in the year 2000 if converted solar. 2 sets of estimates are again presented, 1 for the world and one for the United States alone. 1o electricity at an efficiency of 12 percent The figure tor total ~olar radiation includes only the traction (about 30 percent) falling on land areas.

Coal gasification gasification have been proposed and are in a.re required. The following table gives the The aim of coal gasification 1s to treat the the development stage, e.g.• the Steam-Oxy­ gas composition and heat value after each raw material, being over 75% elemental car­ gen Hy-Gas process of the Institute of Gas step (the last four steps have not been proven bon (C), With water (H20) to produce a gas Technology, the Synthane process of the U.S. in full scale operation; but only step 4 pro­ of about 95 % methane ( CH4 )-natural gas Bureau of Mines, the Bi-Gas process of Bi­ duces some misgivings, and the process could contains the same amount of CH4-in a tuminous Coal Research, Inc., etc.; but only be stopped after step 3 to yield a low grade manner which uses the coal more efficiently one, the Lurgi process originated 1n Germany but usable fuel). than if the coal were used instead to produce several decades ago, ls now being planned for At present there are plans to install seven electric power directly. The process is a very commercial application. This involves the re­ similar large coal gasification units in the compl1cated one, m.ade even more complex Four Corners region of New Mexico. The first by environmental considerations which action of the coal with water at high temper­ strictly limit emission to the atmosphere of ature and pressure, producing a. gas low in of these, to be built and operated by El Paso solid particulate material and noxious vapors methane and heat , ue. In order to upgrade Natural Gas, will use the Lurgi process and originating from impurities (principally sul­ both of these .qualities-to more nearly ap­ other steps outlined on page 11. Scheduled phur) in the coal. Several methods of coal proaeh those of 1111.tura.l gas--four more steps to go on-stream in 1976, it will be situated April 11, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS . 11961 near a coal field of approximately 100 square 250,000,000 standard cubic feet of gas per day. estimated that they will require 70,000 acre­ miles in an area. which will be stripmined to Water used in the methane production is not feet of water per year, which represents the provide the 24,000 tons of coal per day neces­ recoverable (except when the gas is burned). entire presently uncommitted portion of the sary to produce the scheduled output of When all seven plants are in operation it is San Juan River :flow.

CO MPOSITION OF GAS AND HEAT VALUE AFTER THE VARIOUS STAGES OF COAL GASIFICATION AND UPGRADING {Percent by volume)

After Lurgi After step 2, After step 3, After step 4, After step 5, Gas species process H, enrichment scrubbing 1 methanation C02 removal

C02______--__ ------28. 9 38. 2 6. 0 8. 7 2. 0 H2S _____ ------__ ------.3 . 3 ------. ------. ------. ------CO ______--__ --__ --__ ------19. 6 3. 9 16. 6 . 1 .1 H2- ______------38.8 46. 8 61. 2 . 7 . 8 CH4. ______------• - - - 11.1 9. 6 15. 0 89. 4 95. 9 Misc ______------1. 2 1.1 .8 1.1 1.2 Heat value (BTU/SCF) 2 ____ ------______------_____ • ______320.0 278. 0 415. 0 905. 0 972. 0

1 This is approximately the composition of town gas, used extensively before natural gas became 2 British thermal un ,s per standard cub ic foot ; the heating value of natural gas is approximately widely distributed in the 1940's. 1,000 BTU/SCF.

As an indication of the economical use water must be used as a raw material and quired to liquefy the gases, this storage of coal in this system as compared with that here rests the main problem in the technol­ method cannot be universally used. High of the present five coal-fired electric power ogy of H2: to obtain H2 cheaply from H20. pressure gas tanks, caves, and empty natural plants in the same area, the following table Electrolysis of water, whereby H20 is sepa­ gas wells offer alternatives. Another poten­ is instructive. rated by an electric current into H2 and 0 2, tially attractive scheme involves the storage The output of the coal gasification plants costs at present about $0.37 per m .c.!.; al­ of H 2 as solid metal hydrides-metals such is scheduled to be piped to California. Tra­ though the cost of electricity will certainly as magnesium, titanium, iron-titanium al­ ditionally, one-half ">f the gas used in that rise in the future this may still prove to be loys, etc. react with H. under pressure to the the best method. However, other means of state is for purposes of generating electric extent that the H 2 can-be at a density several power. In this regard, it is important to point H2 production are being considered, most times the liquid density; release of the pres­ notably processes involving chemical reaction • out that in conversion of gas to electricity sure releases the H 2 two-thirds of the energy content of the gas using proper catalysts and decomposition of As a fuel for transport vehicles-air, land, is wasted. H ~-0 at the very high temperatures furnished and sea; private and commercial-H2 by nuclear reactors. burned with pure 0 2 is ideal. For example, mm Energy Cost to The storage and transportation of H 2 for use in private automobiles the burning Capital output consumer be accomplished with the fuel either as a gas of H2 in present internal combustion engine cost (millions (per or a-s a liquid, the choice depending upon models has been accomplished with only (mil- of B.t.u. Persons million the economics and convenience for a par­ lions) per hour) employed B.tu.) slight alteration of carburetion; further­ ticular use. For liquid ~ cryogenic (low more, the exhaust emission can easily be temperature) techniques are necessary, but made to meet any federal standards likely 5 coal-fired plants__ $250 7, 116 532 I $6. 00 experience has already been gained at sev­ 1 gas plant______$350 10, 128 941 1. 20 to be imposed. For supersonic aircraft, liquid eral installations for storing and handling of H2 is again ideal, as it can be easily stored the order of millions of gallons of liquid ~· and can be used to cool the aircraft skin, 1 At 2¢ per kilowatt-hour. Gaseous R. can be transported through pipe­ thereby allowing lighter and less exotic lines currently used for natural gas provided metals to be used. Fina.Uy, it is of interest to compare the some extra care is taken to insure that the cost of the heat measured in dollars per As a fuel for space heating and domestic lines contain no leaks. Once the ~ is pro­ use, H2 is an altogether suitable substitute 1,000,000 BTU for fuel gas from various duced, the cost of transmitting it through sources: for natural gas. When the changeover was pipelines is considerably cheaper than trans­ made in many locations during the 1940's mitting the equivalent power as electricity from "town gas" (about 60% H ) to natural Source Dollars per 1,000,000 Btu in overhead transmission lines. A recent es­ 2 timate of the costs for transporting natural gas, the only change needed was a slight modification (increase in opening size) of Domestic natural gas______0. 40-0. 60 (current). gas, gaseous ~. and overhead electricity in dollars per million BTU per 100 miles gives the burner jets; the transition back to H 2 Imported liquefied natural gas__ 0. 90-1. 10 (projected, 1976). would require merely reducing jet openings Coal gasification______1. 20 (projected, 1976). 'respectively $0.01, $0.02--0.04, and greater than $0.06. to previous size. As a fuel for electric power generation It is expected that by the time coal gasi­ Although several schemes have been pro­ posed for a total energy system involving H H2 could be used again as a substitute for fication plants come on-stream costs of do­ 2 natural gas to run steam turbine systems. mestic natural gas will have risen to the as an energy carrier, one of the more realistic involves the following general steps: 1) pro­ However, a far more efficient system for this point that gas from all three sources will purpose is the fuel cell. In the H -0 fuel duction of ~ by electrolysis of desalted sea 2 2 be competitive. cell the two gases are catalytically combined Hydrogen water with an offshore sited nuclear reactor providing the electricity for electrolysis and to form water and generate electricity-es­ Clearly coal gasification, relying as it does heat for desalination; 2) collection and pipe­ sentially the reverse of the electrolysis proc­ upon a finite supply of raw material, offers line transport of by-product oxygen to stor­ ess to form H 2 and 0 2 from H 20 (other chem­ only an incomplete and interim solution to age at load areas for industrial and munici­ icals can also be used in fuel cells). Small the transportable fuel problem. Any long­ pal use (for example, pure o. is desirable H 2-02 fuel cells have been effectively used range solution must be divorced from a de­ for burning H., for use in fuel cells-see be­ on space-flight missions, and many uses for pendency upon fossil fuels and must instead low-and for purifying polluted water, etc.); similar small and medium size plants come be based on a conveniently usable fuel de­ 3) collection and pipeline transport of H. to readily to mind. Although as yet no large rived from a nondepletable source of supply. storage at load areas for industrial, comnier­ scale fuel cell power plants have been built, Such a fuel is hydrogen (H2), and such a cial, residential and transport uses and for it is estimated that with current technology source is water. Moreover, as the product of electrical generation. such plants would convert fuel to electricity its combustion with oxygen is water, H2 car­ The choice of nuclear reactor type is im­ with nearly a 50 % efficiency, as compared ries with it the attractive advantages of be­ portant. Use of conventional reactors (i.e., with the 33 % maximum efficiency for a ing nonpolluting and recyclable. On the other those now in operation) are ruled out, as by steam turbine system. The largest effort in hand, because H2 must be produced from H20 this method our reserves of uranium would fuel cell development presently resides in with the expenditure of more energy than the be depleted in 30-40 years; hence this offers Pratt & Whitney's TARGET program using burning of H2 supplies, it cannot be consid­ no long-range solution to the energy problem. natural gas as a source of H. for a H ..- ered a primary fuel; rather it is a carrier of On the other hand, although the breeder 0 2 fuel cell. · - energy, which when compared with natural reactor would be an appropriate choice, it As a result of the Hindenburg disaster, gas has one-third the heat value on a volume has not yet been developed to a stage of com­ H2 has been unjustly stigmatized as a ma­ basis but more than three times the heat mercial reliability. Finally, a fusion reactor terial unsafe for public use. In fact, H2 is in value on a weight basis. would be ideal, since in the electrolysis many ways much safer to use than gasoline; Currently H2 is produced by reacting water process it would generate some of its own and in addition, safe handling methods have with natural gas. In 1968 over two t rillion fuel (deuterium); but this development is been developed which reduce the risks by cubic feet of H 2 were produced by this still more uncertain and farther in the fu­ a large factor. The public did not balk when method at an approximate cost of $0.25 per ture than the breeder reactor. "town gas" was used-and this contained thousand cubic feet (m.c.f.). Most of this H!i Storage of liquid 0 2 and H 2 is most con­ the added hazard of about 15 % carbon is used for industrial processes. In the future venient; but since considerable energy is re- monoxide, a well known deadly poison. With 11962 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 11, 1973 the proper approach and proper educational is steam created deep underground by earth from the earth is remarkably low in program the public can learn to respect the heat. Geothermal reservoirs consist of per­ atmospheric pollutants. There are no fty-ash, potential dangers of H 2 while enjoying the meable and porous rock in which, by circula­ no nitrogen or sulphur oxides, and no radia­ tremendous benefits of a fuel economy based tion of steam or hot water, a convection sys­ tion hazard. The only significant environ­ onH2 • stem can develop. Ground water, which can ment al hazard in geothermal power produc­ SOLAR ENERGY percolate down to depths of several miles, is tion is the effect on water quality of im­ Solar energy shares with tidal and wind heated directly or indirectly by the underly­ proper control of excess steam condensate. energy the ultimate advantage of not increas­ ing magmas, expands, and ascends toward the Donald E. White of the United States Geo­ ing the heat load on the earth. surface. For t his water to form a heat reser­ logical Survey has estimated that the stored The amount of energy available from the voir, a cap or cover of some sort is required, thermal energy in the world's geothermal sun is large, that falling on an average Amer­ otherwise the heat d issipates. Often this cap­ areas amounts to about 4 x 10 20 joules. With ican roof top during the year being about ping is provided by a la yer of impervious rock a 25% conversion factor, the production of 2 :five times the total amount used in that overlying the permeable reservoir rock, as in electrical energy would be about 10 0 joules, home. Although the amount of energy is Wairakei, New Zealand, and Lardarello, Italy. or 3 million megawatt years, or enough to large, it is in too dilute a form to be easily Temperatures ~n the geothermal reservoirs supply U.S. energy needs at t he 1970 rate for vary from around 400°to 700 °F. Such res­ three years. used. It must be collected and somehow con­ ervoirs provide sufficient concentrated th~r­ It is generally conceded that the Russian centrated until high temperatures are mal energy to be suitable for the production Tokamak experiment has come closest to reached if it is to turn a shaft and do useful of electric power; they are most satisfactory meeting the Lawson criterion for a D-T work. Devices to collect and concentrate the for this purpose when the heat can be tapped reaction, with ion density of 2.5 x 1oi::;cm3 energy are not cost effective, as yet, and need within depths of 2000 to 8000 feet. This steam and confinement time of 0.02 second, giving a additional development. gushes from specially drilled wells and is di­ product of 5 x 1011 ions/ sec/ cm3 or a factor of The sun shines brightly only the four hours rected to drive turbine generators. From there 200 lower than the critical value. In addition, before and after noon, if no clouds block its it is routed to condensing towers where com­ the plasma. temperatures were much too low rays. Man uses energy at all times of the day mercially usable chemicals are recovered. to sustain the reaction. However, several and year, so some type of heat storage is also There is anot her type of reservoir contain­ fusion devices, including the Los Alamos needed, if solar energy systems are to supply ing large amounts 0f water at temperatures Scientific Laboratory's (LASL) Scylla IV ex­ energy when man wants it. ranging from 150° to 200°F at relatively periment, have exceeded fusion ignition Since solar energy is more easily collected shallow depths. Because of their large areas temperatures but are farther below the and stored at low temperatures than high, these basins represent tremendous stores of Lawson criterion. Hence feasibility of fusion special solar compatible equipment is needed. heat. They are found in the southern part of power has yet to be demonstrated. Lower temperature turbines, for generating Russia, in Australia, and along the U.S. Gulf Besides the very difficult physical problem electricity, and air conditioning equipment, Coast, in addition t o several other countries. of plasma confinement there are some ex­ are two examples of this special equipment. While not satisfactory for electric power pro­ tremely formidable engineering a.nd ma­ Solar energy systems have been under de­ duction by current technology, this lower terials problems associated primarily with velopment for centuries, but by small groups quality heat can be utilized for space heating the development of cryogenic magnets to of people with limited funding. The Israelis and other applications. achieve confinement, shielding against the began a government-sponsored program for Throughout the world, the geothermal extremely high radiation fields produced by solar energy development in the late 1950's. power capacity has increased steadily since the fusion reaction, and conversion of the They stopped their sponsorship after the Six­ 1904; although it is still, and seems likely to heat generated by the nuclear reaction into Da.y War, when cheaper petroleum was avail­ remain, small in comparison with other elec­ usable energy. Based on past achievements able. Until the past few years solar energy trical energy sources. Today generators being in understanding plasma instabilities and development in the United States has been driven by steam pressure developed from geo­ recent experimental progress, confidence in sponsored in the universities, or by private thermal heat account for 700,000 kW. Italy the feasibility of fusion power has increased foundations. Federal support has come from has an installed capacity of 400,000 kW, New greatly during the past 5 years. In this coun­ Zealand has 192,000 kW, and the United try, where all the large-sea.le fusion experi­ the National Science Foundation under its ments are being done under the auspices of "research applied to national needs" pro­ States 82,000 kW. In addition, the U.S. has a capacity of 330,000 kW under construction, the USAEC Division of Controlled Thermo­ gram, or NSF-RANN; totals are FY 71 1.2 nuclear Research (DCTR), feasibility experi­ million, FY 72 1.6 million, and FY 73 3.8 all in one steam field at the Geysers, Califor­ nia. The ultimate capacity of this steam field ments are planned for 1980-1982. Once feasi­ million. The FY 74 funding will probably in­ bilit y is est ablished, several decades may be crease. Programs sponsored under this pro­ has been estimated at from 2 to 5 million kW; it is the largest known dry-steam field required to overcome the englneeering dif­ gram are funded annually, based on proposals in the world. Dry steam has recently been ficulties standing in the wa-v of commercial submitted to NSF-RANN. NASA Marshall and reported from a well drilled in Valles Caldera, power production. Lewis Laboratories have started programs, es­ Sandoval County, New Mexico, and this may Primary co:itenders in the U.S. race to timated at one to two million dollars in Fis­ represent the beginning of a second United demonstrate feasibility are: Oak Ridge Na­ cal 1974. States dry steam field. tional Laboratory and Princeton Plasma Solar energy development has been directed Hot brine with temperatures up to 650° F Physics Laboratory with Tokamak-type ma­ toward two areas. At the University of Ari­ has been produced at the Salton Sea area in chines, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory zona, the concept of a solar electric power the Imperial Valley of Southern California (LLL) with a magnetic mirror machine, and plant on inexpensive land, has been sug­ but technical problems in handling the hot LASL with a. pulsed U-pinch machine. These gested. corrosive solution have prevented its use. three types of devices represent three differ­ A University of Minnesota-Honeywell Mexico is installing a 75,000 kW plant at ent concepts for containment and operation. team is also investigating the central power Cerro Prieto in the southern extension of the A late-starter in the race is the laser-fusion plant. NASA pre.grams a.re directed at solar Imperial Valley where the mineral concentra­ concept, whereby a series of small pellets of, heating and air conditioning for homes, and tion in the very hot waters is much less than say, solid D-T are burned in a thermonu­ a prototype electric power plant for a labora­ in the Salton Sea field. clear reaction by focusing a high energy tory building. At Sandia Laboratories, sys­ Four hundred residences, several schools, laser beam successively on the pellets. Work tems studies bave been directed toward a and a number of businesses are using nat ural in this area is being carried out at LASL, LLL, new approach to use of solar energy, called hot water at Klamath Falls, Oregon. A large and Sandia Laboratories. the "Solar Community" concept. In this con­ commercial tomato greenhouse is heated this The ample supply of deuterium fuel for a cept, a small community of homes and asso­ way at Lakeview, Oregon, and at least 200 fusion reactor wi': likely come from sea water ciated service industries would receive their residences in Boise, Idaho, receive this type of which D is a relatively abundant constit u­ energy from a common solar energy collecting of heat. ent. Furthermore natural lithium (Li) as a area. This energy would be stored under­ The construction cost of a geothermal plant mixture of 6Li and 7Li is ideal as a breeder ground, and when used would be converted is two-thirds to three-fourths of the cost of of T when used as a molten liquid shield :first to electricity, then the cooled fluid from a comparable fossil fuel plant and less than to absorb t he neutron energy from the D-T the turbogenerator would be used to heat half that of a. nuclear plant. The Geysers reaction-the liquid Li can then be circu­ or air condition. This "cascading" is an ef­ plant in California normally operates un­ lated to a heat exchanger to make steam and the T removed for future injection into the fort to make maximum use o~ collected en­ attended (but protected by automatic equip­ ment) for 16 hours out of 24, wit h main­ reactor. Such a closed cycle loop could be ergy rather than discard the major portion made fully safe from a radiation hazard point in the fashion of central power plants. These tenance personnel on hand only during the day. Only hydropower plants can produce of view and in general entirely nondestruc­ studies have progressed to the point where a tive to the environment. proposal has been drafted for building test power at lower cost. Geothermal plant s re­ quire large expenditure for exploration but ADDITIONAL INFORMATION hardware. the reward for success can be substantial. This summary, design, is incomplete; many GEOTHERMAL E-~RGY The obvious success of the Geysers field and issues could only be hinted at. We would Natural geothermal steam energy the improvements in high voltage trans­ recommend for further reading the follow­ As long ago is 1904, Italian engineers near mission have greatly increased the attrac­ ing: Lardarellc ln Tuscany, Italy, happened on a tiveness of geothermal power within the last 1. Scientific Ameriean, Energy and Power means of manufacturing cheap electric power few years. Issue, September 1971. which remains a promising reserve of energy Natural steam power plants have very lit tle 2. Briefings before the Task Force on for the future. The source of the energy impact on the environment. Natural steam Energy of the Subcommittee on Science Re- April 11, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 1196:l search and Development of the Committee on A SPECIAL TRIBUTE TO A GRAND more special reason for a sentimental Science and Astronautics, U.S. House of Rep­ LADY, HARRIET NEWHALL journey to South Hadley. resentatives, Ninety Second Congress, Volumes I and II, 1971, Volume III, 1972. I extend my sincere condolences to the 3 . New Energy Technology, Some Facts and family of Harriet Newhall. Assessments, H. C. Hottel and J.B. Howe.rd, HON. ELLA T. GRASSO MIT Press, 1971. OF CONNECTICUT 4. The Limits to Growth, Dennis L. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Meadows and others, New American Library, WELFARE SCANDAL-XI Inc., 1972. Wednesday, April 11, 1973 Mrs. GRASSO. Mr. Speaker, it is with HON. VERNON W. THOMSON a deeply saddened heart that I rise to OF WISCONSIN THE POWER OVER THE PURSE pay tribute to the passing of Harriet Newhall, one of the finest and most be­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES loved deans of the college admissions' Wednesday, April 11, 1973 HON. ROBERT N. C. NIX world. Mr. THOMSON of Wisconsin. Mr. OF PENNSYLVANIA For nearly two decades, from 1939 until Speaker, we in the Congress who are her retirement in 1958, Miss Newhall was IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES charged with the responsibility for director of admission at Mount Holyoke spending billions of dollars every year Wednesday, April 11, 1973 College in South Hadley, Mass. A 1914 for programs of public welfare would do Mr. NIX. Mr. Speaker, the Constitu­ graduate of Mount Holyoke, Harriet well to remind ourselves that gross mis­ tion carefully separates the powers of the Newhall brought to her position a pro­ management often frustrates our at­ three branches of Government. The in­ found respect for the potential of young tempts to provide real assistance to the terpretation of the Constitution 186 students, professional expertise, and a de­ truly needy. A newspaper series recently years later draws different meanings votion to the traditions and academic run in the Milwaukee Sentinel describes from the same basic clauses by a Repub­ excellence for which her alma mater is the waste in the Milwaukee County wel­ lican President and a Democratic internationally recognized. fare department. I am inserting the 11th Congress. Conscientious dedication to her duties, segment of this series today. If the The Constitution seems clear enough. hard work, and resourcefulness earned frauds and mismanagement found in It says that Congress "shall have power Harriet Newhall the praise and grati­ Milwaukee are repeated in other cities, to lay and collect taxes and provide for tude, the respect and affection of stu­ the Congress cannot continue to ignore the common defense and general welfare dents, faculty, administrators, and trust­ the problems implicit in our present wel­ of the United States." ees alike. fare system. Action is needed-now. The power of Congress to appropriate Many young women who studied at The article follows: money and ultimately to control how Mount Holyoke College during the years BILL ERROR BARES INFLATED Am that money is to be spent is the founda­ when Miss Newhall was director of ad­ (By Gene Cunningham and Stuart Wilk) tion of all legislative power. Congres­ missions came to know this kind, gentle This ls the story of welfare department er­ sional supremacy on fiscal matters is and resourceful woman whose accom­ ror, client fraud and a. $905 gas bill. clearly set forth in the Constitution and plishments gained for her the admira­ It started with a telephone call to The in the Federal Papers. tion and respect of all her associates. I Milwaukee Sentinel Monday morning from a In the controversy over the refusal of am proud to have been among those who woman welfare recipient who complained the executive branch to spend money in knew her in her official role as dean of that her gas bill was too high. admissions, and having passed that scru­ She said she was being overbilled. the amounts and for the purpose written Indeed she was. The Sentinel learned that into law by Congress, the President has tiny hailed her as friend and counselor. the Wisconsin Gas Co.-through computer made a bold bid for Executive supremacy. Harriet Newhall earned high marks for error-had overbilled the woman by about In support of this doctrine, the President an outstanding performance in establish­ $645. exploits ambigious precedents and pre­ ing and maintaining admission stand­ The Sentinel then learned that the woman tends that what is cloudy is actually well ards of academic superiority, strong per­ and her family are getting multiple grants defined. sonal integrity, and a diverse student under various names from the Milwaukee body which have made Mount Holyoke County Welfare Department. Previous Presidents, going back to the The department is paying about $130 a days of Thomas Jefferson, exercised the a college of superb quality. Her tenure month for members of the family already power to impound funds only in isolated spanned generations of undergraduates covered under other grants. or temporary circumstances. Former and changing administrations. A person The welfare department was not aware of Chief Executives were just as jealous of for all seasons, her vitality and enthu­ the multiple grants until notified by The their prerogatives, however, they recog­ siasm kindled new accomplishments and Sentinel on Tuesday, although the woman's nized also that they shared fiscal power achievements in a college in transition. case records indicate the existence of multi­ Harriet Newhall held many postions ple grants. with Congress and that comity between "I have no knowledge of this except that two equal branches of Government is of prominence during her lifetime. She we are presently investigating whether it is furthered only when the responsibilities served as a trustee for the College En­ so,'' said Arthur Silverman, welfare director. are shared. Obviously, if a President finds trance Examination Board, assistant di­ "There will have to be an investigation. If he can administer a program with fewer rector of admissions for Wellesley Col­ there is indication of fraud, there will be employees or in a more efficient manner lege, and was a member of the New Eng­ followup and prosecution for fraud,'' Silver­ than Congress has contemplated when it land Association of Colleges and Second­ man said. approves an appropriation, it would then ary Schools, and the League of Women All of the grants in this case are being mailed by the department to the same be absurd of him to spend more money Voters. address. than is needed. However, efficient man­ Perhaps the greatest memorial to Silverman said that the department does agement is quite different from a decision Harriet Newhall will be paid post­ a computer run "from time to time" to cross to kill a program by not spending any humously. In 1972, Mount Holyoke an­ check grants going to the same address. He money at all. nounced the establishment of a Harriet said that for the past six months there has Newhall tuition grant to outstanding been a request at the Department of Admin­ The President's usurpation of a legis­ graduates of the Holyoke Community istration to program the computer to run lative function by arbitrary veto on virtu­ College. The first award will be given in off this information "constantly." ally any action of Congress by withhold­ September. The request is "now under consideration," ing the necessary funds to implement I know that all of us who knew Miss Silverman said. such legislation is dangerous and should Monday the woman called The Sentinel Newhall at Mount Holyoke will miss her. complaining that her gas bill had jumped be repudiated by those who believe in We are indebted to Harriet Newhall for balance of power. Many years ago former $665 in three months, although she uses gas the superb qualities which she brought only for cooking and for a hot water heater. President Rutherford B. Hays had this to to the decisions governing admission to The Wisconsin Gas Co. told reporters that say on the economy of the Nation: Mount Holyoke College. Many of us will because a "wrong factor" had been punched To withhold the means necessary for the remember with poignant delight that she into the computer, "the error kept com­ performance of a promise is always false possessed the distinctive capacity to rec­ pounding itself." economy, and is apt to prove disastrous in ognize and remember every returning "It's our fault on the bill,'' a company its consequences. alumna and that her greeting was one spokesman said. 1 964 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 11, 19 73 The spokesman said that the woman Communist countries care little or emy-t.he Communists--extract this propa­ actually was using only about $12 a month nothing about what happens to their ganda because that's what they wanted to in gas. He said the company would send her own men who are taken prisoner and hear. a revised bill. "They wanted to hear an American . . . The woman had not paid her gas bill since they view any prisoners they take as stand up in front of them, or sit down in a November, 1971, according to the company. political pawns. The history of the state­ chair, all smiles and drink beer while they're The welfare department has told reporters ments our men had to sign cates clear condemning the United States and the Pres­ repeatedly that a recipient is put on vouchers back to the patterns of the "forced con­ ident. if he hasn't paid a bill for two months. This fessions" extracted from Stalin's ene­ "This is why we have such animosity woman had not paid her gas bill for more mies in the purge trials of the 1930's. In against those people. They should have than a year. the conflict in Korea, we had the so­ known that if they came over and said they (Under, the voucher system, the depart­ called "germ warfare confessions" and wanted to see a prisoner of war the Commu­ ment sends payments direct to the creditor, Pueblo, nists were going to get a man out there one instead of to the welfare recipient.] later on with the case of the way or another to tell them what they wanted A spokesman for the welfare department we saw that the Communist rulers of to hear ... said the woman had not been put on voucher North Korea had not changed. Truth is "The fear of being beaten again is so bad because the department was not aware of not important to a Communist nation, that you'll go there and smile and give them the arrearage "until she called on Monday." only the signature on an official docu­ the party line. That's what they want to In the process of checking the case, The ment to give it an air of respectability is hear and that's what the gooks want you to Sentinel learned that the welfare department the important thing to them, whether do. And that's the way it came about." is paying duplicate grants for the woman's it is to prove the Pueblo was in North Abbott said his captors began preparing daughter and duplicate grants for the him for an interview shortly after he was woman's grandchild. Korean territorial waters or that a cap­ captured with 15 days of torture-his cap­ The grants are going out under different tured American flyer can be tortured tors seeking military information, his biog­ names. into speaking against his President. raphy and a signature on a "confession to The Sheriff's Department Fraud Squad had Therefore, I commend the story of Capt. criminal acts.'' told The Sentinel that "nine out of ten" per­ Robert A. Abbott of Deckerville, Mich., The torture began when he was denied sons who try to get aid under more than one as it appeared in the Detroit Sunday treatment for burns on his wrists and head name could probably get away with it. News of April 1, 1973, to the attention of which he had suffered when his plane was One grant--for $410-is sent to the woman my colleagues. The story follows: shot down and he refused to answer military each month under Aid to Families With De­ questions, he said. pendent Children (AFDC). The grant covers STATE POW BLAMES TORTURE ON VISITS BY The fighter pilot's voice dropped almost to the woman and her six children, according to PEACE GROUPS a whisper as he described how the Commu­ department records. (By Edwin G. Pipp) nists put irons around his ankles, hand­ Records show that another AFDC grant ls DECKERVILLE, MICH.-How American pris­ cuffed his hands behind him and then ran a being sent for one of the daughters covered oners in Hanoi were tortured and beaten rope attached to the handcuffs over his in the $410 grant and for the woman's grand­ into submitting to propaganda pictures and shoulders down to the leg irons and "tight­ child. That grant is $132 a month. interviews with anti-war groups was de­ ened me down." A third grant is being sent for the same scribed Saturday by a former Vietnam pris­ "Then they just left you in thls contor­ grandchild covered in the second grant. That oner. tionist position alone in a cell until you told grant ls $50 a month. "The stuff that came back with those anti­ them what they wanted," he said. "I went Different names are bei~ used for children war people was absolutely staged," said Capt. through this pressure position four hours the and the grandchild in the- second and third Robert A. Abbott, a POW for nearly six years. first time for military information. grants. "Propaganda was 80 percent more impor­ "They would check about every 15 minutes The daughter ls listed under one last name tant to Hanoi than military information," and pick and bounce me around. on one grant and another last name on an­ he said. "They wanted propaga.nda and would "I refused again on the biography deal and other grant. The first name ls the same and go to any ends to get it. Those anti-war peo­ got the same treatment. I didn't last so long so is the birthdate-Aug. 8, 1957. ple who came to North Vietnam caused then because I didn't think it was too impor­ The grandchild ls listed under different Americans to be tortured." tant. It was between my conscience and how first and last names on the two grants that Abbott, a fighter pilot who was shot down long I could resist." apply to her. On both grants, however, she April 30, 1967, was the center of a welcome He said his third experience with the irons is listed as having a birthdate of Feb. 28, home celebration Saturday in Deckerville, a came when he refused to sign the "confes­ 1972. thumb area community in Sanilac County, sion" and that he had decided to resist as When The Sentinel informed the woman 100 miles north of Detroit. long as possible. that her gas bill was being corrected she said "It isn't important that I tell you how I "I was in the irons for six hours and then she was appreciative. was beaten . . . because most ot' the guys they took me out of the irons and put me in "I take my hat off to you," the woman got that," he said. the solo room," he said. said. "I just want to convey to the American This was a small cell containing a concrete Asked about the duplicate grants, the people that we resisted to the best of our slab with leg manacles. woman first said she had no knowleclge of ability, but if they wanted propaganda­ "They put my ankles in the manacles and duplicate grants and then said: they got it." then handcuffs on my wrists nad fastened "I just wanted to get my gas bill checked Abbott said higher-ranking officers received the handcuffs to the manacles," he said. "I and the thing backfired." most of the abuse but he also described how stayed in that position for 36 hours. After 36 She declined to comment further and re­ he endured 15 days of torture that prepared hours they had me broke down and that's ferred all questions to her caseworker. him for interviews with a group of corre­ what they wanted. spondents from East Germany. "After that they could get anything they He said films showing prisoners playing wanted.'' table tennis, basketball and trimming flowers He said after he signed the "confession" COMMUNIST NORTH VIETNAMESE were "one time things." TORTURED MICHIGAN FLYER he was put back on the slab for seven days "They'd open your cell door, you'd bow, as punishment for not signing earlier. and they'd say, 'You come and play Ping­ During this time he was out of the re­ HON. ROBERT J. HUBER Pong'," he said. "If you didn't go you knew straints for only five minutes twice-a-day you'd be beaten. They'd break a man down for food, he said, and there was no protection OF MICHIGAN until he would say yes to anything. from mosquitoes that swarmed into the room. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES "We resisted to the best of our abilities, At the end of 15 days of torture he was told Wednesday, April 11, 1973 but when it came to a point that we might that he was going to meet with a delegation, die for something we didn't think absolutely and rehearsals started on what he would tell Mr. HUBER. Mr. Speaker, the stories necessary, we gave in. It wasn't brainwash­ them. This lasted two to three weeks before of our returning POWs and how they ing; it was a physical breakdown. he met with a group from East Germany. fared with the North Vietnamese and "It's easy to face up to a guy who says, "I was in a state of shock and broken-down and they told me I would go back into irons if Viet Cong have shocked and saddened 'I'm goin' to shoot you if you don't do this.' I didn't meet the delegation," Abbott said. many Americans. How many Americans You stand there and he shoots you and it's "I met them and answered their questions were duped by the performances, staged all over. But if he puts you in chains for a in collaboration with the professional week or 14 days, it is a different story and as I had been coached to do." groups of anti-Vietnam war people who you do what he wants. At this meeting, which was filmed, there visited Hanoi, will probably never be "It's just so important to get the American was beer on the table. But Abbott said he known. What should be realized, how­ peopl~ to realize that the propaganda they didn't drink any. ever, is that what we Americans heard is received was staged and the men beaten se­ "I didn't want to appear like I was happy. all part and parcel of the usual Com­ verely for that propaganda.. Those anti-war They wanted you to appear natural but it was munist behavior in such circumstances. people who came over there helped the en- a put-up job. April .11, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 11965

"I've had contacts with the other guys who FUNDING INFORMATION ON PROGRAMS AUTHORIZED have been through this and it was a typical UNDER THE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY ACT OF 1964, AS Outlays (fiscal year)- procedure all the way along," Abbott said. AMENDED: FISCAL YEARS 1972- 74 1972 1973 1974 His experience with an interview happened (actual) (est.) !Dollar amounts in millions] (re- early in his six-year captivity, Abbott said, quested) and he does not have first-hand knowledge Outlays (fiscal year)- about how interviews were handled during 6. Pub Ii c service careers ____ _ $117 1$80 Sub· recent years. 1974 sumed "Ramsey Clark and Jane Fonda talked to 1972 1973 (re· under people but they talked to the same people," (actual) (est.) quested) MRS. he said. "It was the same eight or ten people and I have my ideas on how that \d.S staged, 1. Neighborhood Youth •The administration has proposed a rescission of approxi­ but won't talk about it because I don't have Corps: mately $3,600,000 for the public service careers program in first-hand knowledge." In-school and summer $376 • $304 Sub­ fiscal year 1973. The $80,000,000 figure given above does not take After Clark, former U.S. attorney general, programs. sumed the proposed rescission into account. visited Hanoi last August for two weeks, he under Source: Same as those noted for the Neighborhood Youth MRS.2 Corps figures. said he talked with 10 prisoners for two hours Out-of-school program ____ 125 3103 Do. "on any subject," and reported he found the Note : See note under Operation Mainstream. health of the POW's "better than mine and •The administration has proposed a rescission (formal reduc­ I am a healthy man." tion) of approximately $246,000,000 for thE in-school and sum· [In millions] Miss Fonda visited Hanoi for two weeks last mer programs in fiscal year 1973. This would discontinue the summer program beginning in the summer of 1973. The $304,- July, talked with about 10 POW's and con­ 000,000 figure given abovE does not take the proposed rescission Obligations (fiscal year)- demned North Vietnam's enemies over Radio into account. Hanoi. 2 MRS abbreviates Manpower Revenue Sharing. The summer 1792 1973 1974 (re- program of NYC is proposed to be discontinued. It is not pro· (actual) ( est.) quested) Despite his experience as a POW, Abbott posed to be subsumed under MRS. appeared well and healthy as he described a The administration hc.s proposed a rescission of approxi­ 7. Headstart ______the Communist ways of obtaining propa­ mately $10,100 ,000 for the out-of-school program in fiscal year $369 $393 I $407 ganda statements. 1973. The $103,000,000 figure given above does not take the proposed rescission into account. "It was 13th century torture ... they had l Appears to include $15,700 ,000 to defray administrative no understanding of anything but brute force Note: The specific amounts of funding (during fiscal year 1974) costs (previously funded through OEO's CAAS) for operation of for the in-school and out-of-school portions of NYC, if MRS is Headstart programs. . . . they had all the time in the world be­ carried through, are not known. cause there was nobody there who cared,'' Sources: Fiscal year 1974 Budget Appendix; "HEW- OEO Sources: Special Analysis I of the fiscal 1974 budget; 1973 Program Related Items" supplied by the HEW Budget Office. Abbott said. Proposed Rescission. U.S. Department of Labor, Manpower "We figured that 95 percent of the people Administration , Manpower Training Services. there were tortured one time or another through this procedure. Some guys would sit Fiscal year- on stools for four or five days and the guards Outlays (fiscal year)- 1972 wouldn't let them sleep. 1972 1973 1974 (re· (com pa- "In Vietnam everybody was beaten and tor­ (actual) (estimate) quested) rable 1973 1974 tured. We expected that for military informa­ appropri- (revised (re- tion. But for propaganda we couldn't under­ ation) request) quested) 2. Operation Mainstream ____ _ $75 1 $82 Subsumed stand it. We just couldn't understand why under the American people would allow those anti· MRS. 8. Follow Through 1 ______$61. 7 $57. 7 $41.0 war people to come to North Vietnam and then believe what they brought back." • The administration has proposed a rescission of approxi· 1 This program is proposed to be phased out beginning in mately $4,300,000 for Operation Mainstream in fiscal year 1973. fiscal year 1974 and ending in 1978. The $82,000,000 figure given above does not take the proposed rescission into account. Sources: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, Budget Division. "Fiscal 1974 Budget Source: Special Analysis I of the fiscal year 1974 budget. Request" and "History of 1973 2d Vetoed Bill and October Supplemental"; Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, FUNDING OF OEO PROGRAMS Note : The specific amounts of funding (in fiscal year 1974) for the various programs to be subsumed under MRS, if carried ?Jn:. of the Secretary. "HEW Budget Request for fiscal year through, are not known. HON. AUGUSTUS F. HAWKINS !In millions] Outlays (fiscal year)- OF CALIFORNIA 1972 1973 197 4 (re· Obligations (fiscal year)- IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (actual) (est.) quested) 1972 1973 1974 (re- Wednesday, April 11, 1973 (actual) (est.) quested) Mr. HAWKINS. Mr. Speaker, I think it 3. Job Corps ______$188 1$177 $111 is important and necessary for Congress 9. Legal services program ___ $67. 7 $73. 8 l $71. 5 to understand exactly how much money • The administration has proposed a recission of approximately $10,000,000 for the Job Corps in fiscal year 1973. The $177,000,000 the President is proposing to cut or shift figure given above does not take the proposed rescission into 1 The $71,500,000 for fiscal year 1974 is requested in the from programs authorized under the account. budget for HEW for subsequent assignment to the legal services program as a corporation, if legislation for a corporation is Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 as Sources: Same as those for the Neighborhood Youth Corps enacted. (As of Apr. 10, the Administration's bill has not been amended. The following table presents a figures. sent over.) comparison of funding levels for EOA Sources: Fiscal year 1974 Budget Appendix; "Office of programs for the fiscal years 1972, 1973, Outlays (fiscal year)- Economic Opportunity Programs in fiscal year 1974." Office of Economic Opportunity, Office of the Director. Jan. 29, 1973. and 1974. Funding levels for fiscal year 1972 1973 1974 1972 are actual outlays or obligations; (actual) (est.) (requested) fiscal year 1973 figures are estimated out­ 4. Concentrated employ- Obligations (fiscal year)- lays or obligations; fiscal year 1974 fig­ ment program ______$123 $100 Subsumed ures are from the President's budget re­ under 1972 1973 1974 (re- quest and other sources as indicated. MRS. (actual) (est.) quested) It is important to read the notes for l The administration has proposed a rescission ol approxi­ mately $9,900,000 for the CEP in fiscal year 1973. The $100,- explanations of the figures. For example, 000,000 figure given above does not take the proposed rescission Community economic devel- proposed rescissions are not deducted into account. opment. ______------$26. 8 $30. 7 I $39. 3 from the fiscal year 1973 estimated fund­ Source: Same as those noted for the Neighborhood Youth ing outlays and obligations but are in­ Corps figures. l According to the administration's fiscal year 1974 budget cluded in the notes because Congress has Note: See note under Operation Mainstream. request, no new OEO funding for community economic develop­ not yet acted on the rescissions. ment activities will be made after fiscal year 1973. However, the Outlays (fiscal year)- Office of Minority Business Enterprise has, included in its fiscal With the exception of manpower pro­ year 1974 request, $39,300,000 to support community develop­ grams, fiscal year 1974 figures do not 1972 1973 (es- 1974 (re· ment corporations as demonstration projects. New legislation is (actual) timated) quested) proposed to be submitted to authorize the OMBE to continue necessarily represent the actual outlays funding of community development corporations (the local that would be experienced during fiscal 5. Job opportunities in the grantees of the OEO community economic development pro­ business sector(JOBS)­ gram). As of Apr. 10 the administration's bill has not been sent year 1974 because some funds will be ex­ Basic program only __ •• $127 $92 $96 over. pended to meet obligations made in prior Source: Same as those noted for the Neighborhood Youth Sources : Same as those noted for the legal services program years: Corps figures. figures. 11966 'EXTENSIONS OF ~ REMAflKS April 11, 1973

Obli gations (fiscal year)- Obligations (fiscal year)- Obligations (fiscal year)- 1972 1973 1974 (re- 1974 (actual) (est.) quested) 1972 1973 (re- 1972 1973 1974 (re- (actual) ( est.) quested) (actual) (est.) quested)

ll. Community Action Agen- $238. 3 (1) cy Assistance (sec. 221)__ _ _ $298. 2 16. Migrant and seasonal 20. Comprehensive Health 2 farm-worker programs___ 1 $36. 5 1 $36. 3 $40. 0 Services______1 $152.7 2 $151. 5 a $168 1 According to the administration's Fiscal Year 1974 budget request, no new funding for Community Action ARency Ass ist­ ance under sec. 221 of the EOA will be made after Fiscal Year 'Includes s!ight1y over $1,000,000 (in each fiscal year) for program administration. 1973-except in the case of Indian prQRrams, as discussed 1 This figure includes ~bout $106,700 ,000 obligated by OEO below. The Fiscal Year 1972 and Fiscal Year 1973 figures include 2 According to the administration's fiscal year 1974 budget request, no new OEO funding for migrant and seasonal farm­ and ab_out $46,~,000 obhgated by HEW for transferred proj ects. approximately $18,000 ,000 for program administration. 2 worker programs will be made after fiscal year 1973. The $40,- This figure mclude~ about $85,500,000 obligated by OEO and a1>?ut _$66,000,0QO obltgated by HEW for transferred projects. Sources: Fiscal year 1974 Budget Appendix; Office of the 000,000 f~r fiscal year 1974 is requested by the Department of · This figure . mcludes about $101 ,000,000 for newly trans­ Ccmptroller, Office of Economic Opportunity. Labor. Migrant a~d seas_o~al farmwor~er 1>,rograms previously funded by OEO will be eligible for continuation under the direc­ ferred OEO projects and about $66 ,000 ,000 for formerly trans­ Note : An additional $3 ,000,000 (in Fiscal Year 1972 and Fiscal tion of the Department of Labor after fiscal year 1973. The ferred OEO projects. It also includes about $1 000 000 for Yea.r 1973) was \ransferred to the Department of HEY/ .or the $40,000,000 requested by the Department of Labor for fiscal former OEO Health Manpower activities. It should be noted in all national summer youth sports program. Under a delegation y_ear 1974 includes funding attributable to program administra­ figures for transferred _projects are tentative estimates since agreement with HEW , support for this program will be continued tion _and ~mergency food and medical services activities. The ~~we P~~j:C~~- OEO projects have been merged with existing ;~ }~!:;tu~e~:~:U973. No funds are requested for this activity relat1onsh1p between the $40,000,000 in former OEO funds and ~he Department of Labor's own funding for migrant programs Note : The fiscal year 1974 funding will be requested by the m fisca! year 1974 (about $10,000,000 in fiscal year 1973) is Obligations (fiscal year)- DetJa.f!ment of Health, Education and Welfare to continue OED uncertain. The Department of Labor has indicated that tenta­ act1v1taes ($101,000,000 specifically for the activities transferred tively , it plans to spend at least the $40,000,000 but has not as of the end of fiscal year 1973-approximately 60 projects). 1974 reached a decision on: (a) how much of its own funds will be 1973 (re- Howe~er , 1t . should be remembered that these figures are 1972 ~xpended on migra~t programs in fiscal year 1974; (b) whether tentative estu~ates and that the conditions for refunding for­ (actual) ( est.) quested) its own programs will be lumped together with the former OED mer OEO p~Oj_ ects .out of HEW's Health Services and Mental programs and funded at $40,000,000 or some other level · and Health Adm1mstrat1on appear to be uncertain In add ition it 12. Training and technical as- (c) how much migrant funding might be expended under man­ sistance (Sec. 230) ______$11. 4 {1) ap~ears that about $1,000,000 (over and above the $101,000,0oo power revenue sharing. ~llmate for transferred Comprehensive Health Services projects) 1 According to the adm inistration's fiscal year 1974 budget Sources: "Office of Economic Opportunity Programs in will go for NIH Health Manpower activities. OEO estimates request, no new funding for training and technical assistance fi~al year 1974." Office of Economic Opportunity, Office of the $102,600,000 for 1974 transfers to HEW for CHS and Health under sec. 230 of the EOA will be made after fiscal year 1973. Director. Jan. 29, 1_973. Letter dated Feb. 26, 1973; from Paul J. Manpower. Other estimates indicate $102,000,000 ($101,000,000 Fas~r ! Dep~ty Assistant Sec~etary for Manpower and Manpower plus $1,000,000). Sources: Same as those noted for Community Action Agency Admm1strat1on, to Mr. Daniels, Chairman of the Select Sub­ assistance figures. committee on Labor, Committee on Education and Labor. So_urces: Fiscal Year 1974 Budget Appendix. "Office of Eco­ Department ot Labor, Manpower Budget Office. nomic

13. Senior opportunities and 1972 1973 1974 (re- services ______(1) (actual) (est.) quested) $8.1 $8.0 Obligations (fiscal year)- 1 According to the administration's fiscal year 1974 budget request, no new funding for senior opportunities and services 17. Rural Loan Program _____ I $3.1 I $1. 8 1$2. 5 1972 1973 1974 (re_ will be made after fiscal year 1973. However, the administration (actual) (est.) quested) on aging is anticipated (based on the fiscal year 1974 budget request) to receive a large increase in funding for both its service and nutrition programs for the elderly. This large 1 The rural loan program under the Farmers Home Admin­ increase, if enacted, could enable AOA and State agencies, istration was terminated in 1971. The figures shown for fiscal 21. Family planning______1 $33. 9 2 $33. 5 3 $35. 5 if they so chose, to refund many of the SOS programs formerly year 1972 through fiscal year 1974 include administrative costs funded by OEO. for outstanding loan . service. and ~ollection. only. Beginning in fiscal year 1974, this fu~dmg will be d11ectly appropriated 'This figure includes abo~t $23,900,000 obligated by OEO Source: Same as those noted for Community Action Agency to the Department of Agnculture Farmers Home Administra• Assistance figures. and about $10,000,000 obhgated by HEW for transferred tion, according to the fiscal year 1974 Budget Request. projects. Obligations (fiscal year)- . Sources: (a) "Office of Economic Opportunity Programs in 2 This figure includes abo~t $15,500,000 obligated by OEO Fiscal Year 1974 " Office of Economic Opportunity, Office of and about $20,000,000 obligated by HEW for transferred 1972 1973 1974 (re- 'he Director. Jan. 29, 1973; (b) Fiscal Year 1974 Budget Appendix. projects. (actual) (est.) quested) a This ~gure includes all funding obligated by HEW for former OE~ _pro1.e<:ts. It, and the earlier figures, are estimates. In 14. State Economic Oppor­ add1t1on, 1t 1s expected that many OEO transfers will be consoli· tunity Office assistance_ $12. 1 1$12 (2) ~ate with HEW family planning grants. Conditions for refund· Obligations (fiscal year)- mg former OEO projects appear to be uncertain. Furthermore, 1 Included in the $12,000,000 figure is State Economic Oppor­ there seems to be a question as to whether the fiscal year 1974 1972 1973 1974 (re- figure should be $35,500,000 or $35,600,000. tunity Office assistance that wiTI extend longer than Dec. 31 (actual) (est.) quested) 1973 (the general cutoff date for most OEO refunding during Source: Same as those noted for Comprehensive Health fiscal year 1973). , According to the admini~ra tion's fiscal year 1974 budget Services figures. request, no new funding for State Economic Opportunity Offices 18. Economic opportunity will be made after fiscal year 1973. loans 1______$71.4 $66. 2 $63. 0 Sources: Same as those noted for Community Action Agency Obligations (fiscal year)- assi~ance figures. 1 The figures set forth under this category include obligations Obligations (fiscal year)- for economic opportunity management assistance and costs and obligations for economic opportunity business loans. 1972 1973 1974 (re­ 1974 Appropriations are to the Small Business Administration. (actual) (est.) quested) 1972 1973 (re- (actual) ( est.) quested) Source: Fiscal year 1974 Budget Appendix. 22. Drug rehabilitation ______$18. $23. 0 l $29.3 15. Special Indian programs 1_ 2 $22. L. 3 $22. 4 { $32.1 l Obligations (fiscal year)- 1 The funding listed under this category is also i ncluded under other categories. It should not be added to the other ca tegories 1 The fiscal year 1974 funding will be requested by the De· when computing totals for Fiscal Year 1972 and Fi scal Year 1973. 1972 1973 1974 (re- partment of HEW. For fiscal year 1974, $29,300,000 is included However, it may be added for Fiscal Year 1974. (actual) (est.) quested) in the National Institute of Mental Health budget request for 1 This figure includes : $17.500,000 in Community Action continuation of drug rehabilitation activities previously funded Agency assistance; $1, 500, COO in emergency food and medical by OEO. It does not appear that the fiscal year 1972 to fiscal services funding; $1,900,000 in alcoholic counseling and re­ year 1974 figures given above include any funding for OEO covery funding; $1,000,000 in research and demonstration fund· Research and demonstration projects transferred ea rlier than fiscal year 1973. It should be activities ______$45. 0 $66. 7 f/7.9 ing; and $1,000,000 in family planning funding. noted that funding for drug abuse community program project a This figure includes: $19,000,000 in Community Action Agency assistance; $2,300,COO in emergency food and medical grants (to which the majority of OEO funding is being trans­ services funding; and $1 ,100,000 in training and technical ferred) is proposed to be increased by about $8,000,000, while Note: The fiscal year 1974 funding will be requested by the OEO project funding (as part of the total community grants) is assistance funding. Department of HEW, the Department of Labor, anr! the Depart· • According to the administration's Fiscal Year 1974 budget proposed to be increased $5,300,000 from fiscal year 1973 to request, no new OEO fundi ng for special Indian programs will be ment of Housing and Urban Development: HEW- $59,200,000 to the National Institute of Education , the Office of Child De­ fiscal yea r 1974. As a result, it would appear that OEO projects made after Fiscal Year 1973. However, OEO programs serving are to receive increased fundi ng while HEW-oriented projects Indians will be continued by HEW in Fiscal Year 1974 and con­ velopment, and the Office of the Secretary to carry on specific verted to a pilot effort funded directly to Indian t ribal councils. OEO-initiated projects; OOL-$5,300,000 to continue OEO are to receive funding decreased by about $4,500,000 in fiscal The $32,100,000 for Fisca l 1974 Year is requested in the HEW research in the fiel ds of manpower training and labor force year 1974. HEW notes that the funding levels for community budget request for the Office of the Secretary. It includes a participation ; HUD- $13,400 .000 to continue efforts to test grants represent amounts necessary to continue existing projects ways to provide adequate housing for disadvantaged persons. portion of funding attributable to program administration. This at their current funding levels. funding figure is additive. Sources : (a) Fiscal year 1974 Budget Appendix; (b) "Office of Economic Opportunity Programs in fisca! year 1974." Office of Source: Same as those noted for Comprehensive Health Source: Same as those noted for Community Action Agency Service figures. Assistance figures. Economic Opportunity, Office of the Director. Jan. 29, 1973. April 11, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS ~1967 radio station on the public airways, usually high water levels that have prevailed Obligations (fiscal year)- WPHS. in Green Bay and Lake Michigan for well over a year. The water level is so high that a 1972 1973 1974 (re· My constituents in the 18th district (actual) (est.) quested) recurrence of major :flooding is but another and I are proud of the success of this spring storm away. station, and on the occasion of its ninth Until the water level recedes, thousands of 23. Alcoholic counseling birthday wish to congratulate those par­ residents of Brown, Oconto, Marinette, Door and recovery programs__ i $1. 9 $14. 4 3 NA ~ ticipating in its operation. and Kewaunee Counties in the Eighth Con­ Members of the House may find this gressional District of Wisconsin face the con­ 1 Does not include funding within HEW for alcoholism proj­ brief item about WPHS of interest. It stant threat of flooding. ects transferred at an earlier date, and as a result is not a Mr. Chairman, I would like to share with strictly comparable figure. appeared in the March 20, 1973, issue of you and this committee the background on 2 Does not appear to include funding within HEW alcoholism the Macomb Daily: projects transferred at an earlier date. During fiscal year 1973, this problem of high water levels that plagues OEO will transfer $14,400,000 to the HEW National Institute WARREN SCHOOL' S RADIO STATION Is 9 northeastern Wisconsin and the entire Great for Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, to sustain projects serving YEARS OLD Lakes region. low-income persons. a Funds for fiscal year 1974 are requested as part of the HEW WPHS, the only media radio station in the The high water levels are due to unprec­ budget for NIAA. However, no specific figure is available for state's fourth largest city, celebrates nine edented high precipitation which has oc­ funding, under NIAAA's community program project grants, years of broadcasting today. A number of curred over the Great Lakes Basin during the comparable to the fiscal year 1973 estimate of $14,400,000, pa.st few years. Green Bay and Lake Michigan Overall, NIAAA's community project grant funding is proposed celebrities from Detroit and area stations are to be reduced by about $4,000,000 in fiscal year 1974. In addi­ expected to, in person, be here visiting this levels were higher last year than any year tion, it is proposed that NIAAA alcoholism project grants be small, but growing student operated radio since 1952. phased out in fiscal year 1974. outlet. This year the Lake is close to 582 feet above Sources: Same as those noted for Comp rehensive Health An open house will also be held from 2 to sea level, the all time high it reached back Services figures, 7 p.m. today for the public. in the 1880's; rainfall was very heavy last The station is currently operating 15 Y:z summer and we have continued to experience Obligations (fiscal year)- hours a day and has this year, been voca­ unusual precipitation this winter. tionally certified by the state of Michigan to Lake Superior was the first of the Great 1972 1973 1974 (re- teach radio broadcasting and is believed to Lakes to experience the high water levels. At (actual) (est.) quested) be the only one in the nation so licensed. the present time Lake Superior has crested, The station's format of music and news from and earlier this year was only four inches 24. Emergency food and 8 a .m. to 11: 30 p.m. has given a great oppor­ above its long term average, whereas Lake medical services ______$3. 5 $24 (1) tunity for media people to get established in Michigan was at the same time over two feet many stations in many localities. above its average. The Army Corps of Engineers informed me l Fiscal Year 1973 funding is from funds made available during Students who have graduated from WPHS Fiscal Year 1972 (and available for Fiscal Year 1973 utilization). are now working, or have worked in the last February that Lake Michigan would soon No funds are requested for this program in Fiscal Year 1974- following radio stations or TV stations: crest and that Lake Erie and Lake Ontario except that projects serving Indians and migrants are proposed would be the next to experience high water to be continued from funds requested for those sets of programs Detroit: WDET-FM; WWWW-FM; WJR­ in HEW and the Department of Labor. AM & FM; WRIF-FM; WDRQ-FM: Colum­ levels. We can see by this week's flooding that bus, Ohio: WBUK, Birmingham: WHFI­ Lake Erie and Ontario have in fact been tor­ Sources: (a) Office of Economic Opportunity Programs in Fiscal mented by these high water levels. Lake Year 1974. Office of Economic Opportunity, Office of the Director. Four working there currently; Ann Arbor: Jan. 29, 1973; (b) Office of Economic Opportunity, Office of the WPAG; Pontiac: WPON-AM; Mount Clem­ Michigan has still to crest and suffers a simi­ Comptroller. ens: WBRB-AM & FM; Dearborn: WKNR-AM lar plight. & FM. Investigation has shown that there are three steps which, if taken, could signifi­ Obligations (fiscal year)- The Voice of University of Michigan Bas­ ketball . . . WTRX, Flint; KRLD-Dallas, cantly lower the water levels in the Great 1972 1973 1974 (re- Texas-Now play by play football with Dallas Lakes. I would like to discuss these steps with (actual) (est.) quested) Cowboys; KMND AM & FM, Tempe, Arizona; this committee. KDKB, Mesa Arizona; KTAR TV in Phoenix, First, the amount of water :flowing fr.to 25. VISTA ! ______2 $22. 9 $25. 2 $22. 3 Arizona; Channel 56 & Wayne State Univer­ the Great Lakes System from the Canadian sity TV. Hudson Bay watershed must be decreased. Water that otherwise would have :flowed into 1 Funds for VISTA fiscal year 1972 through fiscal year 1974) About 100 students are currently learning are requested by ACTION. The figures given include funds for the inside and outside of the kind of oper­ Hudson Bay has for years been diverted into training costs but do not include administration costs or funds ation normally carried on by a commercial Lake Superior for navigation and power pur­ for the university year for ACTION. station. Students from :five area high schools poses. This practice must be curtailed. 2 It should be noted that, in fiscal year 1973, OEO transferred Second, the Lake Superior Board of Con­ about $38,100,000 to ACTION for VISTA operations. are enrolled in the program; the station broadcasts, as a community service, entire trol should continue to impound water in Sources: Fiscal year 1974 Budget, Domestic Programs­ Lake Superior. By reducing the flow of water Submission to the Congress. ACTION. March 1973. proceedings of the Warren City Council Meetings and the Warren Consolidated School out of Lake Superior, the levels of the other Board Meetings in their entirety every other Great Lakes are lowered. In February the Obligations (fiscal year)- week. U.S.-Canadian International Joint Commis­ sion reduced the out:flow from Lake Superior 1972 1973 1974 (re- (actual) (est.) quested) by 25 percent. This ordered cutback reduced the present flow from Lake Superior from STATEMENT OF REPRESENTATIVE 71 ,000 to 55,000 cubic feet per second. This 26. General administrative HAROLD V. FROEm.ICH BEFORE reduction is achieved by reducing the :flow for support______1 $18. 2 i $18. 5 2 $33. 0 THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON PUB­ power generation on the U.S. side of the in­ LIC W ORKS ternational boundary at Sault St. Marie. This 1 These figures include funding for general support only. They reduction will result in storing one and one­ do not include funding for administrative support that could be specifically attributed to a program areas. half inches of additional water in Lake Su­ 2 This $33,000,000 is requested by GSA for liquidation of former HON. HAROLD V. FROEHLICH perior. This has a commensurate lowering OEO activities (mainly, Community Action operations). It is effect on Lake Michigan. generally comparable to the fiscal year 1972 and fiscal year 1973 OF WISCONSIN The reduced rate of flow is due to expire figures, plus administrative obligations under CAA assistance­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES about $18,000,000. on April 30. I am fearful that the Joint Com­ Wednesday, April 11, 1973 mission will restore the increased flow of Source : Same as those noted for Community Action Agency water into the lower lakes on May 1, causing figures. Mr. FROE!Il,ICH. Mr. Speaker, I in­ an additional 16,000 cubic feet of water per sert in the RECORD a statement I gave second to pour out of Lake Superior into earlier today at hearings on the high Lake Michigan and Lake Huron. This will WPHS CELEBRATES NINTH water levels in the Great Lakes con­ mean that conditions are going to get much BIRTHDAY worse in the next few months rather than ducted by the House Committee on Pub­ better. lic Works: The third step involves the amount of STATEMENT OF REPRESENTATIVE HAROLD V. water which the Chicago Sanitary District HON. ROBERT J. HUBER FROEHLICH BEFORE THE HOUSE COMMITTEE can divert from Lake Michigan. This should OF MICHIGAN ON PUBLIC WORKS be increased. A court ruling has restricted the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Mr. Chairman, on Monday of this week the water diversion through the Chicago Ship flood waters of Green Bay lashed north-east­ Canal. I am cosponsoring legislation, H.R. Wednesday, April 11, 1973 ern Wisconsin's shoreline and wreaked mil­ 6673, which would increase the diversion of lions of dollars worth of property damage to Lake Michigan water into the Chip Canal Mr. HUBER . Mr. Speaker, Michigan's the area's homes and businesses. In the City and down the Illinois Waterway. This legis­ fourth largest city, Warren, has the of Green Bay alone six square miles of the lation would authorize an additional diver­ distinction of being served by Michigan's city lie under water. sion of water from the lake by 6,800 feet per only vocationally approved high school This flooding is a direct result of the un- second. The Corps of Engineers will insure 11968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 11, 1973 that there would be no excess of water flow­ ADMINISTRATIVE OBSTACLES TO can be manipulated to serve the political ad­ ing into the canal through the waterway. VOTING vantage or philosophy of those who control This additional diversion would be author­ them. ized for a five year period and would have Such misuse of administrative practices is to be approved by both the United States HON. CHARLES B. RANGEL not new to the institutional life of our so­ ciety. What is notable about the established and Canada. OF NEW YORK These three steps, taken in concert, could election system is the extent to which, bar­ lower the water level in Lake Michigan by IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ring misuse of any kind, it denies the rights eight inches in a year's time. Wednesday, April 11, 1973 and infringes on the convenience of hundreds Clearly, the problem requires the estab­ of thousands or Americans regardless of their lishment of a range of minimum and maxi­ Mr. RANGEL. Mr. Speaker, the League racial or economic background. mum water levels on the Great Lakes. of Women Voters is an organization that In the presidential election of 1968, 73 mil­ Just nine years ago in 1964, Lake Michigan we are all familiar with. In communities lion Americans or approximately 60 % of the was experiencing all time low water levels all acr0ss the country, the league is ac­ total population of voting age actually voted which was the reason for the state of Wis­ tive in voter education and registration. for a candidate of their choice; 47 million consin, at that time, to seek a court ruling or approximately 40 % did not cast a ballot. restricting the diversion of Lake Michigan I am sure we all hold the league in high­ Compared with other democratic countries, water down the Chicago Sanitary Canal. est regard. this voting rate of American citizens is em­ We have to even out these extreme fluctua­ In 1972, the elections system project barrassingly low. For example, the rate at tions. But we must remember that water of the League of Women Voters published which voters in Italy have participated in diversion techniques take years to implement. an informative booklet entitled "Ad­ elections in the last 10 years has regularly They are indeed the answer, but this provides ministrative Obstacles to Voting." In approached 90 % . Canada records a voting us little comfort at the present time. clear and explicit terms, the booklet rate of approximately 75% to 80%, and in The problem we have today is immediate the last 25 yea.rs, West German citizens have remedial action that can be taken to reduce analyzes the disenfranchisement of citi­ voted at rates which range between 78% and the amount of property damage and threat zens caused by our system of voter reg­ 87% . to life resulting from the high water levels. istration. I highly recommend this book­ It is the contention of this report that The Army Corps of Engineers is authorized let to all of my colleagues. I now sub­ millions of American citizens fail to vote not under PL. 84-99 to undertake a program of mit relevant excerpts: because they a.re disinterested but because advanced flood emergency measures known A LOOK AT THE PRESENT SYSTEM they are disenfranchised by the present elec­ as "Operation Foresight." This will provide tion system. Ironically moreover, many of temporary protection to those areas where During the next six months, much public them lose their right to vote not because they high lake levels pose a flooding threat to life attention will focus on the principal candi­ are poor, black, uneducated or uninterested, dates and issues of the November presidential and property. It is a joint federal-state-local but because they are part of the mainstream program with federal know-how and some election. It is doubtful, however, that very of American society. Moving to a better cash being matched by state coordination much concern will be given to the electoral neighborhood, accepting a company transfer, through the Division of Emergency Govern­ process itself-that system of registration and going to college, getting married, serving ment and knowledge of the terrain and lo­ voting procedures Americans must use in or­ their country and exercising other rights, cal cooperation in obtaining rights of way, der to express their choice on the candidates. freedoms and obligations to their country common labor and materials. Most citizens show little interest in the too often has had the effect of denying citi­ Unfortunately, the flood waters hit be­ process not because they dismiss its impor­ zens their right to vote. fore the dikes were constructed. In Green tance but simply because they do not recog­ Undoubtedly, the present election system Bay, bids will not be opened until April 17, nize the extent to which the current election will continue to disenfranchise millions of 1973, seven days after the floods swept the system impairs the right of all Americans to Americans of every economic and social back­ city. Completion of the dikes is not expected engage in self-government. The public gen­ ground unless improvements a.re made at until June 30. This leaves the area at the erally believes that. the system has worked both the administrative and legislative mercy of the weather until that time. well for them in the past and that it will levels. Operation Foresight, Great Lakes, is not work well for the 140 million Americans of intended to cope with the immense erosion voting age in 1972. SEEKING To REGISTER AND VOTE: ExPERIENCF.S problems around the lakes. Regrettably, the present election system OF THE VOTER It is for these reasons that I have co-spon­ has not worked well. It still bears the mark Under the system of voter enrollment and sored four pieces of legislation to provide of forces which originally gave it birth at the participation currently used in the United immediate relief to those areas that are most turn of the century: fear of the then-wide­ States, the individual citizen must take the seriously affected by high water. spread corruption and fraud at the polls and initiative in order to qualify himself as a The four basic goals of the erosion leg­ a desire to control the voting participation voter. The preceding discussion has indicated islation can be summarized as follows: of millions of European immigrants who that the law does not require local election 1. H.R. 6670, to give the Army Corps of threatened the political status quo. Although officials to take the initiative and that many Engineers legal authority to use its experi­ these particular forces have largely ceased to a.re unwilling to employ their numerous ence, expertise and considerable resources exist, the system remains saddled with many powers or fully utilize the efforts of citizen in this emergency. unnecessarily restrictive laws and exclusion­ volunteers to reach potential voters. 2. H.R. 6671, to allow citizens who have ary procedures. It has become an administra­ In this context, the experiences of the in­ suffered financial loss from this rapid erosion tive maze in which many of the abuses it was dividual citizen as he seeks to register and to qualify for disaster relief now only avail­ designed to prevent can, in fact, be more vote are extremely important. If the cost able for other specified 'natural' disasters. easily hidden and through which the average in terms of time, energy, inconvenience or 3. H.R. 6672, to allow for reimbursement citizen must painstakingly grope in order to personal pride is too high, the individual under the Rivers and Harbors Act for pre­ exercise his fundamental right to the fran­ may choose not to vote. Considering the all vention or repair of shore damage caused by chise. too frequent occurrence of complex forms, erosion attributable to federal navigation Fear of fraud is often advanced in opposi­ unhelpful and poorly trained staff, machine structures. tion to proposed reforms of the present elec­ breakdowns, and inconveniently located reg­ 4. H.R. 6674, to authorize a comprehensive tion system. It could be argued, however, that istration and polling places, it is surprising study under the Coastal Zone Management such a.buses are a function of community that so many citizens do vote. That the sys­ Act to determine best ways to combat future mores and will exist in some communities no tem functions at all is a tribute to the sheer erosion on the Lakes. matter what election procedures are estab­ determination of citizens to overcome these This legislation will allow the Army Corps lished. More noteworthy, it would seem, is inconveniences and obstacles. of Engineers to use its experience, expertise the fraud perpetuated on the American peo­ Registration is the first step in the vot­ and considerable resources to combat the ple by a system which excludes millions of ing process and the most crucial. When peo­ present crisis. The Corps is prepared to help eligible voters from the electoral process in ple register, they usually vote. In the presi­ if only it is given the authority. the name of preventing a few dishonestly dential election of 1968, 89 % of those per­ Qualification for low-cost disaster loans cast votes. sons who were registered actually voted. and the possibility of eventual reimburse­ Indeed, the system works poorly for all Observations of registration places and ex­ ment of expenses a.re two more aspects of Americans. In the case of minorities, the amination of formally stated registration this legislative package that give lakeshore poor, the uneducated and the aged, who are practices provide some dramatic examples of residents hope for the future. unable to meet its complicated requirements the problems citizens encounter in trying to Finally, the study authorized in the fourth easily, the system naturally imposes more register. piece of legislation will hopefully provide us heavily than it does on the average main­ The first problem that the citizen is likely with the long-range answers as to which stream American. These groups can be even to encounter will be finding the registration method of flood control or water diversion further excluded from the electoral process office. He may well have to travel a consider­ will be in the best interest of all those who by the arbitrary and uneven application of able distance from his home to a central share Lake Michigan as their neighbor. administrative procedures which, while legal, registration office (except perhaps during the April 11, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 11969

last month of registration for a particular registration places were opened even during convenient parking, and 52 % were not clear­ election when he is more likely to find faclll­ these rush months. Since 54% of the regis­ ly identified as a registration or elections ties in his neighborhood). In 40% of the tration places were not accessible by con­ office, the prospective registrant may well be communities studied, however, no additional venient public transportation, 24% lacked frustrated before he arrives.

TABLE E.-OISTRIBUTION OF REGISTRATION STAFF BEHAVIOR ACCORDING TO SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF REGISTRANTS

Total samples -0bserved Registration staff behavior Registralion staff behavior Variables N equals- P.ercent Helpful Not helpful Percent Courteous Discourteous Perce11t

Social class 1______:_ __· ------:.-=----- 209 100 413 52 100 62 38 100 Middle __ .:------125 60 54 46 100 68 32 100 Wor11ing ______------_------__ ------53 25 42 58 1.00 .58 42 lOO Composite______31 15 33 67 100 114 56 100 Race 213 lDO 49 51 100 63 37 100 White1------____ ----___ ---______----_____ -----__ _ _ 147 69 52 48 100 fil 33 100 Primarily white ______------__ ------46 22 52 48 100 61 39 100 Composite ______------__ ------____ 13 6 17 83 100 50 50 100 Primarily nonwhite ______------____ ------____ :,____ 7 3 2 (1) (6) 100 12 88 100

t These classifications are b~ed upon the judgment of registration observers. 2 Refers to actual number rather than percentages. Once he has located the registration office, BUSINESS DEALINGS WITH SOVIETS Maintenance of machinery also was a sore the prospective registrant may find that it jg IS HAIR-PULLING EXPERIENCE spot with the Italians. One machine that was not open for registration. In 29 % of the leaking 40 pounds of oil per day was just left communities, registration closes more than leaking for more than two weeks. 30 days prior to an election. Even if he ar­ HON. EDWARD J. DERWINSKI The Togliatti wor.ks are now scheduled to rives before the registration deadline, the reach full capacity in 1975, rather than 1972. OF Il.LXNOIS office may be closed since 77 % of the com­ The 1971 production was 172.000 cars, in­ munities studied bad no Saturday registra­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES stead of the planned 600,000 and 1972 figures tion and W % of the communities had ao Wednesday, April 11, 1973 are still being juggled. evening registration during non-election The cars a.re reported to be iar below months. While 62 % of the communities did Mr. DERW.INSKI. Mr. Speaker, lest too standard. Quality is not likely to improve now have additional registration hours during many well intended. but innocent, U.S. t.hat the 10,000 Italians who worked on the election months, 3-0 % of these still had no businessmen have ideas of lucrative trade plant have gone home. additional saturday hours and 17 % had no with the Soviet Union, I direct special Fiat chairman Giovanni Agnelli has con­ additional evening hours. attention to an article in the Daily Jour­ ceded that his company barely broke even on The persistent citizen who anticipates and 22, the contra.ct. He said .Fiat encountered some copes with the numerous obstacles already nal, Wheaton, m., of March by the $100 million in unexpected expenses during mentioned will next find himself confronted distinguished international correspond­ construction. with a. registration form. If the form is con­ ent of the Copley Press, Dwnitru Daniel­ Fiat's experience will undoubtedly benefit fusing or questions arise concerning his eligi­ opoJ.. which relates the experiences of the both the Russians and other would-be West­ bility. he may not find the staff very helpful. Italians in dealings with the Soviet ern manufacturers. But one point 1itands Fifty-two percent (52%) of the observers at Union. out: registration places classified staff as not help­ The article follows: It is totally unrealistic to expect a sudden fuL Furthermore, in 30 % of the places where improvement in the Soviet economic system. WORK WITH SOVIETS Is lIAm-PuLLING bilingual staff was needed, it was not found_ The sins of 50 years of communism. and cen­ EPISODE There is no way to measure the number of turiEs of illiteracy are not easily washed a.way. citizens who are discouraged from register­ (By Dumitru Danielopol) It will take decades before western efficiency ing even before they get to the registration WiASHI.NGTON.--Can the west salvage a is part of Russian life-and it won't come office, but observations of .5,750 people at­ bankrupt Soviet economy? that soon. if the commissars continue in tempting to register at approximately 300 The USSR is shopping for food, modern power. registration places showed that 3 out of every technology, manufactured goods and money 100 qualified people who made the effort a.n~ to pay for it. The enthusiasm of American found the registration place still left without businessmen is almost shocking. It may cool JUVENILE JUSTICE: FATI.,URES IN being registered. off when they hear what happened to the THE SYSTEM OF DETENTION Casting a ballot a.t a polling place is the joint Soviet-Italian venture at the Bolga ultimate event in the electoral process for Togliatti plant built by Fiat. the citizen. Although he has been success­ The $800 million project built by the Ital­ HON. TO RAILSBACK ians was supposed to produce 600,000 vehicles fully registered, the potential voter may be OF Il.LINOIS frustrated in his attempts to vote. Polling a year. Three assembly lines were to produce places, though usually located in his pre­ 2,400 models a day of the Fiat 124. Cheap IN THE HOUSE OF.REPRESENTATIVES cinct, may be poorly marked (as were 38 % labor was supposed to result in a car able to Wednesday, April 11, 1973 of the polling place observed) and public compete on world markets. transportation and convenient parking may It didn't work out that way. Mr. RAILSBACK. Mr. Speaker, I in­ be la.eking. Fifty-eight percent (.58%) of the The Russians were in a hurry to get the clude the following, which is the third in places observed lacked convenient public "people's car" on the road and insisted that a series of excellent publications by the transportation and 11 % lacked convenient the entire project be ready within three years New York Times. I am certain it will be parking. Since polling places are not opened from the breaking of ground in January 1967. of interest to my colleagues. in the evenings in many states, the potential The Italians quickly ran into trouble. Be­ voter may need to take time from work or cause of Russia's bumpy, .rutted roads the JUVENILE JUSTICES FAILURES IN THE SYSTEJOC OF DETENTION rush to the polltng place before or after work. chassis had to be redesigned to ride 1 Y:z inches If he goes early he may not be able to vote higher. In order to survive the Soviet winter, (By Lesley Oelsner) because many polls open later than the hour the engine had to be altered to start at 13 In the basement of the jail, in a large if prescribed by law as happened in 7 % of degrees below zero. airless gym, 20 boys are lined up for a relay the 484 polls observed. If he goes to the polls Then came an endless series of tnterrup­ race. following work, he may find that he is re­ tions in the supply of raw materials and parts "Run like a cop was chasing you," Frank fused the right to vote even though he is from the 250 Rµssian subcontractors. Sa.woouk, director of night services, whispers standing in line at closing time. Such r~­ One month 8 per cent of the total engine to one of the youths. The youth, already fusals occurred at 19 of the polls observed. output had to be returned because of defec­ crouched for the start, turns in surprise. The prospective voter who gets into the tive gaskets. The factory bad to return over ".COme on," Mr. Sawchuek goes on, grin­ polling place will probably confront a poorly a million unusable gaskets. One Italian esti­ ning now. "Run Uk~ a cop is chasing y-0u." trained staff usually selected on the basis of mated that fully half of the parts furnished The boy winces. The whistle blows. The their partisanship. If there are voting ma­ by tllil Soviet suppliers had to be refused. boy lopes off, shaking his head. chines at his polling place, he may well be Tires from a factory at Jaroslav wore out Upstairs, on the seventh floor, 1'3 girls are delayed in casting a ballot by a machine after ten miles of testing. being processed for the night. Se :eral are al­ breakdown since this occurred in one out of Soviet workers also were nothing to write ready dressed for bed in green. cotton pa­ every ten places having voting machines. His home a.bout, the Italians say. Commuting jamas; three of these, Including one whose right to vote may be challenged as were the by bus from 7 miles away-a trip which took pajama top is party open show her preg­ rights of 419 persons at the observed polls. 1 % hours-they never arrived at their work nant belly, sit in a corner -0f the dimly lit In the event that he successfully casts a before 10 'a.In. In order 1io be sure to catch da.yroom, playing jacks. ballot, it must be attributed at lea.10tl>a.Ttia.lly their bus home, -some left the benches half A fourth girl, 12 yea.rs old e.nd plutnp, and to hts perseverence. an hour early. affectionate as a puppy, per.ches on the CXIX--755-Part 9 ii97o EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 11, 1973 corner of the counselor's desk. "Get off my himself-have also been curtailed. (Staff tough-talking 15-year-old sporting a gold desk," barks the counselor, Mrs. Lottie Cro­ members now complain, though, that they earring and a black leather jacket. martie. have no effective way of disciplining chil­ "What's its name?" Mr. McCarty asks. A fifth girl lies on her bed, weeping. dren; they can send a child to Family Court, "Dynamite Brothers." A few floors down, in B-1, the dayroom is but, they say, the court will simply send the "For your own well being," says Mr. Mc­ already darkened; the miniature chairs are child back.) Carty, "keep your identity to yourself." pushed neatly into the equally miniature A lawsuit now pending before Federal Dis­ "Why?" the youth shoots back. ·'There nursery school tables. In an adjacent row of trict Judge Morris E. Lasker is expected to Black Spades here? I'll knock them in!" 6-by-9-foot rooms sleep the institution's 14 force more change. In the suit, the Legal Aid A CHANGE TO MINORITY tiniest inmates, four of them accused of mur­ Society charged that detention of PINS chil­ The race issue also creates tension. Most of der. dren in jail was unconstitutional. the children in the jails are either black SYMBOL OF THE NETWORK Judge Lasker didn't go as far as the society wished, but he did rule, last October, that or Puerto Rican; so are many of the staff This is Spofford, New York City's main conditions at Manida violated the Eighth members. When white children are brought maximum security detention center for chil­ Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual pun­ in, says Marion Miller, a night supervisor at dren, and symbol of the condition of the ishment, and that the programs at both jails Spofford, they are often "very apprehensive."' city's network of supposedly temporary insti­ were insufficient for long-term inmates. He is "For the first time in their lives, they're tutions for children. currently working on the final disposition of in the minority," he says. "They have to be A five-week study of the juvenile justice the case, and is expected to order that Manida assured that if they're attacked by blacks, system here by The New York Times found be closed eventually. they will be protected." that this network--0f two jails and several Then too, for many of the children the so-called nonsecure shelters-is character­ NEEDLESS DETENTIONS stays in shelters or jails are far more than ized by high recidivism, homosexuality, in­ Yet compared with the problems that re­ temporary-23 days is now the average stay adequate treatment, poorly trained staff and main, the recent changes seem minimal. at Spofford, and some children have been numerous other signs of failure. Many children are still being detained there much longer. The conditions in some of the institutions needlessly. The police bring children to Spof­ One such child is Willy, aged 13, who has are so poor that even the city officials in ford when Family Court is closed and when been waiting trial in a murder case for four charge-Barbara Blum, the Human Re­ they do not think it appropriate to send the months. Willy is lodged in B-1, the section sources Administration's Assistant Adminis­ child home; as the court has no night or for very young or undersized boys; he spends trator/Commissioner of Special Services for weekend sessions, children are often brought his time going to classes, playing games or Children, and her subordinate, Wayne Mucci, to Spofford late Friday afternoon, and kept riding one of B-l's two tiny bicycles through director of the department's institutions­ through the weekend, only to have their the dormitory. (He can't ride it outside in say that the institutions can harm the chil­ cases thrown out in Family Court on Monday. Spofford's prison-like yards, because, like dren who enter them. Sometimes children are jailed even after the other boys, he has no warm clothes.) "The system is really a very damaging one the charges against them are dismissed. Jes­ Notorious of the shelters in that it has been tor most kids who get involved in it," Mr. sica, a 13-year-old girl, was delivered by plagued by lesbianism, stealing and girls' Mucci concedes. Mrs. Blum, who was put in Brooklyn Family Court to Spofford a few sneaking off to work as prostitutes-no one charge of the institutions (and other serv­ nights ago; the following morning in Spaf­ is supposed to stay more than 90 days. But ices for children) a year and a half ago, says: ford's girl's dormitory, a counselor reading about half the girls now there have already "We don't have a system that adapts to peo­ over the court reports found that the case been at Callagy longer than that; some have ple in trouble." against Jessica-a PINS charge-had been been there longer than 18 months. Spofford, large and relatively modern, is thrown out the day before. The overlong stays are in themselves il­ basically the boys' jail; girls spend only a "Jessica, come here," the counselor de­ legal, as many judges readily admit. But night or two of "orientation" there before manded. The girl hurried over, her face beyond that, the institutions simply aren't going to a smaller, decrepit institution called strained and nervous-looking. designed or equipped to provide long-term Manida, next door to Spofford in the "Jessica, why are you here?" the counselor care. Educational programs are inadequate; Bronx. Spofford looks the way jails and pris­ asked. as Mrs. Blum puts it: "These are street-wise ons generally do, solid and austere a.Ld re­ "My mother wouldn't take me home," came kids, and here they are with primers." Psy­ plete with thick locked doors, except that the answer. The court, it seemed, not know­ chiatric services are also inadequate. there are no uniformed guards, and no obvi­ ing what else to do with Jessica, sent her "We have psychiatric staff to do evalua­ ous bars. back to jail. tions, but not to do treatment," Joseph On a recent day, 130 boys and 19 girls were When the court retains jurisdiction, on Morre, Callagy's director of social services, at Spofford and 35 more girls at Manida in the other hand, it often takes the child out complains. Of the girls who stay long periods, the ravaged Hunts Point section of the of detention and sends him or her home, he says, "We don't have facilities for them." Bronx. In the course of a year, hundreds pending disposition of the case-sometimes Nor are there treatment programs for the more come through, some of them charged because the statutory time limit on deten­ problem of homosexuality, according to Mrs. with juvenile delinquency (actions which, if tion has passed, sometimes because the judge Blum. So what staff members do is simply committed by adults, would be classified as has heard such bad things about the jails. try to watch the children as much as pos­ crimes) and some simply accused of being "If they can go home," Mr. Mucci askS sible-locking the dayrooms in Manida while PINS-"persons in need of supervision" of these children, "why were they put in the bedrooms are in use, for example, so that (truants, runaways and children whose pa.r­ at all?" the counselors can watch the girls more eas­ ents say they can't control them). At the same time, though, the jails' lists ily. At Spofford, bathrooms have large glass These youngsters-under the age of 16- of inmates are filled with repeaters. One windows looking out to the dayrooms through are held there pending trial in the Family recent night at Spofford, the police brought which counselors can look. Court of placement in a more appropriate in a little boy they had just picked up on The long stays are sometimes due to de­ program or home. a delinquency charge; he was wearing blue lays in court action. More often, it is the jeans and an orange T-shirt emblazoned with failure of the Family Court and of Mrs. THE OTHER SHELTERS Spafford's insignia, the clothes he had been Blum's department to find any place else for The city's nonsecure shelters, on the other issued during his last visit. the child-a failure often attributed to se­ hand, are scattered through the city: Cal­ A FAMILIAR PLACE lective admission practices of the private lagy Hall for girls on 12th Street on Man­ (though partly government-financed) child­ hattan's Lower East Side; Callagy Hall An­ Another youngster, an hour or so later, was signed in by Spofford's admission officer care agencies, which tend to reject the most. nex in Far Rockaway, Queens; Jennings Hall difficult children. for boys in Brooklyn; Children's Center in and then directed down a hallway to the next stage of his orientation. Yet as Mrs. Blum concedes, the blame for the Bronx. the situation lies with both public and pri­ The children in the shelters a.re either "I know this place by heart," the boy said, his small voice tough and scornful. vate sectors-the city administration, for PINS cases or youngsters who were ta.ken instance, having failed in the past to pro­ from their families because of neglect o:r "They go out, they come back in, they go out, they come back in," shrugs Dewey vide adequate guidelines for or cooperation abuse. Here, as in Spofford and Manida, they with the private agencies. are supposed to be held temporarily, pending Brown, an administrator at Spofford. more appropriate long-term placement else­ The jails also have problems of violence, of THE DAILY ROUTINE where. children fighting one another or their coun­ Whatever the cause of these failures, there There have been some improvements in the selors and throughout the institutions are is the grim reality of daily life in the institu­ system lately, partly because of Mrs. Blum's "panic buttons" to be pressed when more tions. administration-the creation of some non­ staff members are needed. A growing con­ Wake-up time is 6 A.M.; for some groups, secure homes in which children charged with tributor to the violence-or "tension," as breakfast isn't until 8 A.M. At Spofford, boys juvenile delinquency can be held pending the staff calls it-is the rebirth of gangs in on the way to gym or supper or school are trial, for instance; a marked decrease in the the city. ordered to "line up, single file." At Callagy, number of children in jails, and a better "You belong to a clique?" Jerry McCarty, girls keep toy animals and dolls on their staff-inmate ratio. Also, a third jail, Zerega, an admissions officer, ask two boys who have beds; in their bureau drawers, they hide pho­ has been closed. just been brought to Spofford on charges of tographs of their babies. possessing knives and a gun. At Manida, the girls go once each week The disciplinary excesses of the past-such to the basement chamber officially desig- as locking an unruly child into a room by "Yeh," nods one of the boys, a small but 'April tl, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 11971 nated the recreation room. They don't call hand.••. A child is Love upi1ft1ng tbe world Another approach would use large amounts it that, however. It is a large dingy room to a happier higher place." of federal subsidies to underwrite losses, as­ furnished with washing machines, hair dryers sure continuation of services while a re­ and irons; its nickname is "Spic and Span." organization takes place, and upgrade lines, Manida, built in 1904 as a monastery, was faeilit1es, and equipment. recently repainted. But as Judge Lasker OUR SIDETRACKED RAILROADS These approaches suggest the difficult de­ noted last fall, Federal authorities deter­ cisions that m~t be made on what con­ mined 10 years ago that it was "unsuitable stitutes essential rail servree, what kind of for the detention care of children, [and] that structural changes are needed in the indus­ no remodeling or repair could m&ke it suit­ HON. LEE H. HAMILTON try, what federa1118Sistanee, tf any, is neces­ able." OF INDIANA sary, what form it should take, what kind There .are some classrooms on Manida's IN THE HOUSE OF REPRF.SENTATIVES of supervision of the railroads 1s appropriate, first tloor. In the home economics class one and how to best handle the ~ml inter­ recent day, .four children were listening to Wednesday, April 11, 1973 ests -Of ~mployees, creditors, and shippers. the tea.cher with varying degrees of atten­ Mr. HAMILTON. • Speak.er, I .in- l: do not support, a.nd I do not believe the tiveness; a fifth ch11d slept with her head Congress will a.eoept, the prospect of endless on the table. Next door in sewing elass, an­ clude my April 11, 19'13, Washington re­ milliGns of dollars to bail out the rail sys­ <>ther girl lay sleeping. port entitled "Our Sidetracked Rail­ tem, although some assistanoe may be neces­ MESH ON THE WYNDOWS roads." saey. I want to be assured that assistance is being effectively used toward a long-range Upstairs, empty and locked, were the four The report follows: Oxra SmETa.AcKED R.A.n.ao.ADS solution and along these lines: dormitories--each with a sparsely furnished Ma.iota.in essential services but allow .aban­ clubroom, an antiquated bath~m. and a (By Congressman LEE .HilULTON, donment oL little-used lines; large square room With 10 or 11 beds, some The major railroads In tbe northeastern UtJ.l.We :fully :rolling stock; filing cabinets and, in the oorner, a desk a.nd Unit.eel States are running out of steam. .Aecelerate research, modernJze .equipment chairs for the counselors. Six of the eleven major raUTOads with more and apply the techniques -0f modem manage­ At Manida as at Spofford, windows are cov­ than 50 percent of the region's trackage ln ment and technology; ered with what .Mrs. Olye Lloyd of Manida's that section of the country are in bank­ Improve .railroad safety; staff terms "psychiatric mesh"-tough and ruptcy. A federal judge has threatened one De-regulate the system, inducting rate­ tightly woven screens, locked to the window of the lines, Penn Central, With liquidation, making procedures; frames. At Manida as at SPQif<>rd, a thick, and his warning gives new urgency to the Assure f.a.ir treatment of railroad em­ high wall encloses the institution. Congress and the Administration to find a ployees. Scheduling 1.s strict ln the jails--when the solution for the ailing railroads. counselors announce bedtime at 9;50 or 10 The difficulties of the railroads should not P.M., bedtime it is. So too with getting up. be exaggerated. Private rail systems are nei­ METHODS OF HANDLING At 6:10 A.M. in the girls' section of Spof­ ther dead nor dying, and many rail systems ford, Janie Grey, a counselor, takes a brisk are doing well. Nonetheless, the nation does TERRORISM walk down the hallway, opening each bed­ face at least a short-term erisis in the room door with the message "Good morning, Northeast. time to get up:' or "Time to get up, wake up," Some of the problems facing our rail sys­ HON. CRAIG HOSMER At 6: 15 a 1ew girls are stm abed; Miss Grey tem, especially in the Northeast, but also OF CAL1FORNIA takes another walk. across the country, are: IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES "Come on, get up," she ls saying, tougher 1. Bad Management: After WW II, man­ Wednesday, April 11, 1973 now, to each of the lagging youngsters. agement failed to meet the challenge -of su­ At 6~15 a nurse comes in to take urine perhighways and jets for passengers, or to Mr. HOSMER. Mr. Speaker, we face a samples. utilize equipment (boxcars are used more for growing threat to both our internal and At 6:45 .another counselor, Mrs. Helena warehouses than freight movers), or to international security in the rapid rise Lyons, calls out: "O.K., girls, get the brooms maintain their tracks and equipment. The and .sweep:• il.verage freight caT covers only 20;000 miles of terrorist violence. The perpetrator of Shortly after 7, most of the girls are in revenue service per year, one-third that terrorism exploits the vulnerability of dressed. The counselors on the 7 A.M.-to-3 of a truck. the modern .state and its constituents: P.M. shift have arrived. The chores are .fin­ 2. Labor Problems: Unions have fought to He does not attack those wh-0 are ished. But breakfast Isn't until 8; there are maintain job security in the face of the equipped and ready to defend themselves, no books about. no magazines even. So the switch to diesel power. The issues of "feath­ but rather uses hapless victims as politi­ girls sit in the plastic chairs in the dayroom, erbedding," extra. brakenien or firemen, and cal hostages to his irresponsible demands. watching television. work rules have plagued the 1ndustry for While we cannot make ourselves com­ At least they have had the.il' elght hours years. pletely invulnerable terrorist violence, in bed. At Callagy, tbings are different. 3. Competition: In 1930, railroads carrled At 11 :50 .at night on the third fioor, where 75 percent of all intercity freight. Today they there are a number of precautionary the "new girls" .stay, someone has just put carry only 40 percent with buses, trucks, and step.s which we can take unilaterally to ••step Into My World" on the phonograph in pipelines muscling in on the business. On counteract the terrorist threat. the da.yroom. Two girls sit .at a table playing short hauls (as in the Northeast), trucking Dr. Stefan P0s.50ny, in a followup ar­ Monopoly. A 13-year-old named Susan, with has been especially harmful to the rail­ ticle, "Terrorism: A Global Concern," a baby's pacltier hung on a cord around her road's business. appearing in the February 1973 issue of neck, sits in a corner by herself. 4. over-regulation: Government regula­ Def~nse: Foreign Affairs Digest analyzes At 12: 12 A.M. a uniformed guard walks in tions have choked off innovation, and, by methods of handling terrorism. As you asking, "How'S everything?" of no one in one estlmate, have cost $5 billlon each year. particular. No one answers. Although everyone agrees that the nation will recall, Dr. Possony'.s first article on A glrl 1n a pink terry cloth robe begins requires an efficient rail network since rail­ terrorism in the January issue of Defense dancing by herself. Another girl, also in pink roads move at low cost major portions of raw dealt with the structure of modern ter­ terry cloth, Joins her. Then another. materials to supply industry and manufac­ rorism and its effects on societies and LIGHTS OUT AT 2 :20 tured goods to consumers and are an essen· governments. tial component of the national defense sys­ At 12: 30 A.M., a counselor calls out "Every­ I commend to my colleagues Dr. Pos­ tem. there is no agreement as to what should sony's suggestions to deal with terrorism one inside," waving her hand toward the be done. Most everyone wants to avoid out­ three r-0oms, each with several beds, where right nationalization of the railroads, but which read as follows; the eight girls assigned to the fioor are to they acknowledge the necessity for declsive TEaRORISM: A GLOBAL Co.NCEKN sleep. action. (By Stefan T. Possony, Ph. D.) Two more girls begin dancing. The Administration wants to turn the As an inereasing number of citizens feel There is more commotion. Is it because a problem o ver to the "private sect.or" by estab­ visitor is present? No, a counselor says, us­ menaced by terrorism, they will sooner or lishing a semi-public Federal National Rall later adopt measures of self-defense. This ually it is "worse." Association ("Fannie .Rae"), which w.ould By 2 :20, the lights are finally off-until could have most undesirable consequences. oversee reorganization of the rail system in But self-defense is a proper strategy. Not so 6: 10 AM., that is, when the girls are awak­ the Northeast, and is empowered to slim long ago, Americans and Europeans were ened. Then. a little girl stumbles out of a down service into a "core#' system until a going around fully armed, houses were bedroom; she is wearing the pacifier that profit begins to tsh<>w. Susan wore a few hours before, given as a feneed in, and cities had wans and municipal This plan counts on govennnent to mak e de~ense ~orces. T.lw alternative bas always tentative offer of fr:iendshlp by one lonely cha nges in t he regulations fi'am ew'Ork of the been: either the government is willing to girl to another, railroad Industry, but rejects any form of di­ potect its citizens, or the citizens protect On her way to the bathroom. she goes by, rect financial assistance. Profitable lines will themselves. but does not look at, a brightly lettered poster be kept, unprofitable lines abandoned, and ll the government fails in its primary that reads thus: "A child is innocence meet­ fewer companies would operate the reduced function, which is that of providing safety, ing the world with a trusting, outstretched system. the government is in eclipse; and it will b~ ! i 972 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 11, 1973 replaced by a new st ructure which will intensified. For decades, residential and in­ REMARKS OF ROBERT W. MESERVE, recreat e the security the citizen s want and dustrial areas in Germany have been suc­ PRESIDENT OF AMERICAN BAR need. cessfully patrolled by a large private firm. ASSOCIATION True, democracy is incompatible witfi Safety in the streets could be strengthened vigilantism and police despotism. But it is if there were less firearms in the wrong hands. equally incompatible with terrorism. Ac­ It may be impossible to recall rifles and pis­ cordingly, unless one assumes democracy tols, but sensible controls over new sales are HON. MARGARET M. HECKLER is capable only of solving easy problems, the needed in the U.S. Furthermore, there could OF MASSACHUSETTS task is to find safety methods which fit the be tight controls over the fabricat ion and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES rules of constitutional government. sale of ammunition; the ammunition could A switch in policy would necessitate be marked for identification, and its lethality Wednesday, April 11, 1973 modifications in foreign policy, military be reduced. F airly foolproof controls over stored explosives are feasible and should be Mrs. HECKLER of Massachusetts. Mr. strategy and legal practices. These subjects instit uted. Speaker, this afternoon, the Capitol Hill will be ignored here. as will the multiple 5. Given an alert, how could a speedy re­ Chapter of the Federal Bar Association interdependence of drug addiction and r>SY­ action be achieved? For example, an attack was fortunate enough to have as its chological warfare with terrorism. Instead, would activate sensors and SOS signals speaker the president of the American I wish to zero in on security problems posed around the critical location; neighbours, Bar Association, Mr. Robert W. Meserve. by priv.ate terrorism and suggest a few rem­ passers-by, and nearby automobilists would edies that would be feasible without turning Mr. Meserve, a Boston attorney, has receive signals and transmit those to an op­ had an outstanding tenure as president the country upside down. erational center; and police in patrol cars 1. It is out of the question to protect every­ and helicopters would converge to the point of the ABA. He has promoted a commit­ thing and everybody. Yet, increased caution is of the suspected crime. The alert could also ment to social action within the associa­ feasible and won't violate any human rights. mobilize volunteer policemen. tion and has also continued to work to For example, it is easy to produce better locks Self-defense should not be conceived just insure that the ABA is dedicated to those and lock more doors. If the New Orleans ter­ as the defense by the assaulted victim. In­ principles upon which it was originally rorist was able to get to the top of the stead, self-defense should involve the victim Howard Johnson Motel, the question might founded. who conveys distress, ad hoc friends who Mr. Meserve gave a most informative be asked, why the roof doors were not locked? promptly inform police, and trained and 2. Significant targets can be provided rea­ armed volunteer crime fighters who in their review of the history of the ABA, espe­ sonable protection. We decided that the immediate neighbourhood work under police cially as the founding precepts of the or­ safety of automobile traffic depends on cops, orders. ganization relate to its work today. I and there is now one traffic cop for every 6. The enhancement of police effectiveness commend his remarks to the attention of 100-200 cars (in the United States). At long and efficiency is the most urgent task. Dur­ my colleagues, whether or not they hap­ last the thought is being accepted that if an ing the Howard Johnson Hotel incident in pen to enjoy the privilege of being mem­ airport can afford dozens of cops to prevent New Orleans in January this year, the police bers of the legal profession: parking at the entrances, the cost of police probably wounded three of their own men, REMARKS OF ROBERT W. MESERVE, PRESIDENT, protection against hijacking is a legitimate it took six hours to get a helicopter into ac­ AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION expenditure, too. tion, and a wounded victim spent three hours Banks always recognize the need for safes in the swimming pool before he was res­ Ladies and gentlemen, it is a great pleas­ and armored cars, yet American banks have cued. A 50-block area was sealed off, yet if ure to have the opportunity of sharing this yet to learn from European firms that bullet­ there were three gunmen-the police don't luncheon with you. I bring you the greetings proof glass can protect tellers and that the know the exact figure-two managed to es­ and best wishes of the more than 160,000 number of windows from which cash is paid cape. How much training in anti-terrorist members of the American Bar Association, out, can be reduced without delaying busi­ tactics was offered in the New Orleans police many of whom, of course, are you. I am espe­ ness. Banks introduced TV, photographic department? cially honored by the gracious introduction safety devices, and alert systems. They could The number of terroristic crimes and other given me by Senator Kennedy. Although I strengthen the arrangement by installing crimes remains far too high, the percentage am an enthusisastic constituent, I think his metal detectors of the type which ferrets out of crime solutions is far too low, and the preference here is far more as a tribute to the weapons hijackers try to smuggle onto number of convictions has sunk to the level you than to avail himself of the wisdom planes. of national scandal in the US. It is true that which I shall impart. New York has shown that taxi drivers can the courts have unduly restricted police free­ A few weeks ago I spoke to the District of be mechanically protected against holdups dom in collecting evidence, but the police Columbia Bar. I remarked that, in the con­ and many American towns found it advisable often fails to prepare its cases properly. Po­ temporary idiom, Washington is "where the to change ticketing procedures to prevent lice command positions seem to be poorly action is." I should, perhaps, have saved that hold-ups of bus drivers. Automobile safety staffed, and prosecuting attorneys appear to observation for this occasion. In a city whose could be enhanced by putting on license be less skillful and motivated than defense whole existence is bent to the demanding plates which can be read at high speed and attorneys. task of making and administering policy for during darkness. Far more automobiles could The basic fact is that US police forces are the greatest democracy on the face of the be equipped with telephones. Drivers with car poorly organized. There are, for example, too earth, there is no place closer to the reality phones could act as police volunteers and re­ many "independent" police departments but of that process than our immediate surround­ port to traffic control centers. too few policemen. Most police work is geared ings. You as lawyers, who are so intimately The number of emergency telephones and to local problems, hence local departments involved with the machinery which trans­ alarm boxes along roads and highways could are needed. But these departments have forms the aspirations of the people into the be increased from virtually nil to many mil­ common needs for efficient co-ordination law of the land, best typify the role played lions, and the equipment could be protected mechanisms and for recruitment, intelli­ by our profession in the public life of this against vandalism. gence work, technology, equipment, etc. country. 3. House safety can be vastly improved Moreover, the departments need flows of in­ You are not without experience with ABA through better doors, windows, locks, and formation from parole officers, psychiatrists, presidents. My predecessors have appeared alert systems-yet even the elementary idea immigration, passport offices, telephone com­ before you as I am now, and many of you of an easily memorized emergency number panies, the postal service, and the like. Amer­ have seen us before legislative and admin­ that can be dialed in darkness (or on a prop­ ican police forces, as set up today, lack the istrative bodies, seeking support for the erly lighted telephone) has yet to be capability to fight terrorism effectively. programs of the Association. I think it :s adopted by most telephone companies and However, this deficiency is not primarily appropriate, therefore, to speak not so much police departments in the United States. the fault of the police departments. Pres­ about the substance of the immediate con­ (How dense can bureaucrats be? Department sures for constructive approaches must yet cerns which have brought me to Washing­ stores and hospitals usually have memoriz­ be generated by the police departments, but ton on the average of once a week during my able telephone numbers.) In Europe, walls the citizens who feel their taxes, though term of office, but rather about the nature with glass on top-and sometimes with self heavy, do not buy enough safety, must also of the Association itself and why this rep­ activating firearms-have been quite effective bestir themselves. The recent growth of pri­ resentation seems to me to be a logical con­ in guarding residences against penetrations, vate police firms suggests that free enterprise sequence of that nature. but the solution is hardly applicable in the has a major role to play, but demand is Law, as is well known, is an ancient phe­ us. Still, electronic walls are feasible and nomenon. It is one of the great themes of can be operated in such a way that only an largely for spot and special security. undesired penetrator would trigger alert Police modernization must be instituted society and can be traced backward far signals. by political executives on the federal and beyond the point where the custodianship 4. The protection of pedestrians, especially state levels, in particular the US Department of what we know of civilizations which have of the elderly, seems to be infeasible through of Justice; and such modernization needs preceded ours, passes from the historian to armed self-defense. But SOS signals could be careful intellectual preparations. the anthropologist. Our specific legal tradi­ developed, street lighting improved, volun­ Unfortunately, leadership has failed to ap­ tion is easily linked with almost a thousand teer patrols organized, and police patrolling pear. years of the development of the English April 11, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS ~ 11973 Common law, a development which produced certified, standard of conduct from the rest today is to be a vehicle for the discharge not only much of the substance of our law, of their fellows. In the largest cities, there of this collective responsibility. In this re­ but many of the elements which make up the was also a spirit of civic reform which often gard, the Association is fortunate in that concept "lawyer" as we know it. figured in the creation of new bar groups. among its members are not only very influ­ The American Bar Association, by con­ Early bar associations, including the ential men and women, but experts in every trast, is relatively young, less than 100 years. American Bar. Association, had an elitist conceivable area of the law and legally re­ No institution can survive without changing. character. In contrast to today, when mem­ lated problems. We call upon these individ­ War and depression have made enormous and bership in the Association is open to all who uals, and with great regularity they freely very basic changes in society as a whole in have been admitted in any jurisdiction, new (in all senses of that word} assist us in the past one hundred years, and the legal members are actively solicited, and the studies and the formation of policy. profession and the American Bar Association 160,000 members constitute roughly half of The American Bar Association, nor any have changed as well. the profession; membership in the early other bar association, is the final arbiter of The genesis of the Association was with a days was highly selective and restrictive. what is good for the public in general. That meeting of one hundred lawyers from twenty­ Twenty-five years after its founding, the responsibility must rest with our elected one states which took place in an upstairs Association's members equalled barely 3 per­ governmental officials. But when the Asso­ courtroom at Saratoga, New York, on Au­ cent of the profession; by the outbreak of ciation has, through official action of its gov­ gust 21, 1878. World War II, the percentage had grown erning bodies, adopted a policy position on The meeting was held in response to a tc only 17. the grounds that position is supportive of circular letter issued by a committee of the Today, we would have no difficulty in char­ the public interest, the Association brings Connecticut Bar Association. A constitution acterizing the founders of the Associations those positions and the arguments support­ was adopted by the ~ first Saratoga meeting as conservatives, very much linked with big ing them, to the arena in which public policy and the purpose of the Association as given business. The fact that they may have sin­ is formed. In many instances, of course, that was "to advance the science of jurisprudence, cerely regarded themselves as progressives means to Washington, to you. Sometimes we promote the administration of justice and or even liberals embarking on an exciting a.re successful and sometimes we are not. In uniformity of legislation throughout the and revolutionary era of economic expan­ many struggles, a definitive resolution has union, uphold the honor of the profession of sion, can only be regarded as ironic, although not been, and maybe never will be, reached. law, and encourage cordial intercourse perhaps it may teach us humility. Once again Had I not already promised you I wouldn't among members of the American Bar." It may what society demands has changed. We seri­ and if my time were not almost up, I would be noted that although subsequent Con­ ously question the desirability of unbound­ be tempted to tell you of our struggles to stitutions have added language to elaborate ed industrial expansion; we may even be in promote a truly independent legal services on these purposes, none of the original lan­ transition, in the words of the economist program for the poor or to secure funding guage has been deleted. Kenneth Boulding, from the cowboy economy for the CLEO program for the recruitment The decade of the 1870's was an exciting to the spaceship economy. Growth, develop­ and financial and academic support of mi­ and adventuresome one for many in this ment, increase, all of which a few years ago nority group law students. I am proud of country, and for lawyers not least of all. As could have found few detractors, now must these etrorts and spend a good part of each historians have pointed out, the frontier and share their status and priority with conser­ day involved in them. westward expansion were major factors vation, reuse, and recycling. We have come Rather than trespass on your hospitality, throughout the history of 19th century to recognize that the concentration of eco­ let me close by extending an invitation to America. After the Civil War, however, a new nomic and material power on the scale which you. There is often the unfortunate and in­ expansion, a new movement rose to dominate a hundred years ago sent railroads to every accurate assumption that the American Bar historical processes. The relatively stable pat­ corners of the country and today sends rock­ Association is an organization of and for the tern of agriculture and small town life came ets to the moon, is not without social con­ lawyer in private practice. One often hears to be uprooted by large scale industrial and sequences which may be highly undesirable. this among law professors and judges. You commercial growth. We have come to appreciate that the dis­ may feel the same way. The American Bar Lawyers were called upon to assist thiS tribution of the nation's wealth may be as Association is and ought to be the national development. In some respects, the practice important as its size. The forward looking professional association for all lawyers. At of law in the creative sense has been akin law students of my generation studied labor the beginning of my term, I ma.de appoint­ to what we now refer to with the rather law. Today they study, and in some cases ments to the ABA's Special Committee on grandiose term "social engineering." The de­ make, consumer law and environmental law. Lawyers in Government, which I believe will mand for political and economic independ­ Lawyers in providing both the technical ultimately bring new vitality to that area ence and a society reflecting a liberal or skills and the leadership in bringing about of the Association's program. What is more enlightened philosophical outlook, brought these changes are inevitably changlng them­ important is the contribution which you can forth a generation of lawyers, including Jef­ selves and what it is to practice law. The make by becoming actively involved in the ferson, Hamilton and the Adamses. public interest law firm is an obvious exam­ Association's activities. Your knowledge and The Revolution had a. profound effect on ple of this change, but it can be detected experience can immeasurably advance not lawyers themselves and the practice of law throughout the profession. only a special interest, even our own special While the substance of English law could be What, then, is the American Bar Associa­ interest, but the public interest. easily transported, as indeed Blackstone's tion today? Like any bar association, it is, This August, the ABA will hold its Annual Commentaries were, lawyers in the newly in part, a trade association. We are all in meeting here in Washington. I invite you and independent states were cut off from the one way or another, engaged in earning a urge you to attend those sessions which are institutions which gave organization and living. It is natural that we should share of special interest to you. More than anything definition to the profession and which pro­ common concerns in that respect. Part of the I can say, I think that experience will demon­ vided the means of selection and education American Bar Association's total program is strate that the Association's efforts are both of new members. The very clear differences directed toward concerns. broad and contemporary. between the profession in the United States As members of the legal profession, how­ and in Great Brita.in today are the result. ever, we have chosen to earn our living in a Similarly, a hundred years later, lawyers unique way. In making this choice, we have in providing the concepts and the forms for committed ourselves to unique obligations. LEGISLATIVE GOALS-RETIRED so extensive an economic change as began in Law is a public profession. Those who prac­ FEDERAL EMPLOYEES the 1870's inevitably were subjected to tice it have unavoidable public responsibili­ change themselves. The lawyer practicing ties. The individual lawyer is first obligated along in a small town, whose principal pro­ to the honest, competent and full repre­ HON. CLAUDE PEPPER fessional concern was with conveying real sentation of his client's cause. This is true OF FLORIDA property, has never completely faded from whether the lawyer represents a derelict in­ the scene, but from the point of view of a dividual wasted by drink or drugs or the full IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES lawyer in 1878, that kind of life and practice majesty of the United States Government. Wednesday, April 11, 1973 lay behind; in front were giant corporate law Beyond that, however, we see now that law­ firms and a professional life dominated by yers, particularly taken collectively, have a Mr. PEPPER. Mr. Speaker, I intro­ such initials as I.C.C., I.R.C., N.L.R.B., S.E.C., responsibility for participating in the public duced yesterday several bills to provide and eventually E.P .A. life of our society. Lawyers, collectively, are improved benefits for more than 1 mil­ At this time, lawyers, especially in urban possessed of talents and knowledge which lion Federal retireees and survivors who centers, began to rediscover a sense of pro­ others may not have. As I have already said, often have their particular needs over­ fessional pride. A long period of very lax or, lawyers a.re often not only the designers, but looked when the Congress is considering in some cases, virtually non-existent stand­ the builders of social and political reform. ards of admission had produced a bar which The combination of capacity and position legislation to provide for our elderly was far from uniform in either learning or establish the collective responsibility which population. professional conduct. In many cases, the lawyers have, not only with respect to their Despite some .far-reaching legislative formation of bar associations during this client's problems, but with respect to those advances benefiting the elderly which period was in response to the need of lawyers of their town; their State and their country. have been enacted since the 1971 White who wished to be known by their academic I believe without reservation, that the pri­ House Conference on the Aging, too accomplishments and their, admittedly self- mary goal of the American Bar Association many millions of senior citizens still are 11974 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 11, 1973 victims of stresses and fears caused by Florida to call attention to the excellent people who might otherwise have turned inflation and their diminishing energy, program of the Juvenile Diabetes Foun­ to the streets for their amusement. strength, and health. They are by cir­ dation of Florida in alleviating the dis­ It is impossible to calculate the number cumstance solely dependent upon the tress of young diabetics and their of youths who have stayed out of trouble competence and dedication of the Con­ families. because of NYC-summer programs. But gress, the administration, and the more Diabetes is the fifth leading cause of it is not impossible to see part of t~1e tre­ fortunate senior citizens themselves for death by disease, reducing life ex­ mendous impact this program has had the achievement of their legislative goals pectancy by approximately 30 percent, on our communities. In Alameda County, that will provide a better way of life in and 40,000 Americans die each year from Calif. alone over 6,500 youths were in­ our society. the disease. volved in the program last summer. The bills I am introducing are identical Diabetes is also the second leading I recently received a letter from the to those which have been introduced cause of blindness, and often causes chairman of the Youth Opportunities by several of my very able colleagues in heart attacks, strokes, and kidney Board of Alameda County which suc­ the House, and they would help to carry failures. cintly and forcefully illustrates the im­ out the priorities of the legislative pro­ It is significant that new estimates pact of one NYC-summer program and gram that has been established by the indicate that one child out of every 587 the incredible loss and void that will re­ National Association of Retired Federal has diabetes, which is a far less con­ main if we do not restore its funding. I Employees. servative estimate than the traditional submit that this letter illustrates the My bill H.R. 6803 would provide for a one out of 2,500. These children con­ false economy we are sanctioning if we graduated annuity increase and would front greater chances of developing do not force the funding of this program establish a minimum annuity level coin­ blindness, blood vessel or nervous dis­ I would like to place it in the RECORD. ciding with the minimum benefit granted orders. under social security; H.R. 6802 would I would like to commend the attention increase the contribution of the Federal FREE ENTERPRISE CANNOT HIDE of my colleagues to the Governor's ITS LIGHT UNDER A BUSHEL Government to the costs of health bene­ Proclamation of May 14 to 20 as Juvenile fits premiums under the Federal em­ Diabetes Week, and to this worthwhile ployees health benefits program; H.R. and deserving battle against this debili­ HON. JOHN H. ROUSSELOT 6806 would permit an exemption of the tating disease: OF CALIFORNIA :first $5,000 of retirement income received by a taxpayer under a public retirement PROCLAMATION IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Whereas, diabetes is the fifth leading cause Wednesday, April 11, 1973 system or any other system if the tax­ of death, the leading cause of blindness and payer is at least 65 years of age; H.R. the third largest major chronic childhood Mr. ROUSSELOT. Mr. Speaker, in his 6801 would eliminate the survivorship disease among the citizens of the United now-famous memorandum to the U.S. reduction during periods of nonmarriage States, and Chamber of Commerce, Mr. Lewis F. of certain annuitants, thereby correcting Whereas, medical science possesses the Powell, Jr., Associate Justice of the Su­ one of the grossest inequities in the pres­ knowledge for early detection and establish­ ment of individual regimens to enable young preme Court of the United States, said: ent Civil Service retirement law. H.R. The day is long past when the chief execu­ 6804 provide for continual applica­ victims of diabetes to lead active and gainful to lives, and tive omcer of a major corporation discharges tion of current basic pay scales to Fed­ Whereas, the dissemination of this knowl­ his responsibility by maintaining a satisfac­ eral civil service annuities, was first in­ edge can save many lives and make many tory growth of profits, with due regard to the troduced by my able colleague, Congress­ more lives productive and satisfying, and corporation's public and social responsibili­ man BILL CHAPPELL, JR., of Florida. I am Whereas, the young diabetic and his family ties. If our system is to survive, top manage­ pleased to join Congressman CHAPPELL in need enlightened encouragement and coun­ ment must be equally concerned with pro­ the sponsorship of this legislation which seling to adjust to the mechanics of main­ tecting and preserving the system itself . . . would implement a paramount legisla­ taining a daily regimen of exercise, diet and (It) is essential that spokesmen for the en­ treatment, and terprise system-at all levels and at every tive goal of NARFE. Whereas, the Juvenile Diabetes Founda­ opportunity-be far more aggressive than in Mr. Speaker, when we have in the past tion was formed in Florida in 1971 to educate the past ... There should not be the slightest considered legislation to provide for the and inform the public, to provide family hesitation to press vigorously in all political needs of senior citizens, I have often re­ counseling and to fund research in treatment arenas for support of the enterprise system. called an observation of human behavior and for an eventual cure, and Nor should there be reluctance to penalize made by Voltaire in his dialogs. He said: Whereas, this Florida organization will politically those who oppose it. Men use thought only as authority for join with its counterparts in other states to assault diabetes with coordinated and con­ One corporation which ha.s provided their injustice, and employ speech only to invaluable leadership in defense of the conceal their thoughts. certed efforts; Now, therefore, I, Reubin O'D. Askew, by free-enterprise system has been the The recent record in the Congress virtue of the authority vested in me as Gov­ Warner & Swasey Co. of Cleveland, Ohio. with respect to the passage of my bill, ernor of the State of Florida, do hereby Through its weekly advertisements in the Nutrition Program for the Elderly, proclaim the period May 14-20, 1973, as Ju­ leading news and business magazines, title VII of the Older Americans Act; the venile Diabetes Week in Florida, and call Warner & Swasey ha.s effectively placed enactment of the recent social security upon all citizens to support this worthwhile program to alleviate the distress of young before the American people the message 20-percent increases; and the most re­ diabetics and their families. that the free-enterprise system is good cent passage of the Older Americans for our country and for all of its people, Comprehensive Services Amendments of investors and cons:uners alike. 1973, indicates we are overcrowding this I should like to call to the attention frailty. I am hopeful that we may con­ THE FUTURE OF NYC-SUMMER of my colleagues the excellent Warner tinue in our determination to act on be­ and Swasey advertisement which ap­ half of the older American and that we HON. FORTNEY H. (PETE) ST ARK peared in the March 12, 1973 issue of may give particular and immediate at­ OF CALIFORNIA U.S. News & World Report as it is an tention to the legislative goals of the re­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES example of the kind of effort which busi­ tired Federal employees. ness should be willing to put forth in Wednesday, April 11, 1973 defense of the free-enterprise system. JUVENILE DIABETES WEEK IN Mr. STARK. Mr. Speaker, one of the The advertisement follow: FLORIDA many fine programs that has been elimi­ I F BUSINESS "HIDES ITS LIGHT UNDER A nated in Mr. Nixon's economizing drive is BUSHEL" IT CAN Go OUT the Neighborhood Youth Corps summer In almost any newspaper or TV broadcast HON. WILLIAM LEHMAN project. This program had an established there will be one too many cracks at "greedy" OF FLORIDA history of success, nevertheless, it was business, but never a reply. Yet it is business whose taxes pay a great bulk of the cost of IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES abolished. NYC-summer attacked the sources of maintaining our government, paying for re­ Wednesday, April 11, 1973 lief of the poor, supporting hospitals and many of the problems of our cities while schools, building our roads. And it is out Mr. LEHMAN. Mr. Speaker, Governor many other programs merely attacked of business profits that come the pensions Askew of Florida has declared May 14 the results. NYC-summer offered jobs to retired workers, the research to fight dis­ through 20 as Juvenile Diabetes Week in and opportunities to thousands of young ease. And even in the recent so-called poor April 11, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 11975 times, business provided 82 million good jobs nology for automobiles. This analysis indi­ was amended to include water bank funding. and is creating one million more jobs every cates that "achievement of the 1975 stand­ In addition, the Senate has passed S. 394 year. ards may be technologically feasible and that (S. Report 93-20) to direct that REA funds And it is business in its search for proflt achievement of the 1976 standards is likely be made available for loans in the fiscal year that has brought us up and out of the but may not be attainable on the established for which they were approp·riated. Another drudgery of our forefathers . . . Anybody schedule." 2 The EPA is now conducting hear­ proposal, H. Res. 154, would give standing want to go back? ings to determine if a requested one-year de­ to Congressmen to sue for programs in their lay in meeting those standards should be districts which were affected by the im­ granted to automobile manufacturers. Con­ poundment. A SUMMARY OF MAJOR ENVIRON­ gressional hearings, as well as several policy Environmental Ediwation and Manpower. MENTAL AND NATURAL RE­ reports, have addressed the issues regarding Although the current program of environ­ SOURCES LEGISLATION OF THE deep water ports. The discussion has focused mental education in the Department of 93D CONGRESS on the environmental (e.g., oil pollution), Health, Education and Welfare is scheduled economic and regulatory implications of such to expire in June 1973, there has been legis­ facilities. The related question of oil im­ lation introduced to continue that program HON. SAM GIBBONS ports and energy supplies was the subject (H.R. 3927). However, the budget submitted of hearings early in the 93rd Congress, as OF FLORIDA by the President for fiscal year 1974 shows fuel shortages were being felt across the no funds allocated for environmental educa­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES country. tion, but indicates that the program will be Wednesday, April 11, 1973 LEGISLATIVE ACTIONS phased out. Air Pollution. New authorizing legislation Land Use Planning and Coastal Zone Mr. GIBBONS. Mr. Speaker, under has been introduced for clean air programs Management. Bills have been introduced to leave to extend my remarks I would like which expire tthis year. H.R. 5445, which establish a National Land Use Planning pol­ to have printed in the RECORD a sum­ provides for a one-year extension of the icy (S. 268, S. 792, and H.R. 91, for example). mary of major environmental and nat­ Clean Air Act, has been passed by both One such measure passed the Senate in 1972. ural resources legislation of the 93d Con­ Houses (H. Report No. 93-77), and sent to A policy on land use would encourage and the President for approval. assist the individual States in planning their gress. The summary was prepared by Mr. Energy and Fuels. A considerable amount conservation and/or development of land Steve Hughes, analyst of the Environ­ of legislation has been introduced on energy areas; some States already have begun these mental Policy Division of the Library of and fuel resources. The recent shortages of programs. S. 792 would amend the water pol­ Congress, and is dated April 4, 1973. The petroleum fuels has prompted a variety of lution statutes in order to tie sanctions and summary follows: proposals not only to alleviate present short­ grants for land use planning to the State's MAJOR E'NvmONMENTAL AND N.-.TURAL RE­ ages, but to ensure adequate supplies of water pollution funding. SOURCES LEGISLATION OF THE 93D CONGRESS energy resources in the future. The latter A related issue is surface mining. Both problem is being considered in terms of de­ Houses of Congress now have bills pending (By Steve Hughes) veloping a national energy policy, which (hearings have been held on S. 425 and S. LEGISLATIVE ISSUES AND POLICY REPORTS would be a function of the proposal (S. 70, 923) which would regulate this activity. Legislative activity in the 93rd Congress for example) to create a Council on Energy Powerplant siting legislation is also expected dealing with the environment and natural Policy. to receive action during the 93rd Congress resources has been concerned with a variety Long term supplies of fuels would be a (cf. H .R. 180 or S. 935). The Federal Lands of issues-many of them interrelated. One function, as well, of the numerous proposals Protection Act (S. 424) would provide pro­ set of issues includes the "energy crisis", land to stimulate research and development ac­ tection for 450 million acres of Federal lands use planning, deep water ports, the Trans­ tivities for new sources of energy. Other under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Alaska oil pipeline, and powerplant siting. measures to deal with the short run "energy Management. Another set of issues relates the impound­ crisis" include the deregulation of natural Organization for Environmental Affairs. ment of funds appropriated for water pollu­ gas (to allow price increases as a greater in­ Numerous bills have been introduced to set tion and agricultural programs to the fiscal centive for the exploration of the gas), and up a Joint Committee on the Environment 1974 budget and its allocations for such pro­ change in the Oil Import Quota System (to (See H.J. Res. 14) and also a Standing Com­ grams as solid waste management, air pollu­ increase the supply of oil from foreign mittee on the Environment (See H. Res. tion. environmental education. ocean dump­ sources) . The expanded effort in energy re­ 105). Previous measures to establish a Joint ing, and coastal zone management. Other search and development is also re:flected Committee have passed both Houses but issues that are refiected in new legislation in legislation which would establish a cor­ have not received final action. Additional re­ include environmental committees in the poration to develop new energy sources. Ad­ organizational measures would create a new Congress, predator control, toxic substances, ditional efforts have been proposed for coal Department of Natural ResourStar and the Washington Daily in which minorities a.re demanding the pres­ better because she now has a lawyer who is News on April 7. ervation of cultural differences even against working on the case and perhaps he can get Certainly, it is gratifying to note his their own self-interest. We have Welsh sep­ the judgment overturned. But then again, recognition of the pioneering contri­ aratism and Flemish separatism and the maybe he can't. And, in any event Mrs. Har­ foolish drive for Gaelic and the language ris is certain to have some very substantial butions to America's greatness which the riots of India. legal expenses before it's all over. One is people of our district have made. Yet it ought to be plain that the welfare left with the feeling that some way, some­ Mr. Jones proceeds in his column to of minority-language speakers is directly tied how, a lawyer or a judge or somebody con­ contrast the success of our Minnesota to how soon they can master a language that nected with the case, could have tempered melting pot with the more modern, but the majority speaks. In the commercial or justice, not with mercy, but with common backward trend, to deliberately foster cultural world there isn't much future for sense and could have spared Mrs. Harris all the person who can handle only Ta~il '?r separatism based upon language within Tagalog. And, in a land where Engllsh is this trouble. Courthouses and lawyers' offices the public school system. I fully share his are adorned with all kinds of noble and fancy the rule, keeping a student in the womb of phrases which lawyers have dreamt up to worries about the wisdom of this course Spanish narrows his opportunities. dignify their profession. For our part, in this and can speak to the point from personai There may be good sense in putting re­ case, we'll just stick with Dickens. experience. cently arrived Puerto Rican children in crash As the son of Danish immigrant par­ English courses, and this requires bilingual ents, I spoke almost no English when I teachers. But these programs should be short-lived. TROOPER OF THE YEAR began school in our rural community in A recent non-nonsense English program Minnesota. But I seriously doubt whether among Mexican-origin children in the bor­ HON. GOODLOE E. BYRON it would have been possible .:-or me to be der town of Laredo, Tex., raised reading com­ elected to Congress or to any other public prehension 300 percent. OF MARYLAND position I have ever held had I not been A century and a quarter ago my own Welsh IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES required to learn the common language ancestors arrived in America speaking no Wednesday, April 11, 1973 of this great country. English. But they demanded no Welsh teach­ ers for their children, and it was lucky Mr. BYRON. Mr. Speaker, it is my I therefore believe Mr. Jones' observa­ they didn't. For within months in the rude pleasure to report that Trooper 1/C tions merit the most thoughtful consid­ frontier school their children were gabbling George H. Davis has received the eration by educators and others in posi­ happily with the Ada.roses and the Browns. Trooper of the Year Award from the tions of public responsibility. I include his The fact that we may be going backward Maryland State Police Alumni Associa­ column in full .at this point in the from an educational point of view is indi­ RECORD: cated by a recent study of reading compre­ tion at their annual meeting. As you may hension in the New York City public schools. Is THE MELTING POT PASSE? know, the selection is based on the over­ Last year 66.2 percent of the students in all dedication and professionalism (By Jenkin Lloyd Jones) the second through ninth grades were below shown by the recipient during his career In the golden Minnesota spring morning the national norms of reading capability. with the Maryland State Police. I looked down from the feeder line plane at That was up from 54.1 percent in 1954, the Trooper l /C George Hul Davis was St. Patrick, New Prague, Le Sueur, Norse­ :first year of citywide testing. Worse, poor in land, New Sweden, New Ulm, Cambria and readers kept falling farther and farther be­ born 1964 at Cumberland, Md. Dundee. hind-two months behind the national av­ After graduating from Fort Hill High Here in 20 minutes' flying time Irish, Bohe­ erage at grade 2 and one year, eight months School, he joined the U.S. Marine Corps mians, French, Norwegians, Swedes, Ger­ by grade 7. in July 1962, and served our country mans, Welsh and Scots had left their names At the same time, students in the wealthier for 4 years. On January 2, 1967, he upon the land. sections of the city-Porest Hills, Riverdale, was selected to enter Maryland State And that was the way it was-the adven­ Sheepshead Bay and so on-were a year and Police Academy after which he was as­ turous pioneer family or two, speaking their seven months a.head of the :fifth grade norms. signed to the Rockville barracks where Old World tongues, who broke the sod of The report spoke of the heavy Puerto Rican Minnesota and found it good. The writing population and "poverty and its attendant he performed at a high level of compe­ back home to entice relatives and friends. evils" as the cause for poor reading. But the tence. In December 1970, Trooper Davis The attraction of other like-languaged land­ immigrants of 75 years ago were poor. The was promoted to the rank of trooper seekers. The building of the church-Irish tenements were terrible. There were no vast first class and is presently assigned as or German Catholic, German, or Scandinavi­ programs of welfare. Most of the families a public information officer of the Wal­ an Lutheran, Scottish Presbyterian-and the didn't speak any better English than the dorf barracks. putting upon the place of an Old World Puerto Ricans of today. Yet the children Trooper 1/C Davis is a pistol expert, name. learned fast. quaJified radar operator, member of the Yet today in the schoolyards of these Could one cause of the difference be that towns and villages you wouldn't be able to a quality of performance was demanded than technical task force, and has just re­ distinguish a shade of difference in the Eng­ that is not demanded now, and that it was ceived training as a breathalyzer opera­ lish spoken. Although the last names of the assumed that a facile use of grammatical tor. He is taking a law enforcement children still attest to many national origins, English was the proper goal for everyone? course at the Charles County Com­ the famed American melting pot has worked If we turn down the heat on the melting munity College to further his education, splendidly. pot there are going to be some sad 1umps April 11, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF 'REMARKS 11979 that just keep going around and around­ lege and a fountain pen. Ea.ch dollar may simultaneously. Nixon put the wage clamps and around. thus expand into seven or eight new check on working people, while corporate profits book dollars for the customer's use. Further­ in many cases soared to new highs. He be­ more, by the Glass-Steagall Act, the banks came positively niggardly in reducing wel­ NIXONOMICS now purchase U.S. securities with this kind fare funds to needy unemployed and school of "money" and immediately transfer them lunch money for hungry children, as well as into the cash account. Thus the operation, social security increases for the aged. It was HON. GEORGE E. BROWN, JR. like blowing bubbles, can continue ad in­ noted, however, that the next social security checks bore the significant statement that OF CALIFORNIA finitum. The greedy and inept direction of this limitless flow of credit money by bankers the 20-percent increase (which Nixon had IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES is one of the main factors in the destruction vigorously opposed) had Just been signed Wednesday, April 11, 1973 of the free, competitive economy envisioned into law by President Nixon. by the classical economists. The president's response to defense de­ Mr. BROWN of California. Mr. Speak­ Even our tax laws favor the rich, thus tak­ partment requests was entirely different. er, I believe the other Members of this ing buying power away from those most in Whenever the Pentagon men wanted more worthy body will find it as interesting as need of it. How the wealthy folk rail against billions for "national defense" in southeast I have found it to read the following the graduated income tax, the most equitable Asia more money for planes, bombs, napalm account of "Nixonomics" written by tax ever devised. How they love the sales tax, or missiles to lay waste the countryside-the one of the most regressive and inequitable of generosity of the president knew no bounds. Samuel Bristol of Vista, Calif.: all taxes. They also hate and fear the cooper­ President Nixon has offered the American NIXONOMICS THE JUllllBLED ScIENCE atives, the credit unions and all state and radio and TV audiences his quaint homily How free is American "Free Enterprise"? municipal enterprise&-in a word all those a.bout his "work ethic" and the "welfare Is the business establishment of the USA, which seek to maintain competitive or yard­ ethic,'' the latter term invented to express With its administ.ered pricing by monopolists, stick pricing. President Nixon was recently his opinion of welfare recipients. If I might the authentic heir apparent of the laissez sending out feelers on the possibility of en­ break in on this bit of presidential sophistry, faire doctrines of Adam Smith? Or are these acting a federal transactions tax, the final I would like to ask Mr. Nixon to explain the newcomers more opportunists claiming kin­ step in creating wild, uncontrolled inflation. increase in the nation's unemployment rate ship with the free enterprise doctrines which Yet these same aftluent people all claim spon­ from three percent to nearly six percent dur­ they constantly thwart and undermine? In­ sorship of "The American Way,'' which with ing his administration. asmuch as business seems to hold the bal­ total lack of humor they call "Free Enter­ Nixon's economic convictions, if he ever ance of power in Washington today, maybe a prise." Some even try to identify this sav­ had any, have changed during the past two closer look at that brand of free enterprise is age creed with Christianity, which in a years from orthodox to extremely heterodox. in order. Christian nation seems almost sacriligious. Early in 1971 this disciple of frugal laissez In chapter 10 of his monumental work "An Against this brief background let us con­ faire orthodoxy had apparently become a Inquiry Into The Nature and Causes of the sider that set of ideological obsessions held follower of the tax-and-spend philosophy of Wealth of Nations", Adam Smith, best known by Richard Nixon, which have come to be David Cushman Coyle. Nobody seems to o1 the classical economists, made a very sig­ known among scholars and news media as know where he will eventually land. nificant and timely statement--"People of "Nixonomies." The President has not ac­ I believe the most accurate assessment of the same trade seldom meet together, even knowledge the existence of this credo, but Nixon's behavior was made by Jerry Voorhis for merriment and diversion, but the conver­ the elements of his beliefs have appeared in in his recent book "The Strange Case of sation ends in a conspiracy against the public his executive orders, his "game plans," his Richard Milhous Nixon." Voorhis's quotation or in some contrivance to raise prices." vetoes and his rare news conferences. follows: "To one practice Richard Milhous This was written in 1776, nearly 200 years It is no accident that Richard Nixon early Nixon has been faithful. He has done what­ ago. Yet today the same tendency is evident became enamored of the American business ever at any given time woud advance his po­ 1n the annual meetings of the plumbers, the system which is dominated by corporate litical fortunes. This alone explain the electricians, the carpenters, the steel workers, monopolies, joined With the privately oper­ strange gyrations of his strange case." the longshoremen and even the medical men. ated Federal Reserve Banking System, crea­ It is important to remember that Ameri­ Corporate stock.holders reveal similar ten­ tors of the nation's money supply. The bank­ ca's economic plight is in an area in which dencies. The central theme at these gather­ ers, especially the group which operated in Richard Nixon's talents are not notably evi­ ings is always higher prices and more profits. the old 12th congressional district of Cali­ dent. This nation does not lack productive Following this sage comment Smith pointed fornia, are the men who put Nixon where he capacity, a fact which apparently has not out the inherent danger in such conspiracies. is today and are still among his chief sup­ been recognized by the president's economic He showed how any interference with free porters. It is a reasonable assumption that advisers. We suffer from a breakdown of competition would make it difficult to main­ the banking group who picked him as their distribution, where deprivation and even tain fair prices. Since buying power lies al­ candidate in 1945, a year before the con­ hunger exist alongside vast concentrations of most entirely within the bounds of the prime gressional elections, hired his public relations _wealth. It. is becoming increasingly evident costs of production, any collusion among men and paid for his lavish smear campaign that President Nixon has no answers to this competitors would create a price structure against Jerry Voorhis in 1946, represent h .is problem. He has lost his way. Ending the based upon pure profits and one that would most enduring loyalty. He will not abandon war in southeast Asia-if indeed the peace not be matched with purchasing power in them because he dares not do so. They know endures--will not solve this problem. It may the market. What Adam Smith believed and too much. As one Whittier banker, comment­ grow worse. what has been confirmed by later economists ing on the $18,000 secret fund scandal of Maldistribution in America is mainly the was simply this-that pure profits should not 1952, remarked, "That was only peanuts result of administered pricing by monopolists be permitted and would not be created in a compared with the money we shelled out for and the creation of an unscientific and ill­ system that remained competitive, and al­ his campaign." controlled fiow of bank credit money through lowed the play of the market to determine An opportunity to test this banker tieup the privately operated Federal Reserve Sys­ prices. came a little more than a year ago, after the tem. Working together in unholy collusion This, in the opinion of reputable econ­ country had suffered through two years of these two giants of American business in­ omists, is the cardinal principle of the fl"ee Nixon's high-interest depression. The Con­ crease intlation, perpetuate deficit financing economy and its moral justification. Yet any gress authorized the President to order a and are mainly responsible for an almost in­ examination of American economic history reduction in the Federal Reserve's prime in­ calculable debt. This debt and the accom­ wlll show how this principle has been per­ terest rate, which at one time had reached panying overcapitalization of business have sistently defied. American business has from 8¥2 percent (the highest rate in the h1story become an increasing burden on the econ­ the beginning been supported by tariffs, of that institution) . This, Nixon declared, he omy, both at home and abroad. patents, embargoes and othed devices all de­ would never do. He accompanied his state­ The tragic part of this situation is that it vised to maintain high prices. One of the first ment with another outburst of Nixonomics has become almost endemic in the American acts of the congress of 1789 was a t.en percent theology and a declaration of his unalterable economy, like a cancerous growth that feeds import tariff designed to "protect our infant devotion to private banking. Does anyone on its host. The staggering debt of the Amer­ industries." now doubt where Dick Nixon's heart lies? ican people--national, state, and local gov­ Administered pricing has now become Nixon early pledged a balanced nationi!ol ernment, as well as institutional and private standard practice among most basic indus­ budget, but during his last two years in of­ debt--constitute a continuing drain on pro­ tries of the United States. Through corporate fice, 1971 and 1972, his budgets had deficits duction. Every householder knows that h is mergers and new stock issues American cor­ of 25 billions and 28 b illions. The current interest on the home or the business must porations have been dominating business. '72-'73 budget will undoubtedly be higher be paid before he fills that cart at the super They have been aided by an 111-controlled with further deficits. Incident ally, current market or buys shoes or clothing for the fiow of fractional reserve checkbook money, spending has been skillfully distrib u ted with children. Most small businesses expand and usually available in abundance to wealthy an eye on the votes of defense workers. grow wit h borrowed capit al. Increased inter­ borrowers. Nixon was against inflat ion but his u sury­ est charges m\ist be added to their costs and New money to facilitate the growth of the loving friends, William McChesney Martin the cycle of infiation rolls on, with sales re­ nation's economy is not created by Congress, and later Dr. Arthur Burns of the F.R. board sistance at home and loss of export sales as the constitution provides. It is created by of governors, by setting exorbitant interest abroad. some 14,000 stout-hearted bankers, each rates, created the phenomenon of n ational As a result of these forces American pro­ armed with a 12 or 14 percent reserve privi- unemployment and uncontrolled inflation du~ are faced with a hopeless dilemma. 11980 -EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS Apr il 11, 1973 Wit hout monopoly pricing they can scarcely democracy in Greece, the junta has b . provide only for major illnesses or long carry the overhead of debt and high taxes stifled it. t erm treatment of serious illnesses. needed to continue welfare for the victims of c. provide coverage only for hospit aliza­ our folly. If they t ry to maintain monopoly tion. prices they are automatically priced out of d. set standards for private healt h insur­ t he export market. This is the dilemma of HON. SAM GIBBONS' LATEST ance companies. the richest and most powerful nation on QUESTIONNAffiE 7. Pension plans: To insure t hat those who earth. Are we going to be content in this contribute to private pension plans receive situation to be led by politicians who repeat the benefits they deserve on ret irement, Con­ the foolish, outworn cliches of t he 18th or gress should- 19th century? HON. SAM GIBBONS a. strengthen Federal regulation of these This is the paramount issue in the present OF FLORIDA plans. governmental struggle. Mr. Nixon is disliked IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES b . control inflation bett er, so that retire­ by many who regard him as a polit ical de­ ment funds are not eaten away by rising linquent or an unscrupulous partisan. But Wednesday, April 11, 1973 prices. these are personal judgments often consider­ Mr. GIBBONS. Mr. Speaker, from time c. take no further action in this area. ably tinged with politics. The real issue with 8. Education: Public education should be President Nixon, it seems to this writer, is to time I send out a questionnaire to the financed- his combination of ruthless, self-seeking residents in my congressional district to a. as it is now, largely by local property power, coupled with Nixonomics, a complex ask for their opinions on the various taxes. of outdated economic mythology that spells issues which Congress must resolve. b . with more Federal funds, so that prop­ total confusion in the business world of 1973. Their answers to these questions help erty taxes can be reduced. me in the important decisionmaking c. with more State funds. process. I recently sent out the follow­ 9. Inflation: The Federal government should- SIX YEARS OF THE JUNTA IN ing questionnaire, with multiple choice a. continue mandatory controls on prices, GREECE responses: wages, rents, etc. CONGRESSMAN SAM GIBBONS ASKS YOUR b. establish mandatory controls only on OPINION large industries and labor unions. HON. EDWIN B. FORSYTHE APRIL 1973. c. establish voluntary controls on the cost OF NEW JERSEY DEAR FRIEND: The 93rd Congress has been of living. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES in session for several months. We have been d. take no further action in this area. deliberating on the President's Budget pro­ 10. Deficit spending: The Federal govern­ Wednesday, April 11, 1973 posals for quite some time. There are many ment should- issues which this Congress must strive to a. increase Federal taxes to balance the Mr. FORSYTHE. Mr. Speaker, on resolve. I am sending this questionnaire to April 21, 1967, Greece fell victim to a budget. the residents in your area. Your answers to b. reduce spending wherever possible and military coup d'etat. Martial law was these questions will help me in the important avoid further deficit spending. imposed on the country and civil liberties decision-making process. c. continue deficit spending to stimulate were suspended. The small band of army The responses to these questions might not the economy. colonels overthrew the legal, democratic totally reflect your point of view on each sub­ d. balance the budget by reordering prior­ government of Greece on the grounds ject. Many of the questions can be answered ities for Federal spending. that Greece was threatened by a Com­ with more than one selection. Should you If you have not been receiving my monthly munist takeover. The junta assured the have any questions on these issues or any Legislative Reports and would like to re­ other matter concerning your Federal gov­ ceive them, please check. I will be glad to add Greeks that military rule would only be ernment, please let me hear from you. your name to my mailing list. temporary-that its aim was to restore Sincerely, order and create conditions which would SAM. set democracy in Greece on a firmer (NoTE.-Provisions for "his" and "her" ADVISORY COMMISSION ON INTER­ basis. answers.) GOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS-TO Six years later, Greece still suffers 1. Consumer Protection: The consumer needs better protection in the area of- INCLUDE ELECTED SCHOOL from a lack of democratic freedoms. To a. product warranties. BOARD OFFICIALS be sure, martial law has been lifted in b. false advertising. the countryside and in some cities, but c. labeling of products. is still in force in the most populous area d. medical care. HON. CLAUDE PEPPER of Athens and Piraeus. To be sure, the e. door-to-door salesmen. OF FLORIDA number of political prisoners has gone f. none of the above. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES down from an estimated 6,000 to an esti­ 2. Social Security: Would you like to mated 300, but arbitrary arrests con­ see- Wednesday, April 11, 1973 a. better medicare coverage. tinue, prisoners are detained and held b. removal of the earned income limit a­ Mr. PEPPER. Mr. Speaker, the educa­ incommunicado for long periods of time tion. tion of our children and the system of without charges, and this in direct viola­ c. no further changes in the system. public education should be among the tion of decrees enacted by the junta it­ d . allowing those who wish to retire at highest priorities in our Nation. Aside self. To be sure, the junta has drafted age 60 with reduced benefits. from the obvious influences that public a new constitution, which was approved 3. Clean air and water: Funds for clean­ education, administered by some 17,500 in a nationwide referendum in Septem­ ing the environment should come from- school boards nationally, has upon 46 a. those who violate anti-pollution stand- million schoolchildren, we must also take ber 1968, but its most important provi­ ards. sions, those dealing with basic civil lib­ b. the Federal government. into account that the public school sys­ erties, the formation of political parties, c. State and local governments. tem employs 7 percent of the entire work the holding of elections, remain in abey­ d. the Federal government and private force, and is directly responsible for ance. Fm·thermore, the junta has refused industry. spending 47 percent of all local revenues, to commit itself to a timetable for the 4. Vietnam: In dealing with truce viola­ as well as 26 percent of all State reve­ implementation of these provisions. tions, the United States should- nues. Except for national defense, Mr. Far from preparing Greece for a re­ a. defer to the four-nation peace-keeping Speaker, no other governmental service force for policy decisions. turn to parliamentary democracy, Prime b. withhold all U.S. aid from those who has a larger impact upon the taxpayer Minister Papadopoulos has spent the last violate the truce. than public education. 6 years consolidating his own power. In c. re-enter Vietnam with military forces. I am bringing these facts up in an ef­ addition to the premiership, he has ac­ 5. Defense spending: Do you think the fort to correct what I feel is a grave mis­ cumulated the duties of regent, defense President's $4.7 billion increase in the defense take made when school board members minister, and foreign minister in his own budget should- were omitted from membership on the hands. Today he holds the reins of power, a. be approved by Congress. Advisory Commission on Intergovern­ b. be reduced, with the savings going to with the help of the army, the police, ot her kinds of Federal programs. mental Relations. This Commission is a and a vast network of informers. And c. be reduced to help balance the budget. coordinating body between Federal, he has yet to produce documentary evi­ 6. National health insurance: The Federal State, and local branches of our Govern­ dence of a Communist threat in 1967. government should institute a program ment. But the Commission cannot effec­ Mr. Speaker, as friends of Greece we which would- tively represent the interrelating bodies can only deplore the junta's failure to a. provide coverage for all basic medical of our Government while excluding rep­ fulfill its own promises. Far from saving needs. resentation by those most directly con- ) April 11, 1973 EX>:fENSIONS OF REMARKS 1°981 cerned with our country's top domestic It's a problem that can be solved only by blurred, and there a.re several distinct mixed priority, education. The public school combating inflation at the source-by har­ forms. The planner called upon to devise nessing the Federal budget and the Federal methods for the prevention or suppression board member is best qualified to act as money supply. Meanwhile, rising rates are of terroristic acts needs a typology of the the spokes:nan for public education. It is simply a way of adjusting the supply to the different threats so that each can be handled the school board member who sets the demand-and blaming the banks for high with appropriate measures. policies and handles the financial deal­ interest rates is like blaming the thermome­ Strategic terrorism is aimed at the persons ings of the public schools. ter for high temperatures. who keep a state together and who are I have introduced legislation, H.R. I'm Louis Rukeyser, ABC News, New York, responsible for its policy, and at additional 6263, which I believe will rectify the mis­ and this has been "Rukeyser's World" on the human targets whose killing would be ex­ American Information Radio Network. pected to have strategic consequences. It take in the original constitution of the is directed from a strategic center, e.g. staff Advisory Commission on Intergovern­ headquarters running regular or irregular mental Relations by expanding the mem­ TERRORISM AND ITS EFFECT ON military organizations, or command posts of bership to include two elected school SOCIETY "professional" revolutionary parties engaged board members. I believe such legislation in insurrection. The terrorists are soldiers of will provide the Commission an insight a SJ:ecia.l kinn acting under strict discipline. in dealing with matters concernng edu­ HON. CRAIG HOSMER By contrast, private terrorism is under­ cation that is unavailable to it as pres­ OF CALIFORNIA taken by individuals or small independent gangs acting on their own for purposes of ently constituted. I believe the legislation IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES private strategy or for no purpose at all will enable the Commission to confront Wednesday, April 11, 1973 beyond self-gratification. more effectively the problems of improv­ The overall purpose of terrorist strategy is ing the operations of our federal system. Mr. HOSMER. Mr. Speaker, terrorism to defeat a hostile state or government. is a problem of growing concern through­ Implementing goals may include the elim­ out the international community. Indeed, ination of hostile leaders, the dispersal, INFLATION terrorist attacks have ranged from po­ weakening, or paralysis of hostile forces, the litical bombings, skyjackings, attacks on destruction of symbols, exhibitions of HON. BEN B. BLACKBURN the diplomatic corps and even the mass strength, demonstrations of presence {"the murder we witnessed at the Munich enemy in our midst"), armed propaganda, OF GEORGIA Olympics. punishment, intimidation, confusion, fear, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the incapacitation of administrative ma­ Within the United States we have seen chinery, and creation of governmental panic, Wednesday, April 11, 1973 a small band of otherwise politically im­ etc. Mr. BLACKBURN. Mr. Speaker, re­ potent radicals attempt to employ terror­ Private terrorism is typically a matter of ist intimidation against the very founda­ criminality, such as robbery and extortion; cently, I heard an editorial by Louis or a symptom of mental disease, frustration, Rukeyser, ABC News, New York, on the tions of representative government. Even the U.S. Capitol has been a target of their and herostratic drives; or a corollary of drug American Information Radio Network addiction; or the playing-out of revenge, with regard to the problem of inflation. attacks. Likewise, any foreign govern­ hatred, rage, and sadistic "blood thirsti­ At this time, I would like to share this ments are faced with the threat of ter­ ness". Private terrorists are not soldiers, editorial with my colleagues: rorist subversion. but "rebels". To prepare ourselves for countering the Unlike strategic terrorism which concen­ INFLATION terrorist menace, we need sound analysis trates on "choice targets", private terrorism, I'm Louis Rukeyser, ABC News, New York, and empirical research at both the na­ in the main, is restricted to random targets and this is "Rukeyser's World" on the Amer­ tional and international level. Dr. Stefan of opportunity or accessibility. ican Information Radio Network. In the mixed forms of strategic and private I'll have a look at talk vs. action on in­ Possony's article, "Terrorism: A Global terrorism, the criminal or the sadist may flation in sixty seconds. Concern," which appeared in the Janu­ want to "embellish" his deeds, for example, • • • ary 1973 issue of Defense/Foreign Affairs by ascribing to them political motivations, With all the rhetoric about a historic con­ Digest outlines the structw·e of modern such as "protest", "expropriation of the frontation between the President and Con­ terrorism and its effects on societies and expropriators", or the "execution of tyrants". gress, the casual observer might get the im­ governments. Dr. Possony's article on In other cases strategic terrorists who ran pression that the Nixon Administration is terrorism follows : out of weapons or money may resort to hold­ finally coming to grips with the basic prob­ ups and kidnappings against random tar­ TERRORISM: A GLOBAL CONCERN lem of inflation. gets. Extremist groups may want to force the And compared with the reckless attitude (By Stefan T. Possony, Ph.D.) hand of a cautions revolutionary party or ex­ of the legislative branch, which has never Terrorism is as old as war, of which it is pansive foreign power and provoke reluctant bothered to assign a single committee to the a technique, and for which it may be used as friends into large conflagrations. task of coordinating and controlling the a substitute. Its protean manifestations Or anti-terrorists may mount criminal ac­ budget, the Executive may indeed appear range from mere threats through destruc­ tivities to discredit the terrorist project or prudent. tions of assets and symbols, to kidnapping, cause a shock to strengthen defenses. Some­ But applause for the Administration still torture, mutilation, and murder. Terrorism times the failure of a strategic undertaking bas to be muted for two essential reasons: is as complex a phenomenon as any combina­ may lead to a spree of murders committed by It bas already presided over an irresponsible tion of war, revolution, criminality, psycho­ frustrated terrorists-this is happening to­ string of budget deficits so large that their logical disturbance, ideological fanaticism, day in Northern Ireland. infia.tionary impact will, in any event, be felt and mental disease could be. In all its forms, terrorism requires training, for years. And it continues, through the The frequency of terror depends both on arms, intelligence information, transporta­ farce it calls Phase Three, to seek scapegoats socio-political conditions and tactical oppor­ tion, communications, money, and other lo­ in the private economy for the inflationary tunities. The terrorist is by necessity a vol­ gistics like safe houses and forged docu­ forces it bas helped unleash in Washington. unteer. Conditions which induce a person to ments. Terrorist attacks by substantial num­ The latest example of this fuzzing of the choose the terrorist avocation exist every­ bers of fighters, scouts, and assistant, involv­ realities comes in the assault on banks that where and at all times, yet mass self-recruit­ ing substantial logistics and detailed intelli­ raised their prime lending rates from 6%, to ing of terrorists occurs only during acute gence about targets and timing, and which 6% per cent. crises. But, since terrorist activity depends are executed with considerable skill in plan­ The banks, to be sure, make an easy target. on practical feasibility, countries with effec­ ning and tactics, a.re virtually always com­ Attacking them requires about as much po­ tive security arrangements usually don't manded from a capable and professional litical courage as attacking the anopheles suffer from terrorism, regardless of the mul­ strategic center. mosqui~and Congressmen like Wright Pat­ tiple frustrations they impose upon their They never result from the improvisation man have built entire careers on doing so. citizens. by a few poor and frustrated amateurs. But banks do not compete in a vacuum, Thus, high frequency of terrorism may be Terrorism has now reached larger dimen­ and their interest rates inevitably are af­ regarded as an indicator of serious political fected by such factors as the cost of money sions than ever before in history, especially trouble and of deficient internal security. if it is remembered that mass terror executed from other sources and the demand for Terrorism stimulates the urge to imitate. loans-which happens to be quite vigorous "from above" by governments, such as poli­ Hence, unless stopped, terrorism tends to tical purges, class liquidations, and genocides now because of the booming economy. expand. But even if a terrorist wave is One of the primary factors keeping in­ broken, terrorist organizations often survive are symptoms of the same malignancy of terest rates high is the expectation that in­ and emerge years later. For example, the violence. :flation will continue. Lenders demand an ex­ history of Irish terrorism can be traced back The conditions which permit the high in­ tra point or two of protection, and borrowers for more than two centuries. cidence of strategic and private terrorism are willing to give it because they assume Terrorism is usually divided into two basic include the presence of frustrated and well­ they will be repaying the loans with cheaper categories of strategic and private terrorism. trained ex-soldiers and a herd of unemployed dollars. In practice, such classifications tend to be semi-intellectuals, the easy availability of 11982 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 11, 1973

weapons and explosives, and the lack of in­ Mr. Farrell, a graduate of Georgetown REPORT BY THE AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE dividual self-defense capabilities. University law school, served as a Federal The communist attitude to terrorism has V. SAIGON'S CIVILIAN PRISONERS been expressed on several levels. investigator in a variety of assignments "The term 'civilian internees' is under­ The official doctrine calls for the liquida­ throughout the United states, and in 1938 stood to mean all persons who, having in tion of classes and rejects "individual terror". and 1939 he was special counsel to the any way contributed to the political and But even in Lenin's time, the bolsheviks en­ joint Senate-House committee of Con­ armed struggle between the two parties, have gaged in "expropriat ions" such as bank hold­ gress for the investigation of the Tennes­ been arrested for that reason and have been ups (which usually entailed killings), and see Valley Authority. He came to the Im­ kept in detention by eit her party during they took advantage of the terrorism prac­ migration and Naturalization Service in the period of hostilities."-Agreement on ticed by other revolutionary parties. Further­ 1941. Cessation of Hostilities in Vietnam, July 20, more, the communists have conducted nu­ 1954, now contained in Agreement, Article 7. merous guerrilla wars which more often than Commissioner Farrell went on active Although exchange of military prisoners not were organized as systematic terrorism. military duty during World War II in has proceeded more or less on schedule, Various secret agencies of CP states, no­ May 1942 and received the Bronze Star progress in terms of exchange and relea!::e tably the Soviet KGB, have "executed" de­ for outstanding service in Italy during of civilian prisoners is quite another mat t er. fectors through fake suicides and seeming the Rome-Arno campaign. He was sepa­ Saigon claims that the DRV holds nearly heart attacks, but the art of imperceptible rated from service on November 30, 1945, 60,000 South Vietnamese civilians, and the murder was also practiced for offensive pur­ with the rank of lieutenant colonel. DRV and PRG claim up to 300,000 civilians poses. Names like Trotsky, Sedow (Trotsky's Upon his return to the Immigration are held by Saigon. The International Red son), Kutiepov, Tresca, Bandera, Krivitsky, Cross, Amnesty International and other neu­ and Bang-Jensen may serve as examples. Service following World War !I, Mr. Far­ tral and western observers estimate this The Kremlin criticized Arab terrorism in rell was named chief of investigations number at between 100 and 200 thousand­ a mild manner, but has continued to supply at New York City. In 1948, he came to many of them political opponents of Thieu, Arab terrorist organizations with weapons. the Central Office of the Service in many of them students---and many living Recently IRA "provos" were using Soviet­ Washington D.C. as Information Special­ under condit ions of daily t orture and beat­ made bazookas. In the UN, the 'LSSR rejected ist and the following year was made As­ ings. collaborative measures to suppress interna­ sistant Commissioner for Investigations There has been absolutely no progress in tional terrorism. in 1952. negotiations between the PRG and the G VN Moscow-oriented OP leaders emphatically In 1958, over release of these civilian prisoners. On condemn "anarchist" terrorism practiced­ he was promoted to Associate the contrary, there is distressing evidence for example, in Germany-by gangs who ad­ Commissioner in Charge of Service Op­ to support that Thieu is using various means vertise themselves as true red communists. erations, coordinating the functions of to cut down the number of those currently OP spokesmen criticize the Weathermen, the investigative, enforcement, and ex­ classified as "detainees" so that he will not Meinhof and Feltrinelll gangs, the Tupamo­ aminations work of the Service, as well have to release them. Both Amnesty Inter­ ros, and the Red Army of Japan, as "adven­ as the overseas offices. national and the PRG have documented, in turists", le: utterly undesirable communists. He was unanimously confirmed by the very detailed accounts, the moving of pris­ But the CP's have refrained from cutting the United States Senate as Commissioner oners-never to be heard from again. Fish­ links to the New Left groups, many of whom, of Immigration and Naturalization on ermen in the Gulf of Thailand have found though under direct or indirect communist 1962. bodies :floating there, dressed in the clothes control, favor terrorism. The Black Septem­ February 5, of the type worn by Saigon prisoners. On ber attack during the Olympiad was pred­ Mr. Farrell's record as Commissioner February 5, Saigon claims to have released icated on collaboration between German since 1962 has been praised for opening some 10,000 civilians into the streets of Sai­ "adventurists" With the Arabs. CP praxis is a bright new era of compassion and un­ gon, announcing that they were "new life pro-terrorist. ~ derstanding in administering the Na­ cadre" members who had been "rehabili­ The attitude of most western governments tion's immigration and nationality laws. tated". These were not turned over to the has been that it is infeasible to guard most In a statement from the White House PRG as stipulated in the agreement. of the likely targets of strategic terrorism accompanying the 1963 annual report Several persons, including two Frenchmen, and entirely impractical to protect the ran­ recently released from Thieu's prisons, have dom targets of private terrorism. Pope Paul of the Service, President Johnson de­ reported that Saigon is forging records and VI said on January 10, 1973, that "the entire scribed Commissioner Farrell's adminis­ changing classifications-moving persons world is beginning to be shocked by the re­ tration as a good example of "govern­ from prison to prison-so that "civilian crudescence of violence". The shock was very ment with a heart." detainees" will become common criminals, long in coming. As yet it has led to little more President Johnson explained that "by not subject to the Agreement's provisions. than moaning. applying existing immigration laws with (See Tom Wicker, New York Times, March It is Widely believed that the danger posed humanity, we are demonstrating that 11) Adding substance to these bits of evi­ by terrorism is minimal. So long as counter­ compassion and efficient administration dence is the fact that Saigon has refused measures prevent the terrorists from moving go hand in hand." to allow any inspection of its prisons by up to higher levels of violence, the threat may international bodies, as specified in the stabilize or recede. Yet present counter­ On February 13, 1973, President Nixon Agreement, or to provide lists of prisoners. measures are insufficient. Hence, it is likely accepted Commissioner Farrell's noti­ The Canadian Red Cross delegation spent a that terrorism Will continue and quite likely fication of impending retirement with futile three weeks in Saigon, trying to visit that it Will rise. Specifically, as private ter­ regret. The President said Mr. Farrell the prisons. They finally gave up. rorism is not brought under control, the op­ "had served the Nation with the highest VI. THE SPIRIT OF THE AGREEMENT portunities for strategic terrorism will distinction" througout his lifelong pub­ " With a view to ending the war and re­ expand. lic career. storing peace in Vietnam on the basis of Historically, sustained terrorism often re­ The Association of Immigration and respect for the Vietnamese people's funda­ sulted in the destruction of established mental national rights and the South Viet­ governments. Nationality lawyers has honored the namese people's right to self-determina­ Commissioner with its prestigious t ion . . ." Agreement, preamble. Founder's Award, and the president of " If a stranger enters your village, shoot RAYMOND F. FARRELL the organization has described him as a him in the head." Nguyen van Thieu, T i me, COMMENDED "zealous, understanding and fair-minded 2/ 5/73. public official." "The United States will continue t o rec­ ognize the Government of the Republic of HON. JOHN M. MURPHY Vietnam as the sole legit imat e governmen t OF NEW YORK of Sout h Vietnam," Richard M. Nixon, 1/ 25/ WE CALL THIS WAR A CEASE-FIRE 73. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES P eace will never come t o Vietnam unless Wednesday, April 11, 1973 all parties concerned begin t o show a con­ HON. JEROME R. WALDIE ciliatory spirit. The attit u des of the t wo Mr. MURPHY of New York. Mr. OF CALIFORNIA sides toward this essential "spirit" of the Speaker, today I would like to commend IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Agreement have been radically d ivergent, Raymond F. Farrell who retired on even from the start. The PRG an d the DRV March 31, 1973, from his position as Com­ Wednesday, April 11, 1973 have voiced su pport for the Agreem ent in its missioner of the Immigration and Na­ Mr. WALDIE. Mr. Speaker, I would entiret y and have urged it s implement ation. turalization Service. Commissioner Far­ like to conclude my remarks on "We They were the ones who suggested the basic rell served for 11 years in this position terms of the Agreement as far back as July, Call This War a Cease-Fire" by printing 1972. President Thieu, essen tially backed by after a p:revious 20 years with the part of the report by the American the United States, has made no secret of his Service. Friends Service: unhappiness With it, used his leverage to April 11, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 11983 delay its signing from October to January activities would not be allowed to enter chasing power in the last 6 years alone. and maintains his undying resistance to any South Vietnam and those already in would These deficits, and the resulting infla­ reconciliation with the "communists." be expelled. "Un-Vietnamese activities" From the start, the Nixon administration were defined as "those activities which un­ tion, have dislocated the economy and 11as supported Saigon's belligerence. In dermine the security of Vietnam with false created innumerable hardships for per­ October, Nixon used the pretext of Thieu's and inaccurate reports." In covering post­ sons on fixed incomes and triggered end­ objectives to the Agreement to pump over ceasefire action, CBS and NBC News were less rounds of wage and price increases 10,000 tons of military equipment into physically stopped by Saigon troops and po­ as consumers, producers, workers, and Saigon's arsenal. lice, and five NBC reporters and cameramen investors all struggle to stay ahead of Despite the fact the accord recognizes two were threatened with a weapon. In an inci­ rising prices. parties in South Vietnam, and calls for for­ dent retold by both correspondents, Craig Third. Wage-price controls have failed. eign countries not to intervene or support Whitney of the New York Times and Peter any political tendency in South Vietnam, the Osnos of the Washington Post were traveling In the first 3 months of this year U.S. continues to insist that the GVN is the together with a cameraman e.nd a driver in a consumer prices rose at an annual rate only "legitimate" government there. U.S. aid, jeep from Quang Tri to Hue. They had just of over 6 percent while wholesale prices direct and indirect, accounted for nearly passed and filmed a firefight when they were soared at an annual rate of 21.5 percent. 90% of Thieu's budget in FY 1973 and re­ stopped by the Province Chief and the head Predictably, these increases have quests for FY 1974 show no indication of of the province police. The film was ripped prompted a clamor for still more strin­ going down. out of the photographer's camera, the driver's gent controls which will also fail while None of this has encouraged a peaceful ID card was confiscated, and the tires of the tempting us still another step toward a or conciliatory attitude in Saigon. Thieu has jeep were shot out. totally regimented economy. urged his people not to confuse "cease-fire" During this period, at least 20 correspond­ with peace, not to support the military or in­ ents from various newspapers and press Fourth. The world has lost confidence ternational commissions, and not to let any agencies were arrested, detained, harassed, in the dollar. Even after two devalua­ "communist" live. and otherwise prevented from having any tions in 15 months, the price of gold is The day before the ceasefire was an­ contact with DRV and PRG Joint Military double the official rate. nounced, Thieu issued new decrees to his Commission members at Camp Davis at Tan Fifth. Our balance of trade is the police: "Detain those persons who are neu­ Son Nhut Air Base. As Joseph Galloway of worst in 70 years. tralists . . ." and those persons who incite UPI put it, "the official American attitude These are just symptoms of a basic others to "leave those areas controlled by appeared to be one of indifference." illness in our country-fiscal irresponsi­ the government in order to go into com­ The South Vietnamese crackdown and U.S. munist controlled areas or vice versa. If they indifference resulted in the expulsion of Don­ bility. And the symptoms will grow protest, they will be shot." ald Davis, the Saigon Bureau Chief for UPI, worse until Congress begins to put a lid The other side's attitudes have been dif­ the suspension of action on all other UPI on Federal spending. ferent. In October, the DRV made public the visas, and the expulsion of NBC newsman This fact is recognized by the Joint Agreements in order to hasten a ceasefire. Ron Nessen. It also resulted in the non Economic Committee's report which Once the Agreements were signed, the DRV renewal of the visas of Jacques Leslie of the aptly identifies budget reform as a ques­ and the PRG promptly hailed them as a Los Angeles Times, and Ron Moreau of News­ tion of "urgency." victory. week, plus a private communique to Agence Two days after the signing, according to France Presse that one of their correspond­ The committee's report supports the Le Monde, the PRG called its forces "to se­ ents, out of the country on vacation, would recommendations of 54 freshman Rep­ riously adhere to the ceasefire accords and not be allowed back in. resentatives who have called for a to treat ARVN troops just like brothers." Nor does it appear that coverage of Amer­ spending ceiling. Why the opposite attitudes toward the ican military presence in Indochina in the The Senate majority leader has elo­ Agreements on the part of the two South post-ceasefire period will be easy. The 100,- quently urged a ceiling. So has the House Vietnamese parties? The Accords recognize 000 U.S. servicemen remaining in Thailand minority leader, the chairman of the the PRG as a legitimate political force in and off the coast on aircraft carriers will be Ways and Means Committee, the Ap­ South Vietnam. In the open political strug­ virtually inaccessible. The new U.S. head­ gle which was supposed to follow the sign­ quarters, at Nakhon Phanom in Thailand propriations Committee chairman, and ing, the PRG could take advantage of its is hundreds of miles from Bangkok, and many of the most distinguished Mem­ years of political organizing. The democratic corerspondents will not be allowed access­ bers of Congress. In the House alone, liberties guaranteed by the Agreement could even by telephone. over 40 spending ceiling bills have been only help the PRG solidify its strength. introduced by more than 100 Members. On the other hand, Thieu's power is based With such evident support, and mount­ on his army and police, and the American WILL CONGRESS ACT? ing public concern, establishment of a dollars which perpetuate the Saigon govern­ spending ceiling would seem assured. ment. If a real peace were to come, if the 1.1 million Saigon soldiers could go home, if HON. WILLIAM L. ARMSTRONG But will Congress act? a free political competition were to occur, it Although the need to restrain spend­ OF COLORADO ing and establish an overall congres­ would likely be the end of Thieu in Viet­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES namese politics. Even if this June, Congress sional budget has long been recognized, cut off the 3 billion dollar a year American Wednesday, April 11, 1973 this decision has been put off over and subsidy to Saigon, would a real peace among Mr. ARMSTRONG. Mr. Speaker, our over again as the Members have given Vietnamese be possible after so many years priority to partisan considerations, of fratricidal war? Perhaps it would happen national economy is teetering on the much faster than most would guess. Even brink of disaster. squabbling with the President, and spe­ now we hear the story of the village of Haut The critical seriousness of the eco­ cial interest appropriations. Hanh, where, "there is free movement of nomic crisis was underscored again last We must not permit this to happen goods, people, and money back and forth week in the report of the Joint Economic again. The crisis is too imminent; the between the two sides in the kind of live and Committee. And from the committee's consequences are too drastic. let live relationship that Saigon insists is Purely economic aspects of the Federal unacceptable." conclusions one fact emerges clearly: The Federal Government is spending spending spree are bad enough. But of too much: Not too much for the appetite utmost concern are the ramifications in .APPENDIX-HARASSMENT OF THE AMERICAN public opinion. PRESS of program administrators; possibly not The American people have been hampered too much, or even enough, as measured If we fail to brake Federal spending in getting news about Vietnam by the out­ by the needs of people to be served and now, when the need is so urgent and well rageous way in which the American press has value of worthwhile programs-but defined, our national fiscal policy will been treated by the Saigon government. With more than we can continue to spend lose its last shred of credibility. It will the expulsion of Newsweek's Ron Moreau on confirm everyone's worst suspicion-that April 1st, there is now no American corre­ without ruinous inflation, higher taxes spondent in South Vietnam who is fluent or both-more than we can continue to Congress lacks the willpower to hold the in Vietnamese. The U.S. press is at the mercy spend without permanent damage to line. of Saigon interpreters and guides. our national economy. Consider the Such a signal will undoubtedly promote Almost immediately following the cease­ facts: the worst possible inflationary psychology fire repression began as correspondents at­ First. Even after reductions proposed at home and abroad. Business and agri­ tempted to get into the field to film alleged by President Nixon, next year's Federal culture are sure to raise prices as rapidly violations, and to cover the arrival of Com­ as possible to keep ahead of the tidal munist truce teams. In early February, it funds budget will be nearly $30 billion was announced that the same policies ap­ in the red. wave of rising costs; labor will shoot for plying to South Vietnamese domestic press Second. Present and projected deficits the moon in contract negotiations; and would begin applying to foreign press: any have fostered inflation which has eaten how can management hold the line if newsman taking part in "un-Vietnamese" away over 27 percent of consumer pur- Congress cannot? 11984 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 11, 1973 The international consequences are have no direct control over such funds. declared to be an emergency measure and, equally predictable: U.S. prestige will Nonpolitical funds for congressional provided it receives the affirmative vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to drop another notch; there will be more services-and consisting of a total bal­ Council. It shall ta.ke effect and be in force speculation against the dollar; and the ance of under $2,000 as of this writing­ immediately upon its adoption and approval world will know America is not what it are used for newsletters, questionnaires, by the Mayor; otherwise it shall take effect used to be. and expenses of radio and TV reports. and be in force from and after the earliest This country is in an economic mess period allowed by law. already. And Congress is to blame. We can still avoid the worst conse­ BOYCOTT MEAT MONTH APRIL 11, 1973. To Councilman Basil M. Russo, the city coun­ quences of reckless spending if we act cil and the people of Cleveland, Ohio: decisively now to balance the budget. HON. FRANK ANNUNZIO DEAR FRIENDS: On Wednesday, April 11, But if we fail to meet this issue head­ OF ILLINOIS 1973, I was highly honored to receive a copy of on, our country faces economic catas­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the Emergency Resolution 706-73, presented trophe. t o me by its sponsor, Councilman Basil M. Will Congress act? Wednesday, April 11, 1973 Russo, representing the Cleveland City Coun­ cil and the citizens of Cleveland, Ohio, which Mr. ANNUNZIO. Mr. Speaker, over the designates the month of April, 1973, as "Boy­ HON. WILLIAM L. HUNGATE DIS­ past weeks we in the Banking and Cur­ cott Meat Month" and memorializes the Fed­ CLOSES 1972 INCOME rency Committee have been taking testi­ eral Government to take the steps necessary mony and preparing a bill to put the to combat rising meat prices. Congress on record with proposals to The House of Representatives soon will be­ HON. WILUAM L. HUNGATE halt, once and for all, the outrageous and gin its deliberations on the Economic Stabili­ OF MISSOURI disastrous effects of rising prices on the zation Act Amendments of 1973, which in­ clude a rollback of prices, interest rates, and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES working people of America. These issues are being debated this rents to January 10, 1973. The rollback provi­ Wednesday, April 11, 1973 sions of the bill are highly controversial, but week on the floor by the entire House whatever the final outcome of this legislation, Mr. HUNGATE. Mr. Speaker, in ac­ and widespread support in the country the no-nonsense stand taken by the City cord with my regular practice since com­ at large for a strong stand by the Con­ Council and the people of Cleveland vividly ing to Congress, I again disclose my in­ gress has been generated by leaders on demonstrates that the people care and are come as shown by my most recent in­ the local level. I was privileged to meet demanding from the Congress and the Presi­ come tax return for the year 1972, due one such leader, Councilman Basil M. dent a meaningful solution to this problem. and filed in the year 1973. Russo, who at 26 is the youngest member I am most apprecid.tive of this outpouring of support from Cleveland and pledge my My joint personal income tax return, ever elected to the Cleveland, Ohio, City continued efforts to halt this outrageous de­ form 1040, line 11, shows my congres­ Council, and received from him a copy terioration in the standard of living of the sional salary of $42,500. Lines 13 and 14 of an emergency resolution passed by the American people. list other income of $3,085 for a total in­ Cleveland City Council. The resolution Sincerely, come on line 15 of $45,585. Less line 16, designates the month of April 1973, as FRANK ANNUNZIO, $6,242, consisting of adjustment for al­ "Boycott Meat Month" in the city of Member of Congress. lowed congressional living expenses at­ Cleveland and memorializes the Federal tending Congress in Washington, D.C., Government to take the steps necessary BUFFALO'S JOHN LORD O'BRIAN $3,000; and congressional expenses from to combat rising meat prices. DIES AT 98; PUBLIC SERVANT personal funds not reimbursed, $3,242; The resolution. along with my own let­ adjusted gross income, line 17, is $39,343. ter of appreciation, follow: Itemized deductions, form 1040, part AN EMERGENCY RESOLUTION HON. THADDEUS J. DULSKI III, line 52, are $6,537, consisting pri­ Designating the month of April, 1973 as OF NEW YORK "Boycott Meat Month" in the City of Cleve­ marily of State and local taxes, real IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES estate and personal property taxes of land and memorializing the Federal Gov­ $3,351, interest payments of $1,167, and ernment to take the s teps necessary to com­ Wednesday, April 11, 1973 bat rising meat prices. charitable contributions of $1,111. Whereas, throughout the past year the Mr. DULSKI. Mr. Speaker, it is my sad The total income tax, form 1040, line price of meat has continued to rise un­ duty to inform my colleagues of the pass­ 18, is $8,095.84, plus $150.90 added on checked, thereby placing an intolerable ing of John Lord O'Brian, a distinguished line 21 for self-employment tax. Against hardship on the financial resources of Amer­ attorney who had an enviable record of this is allowed on line 19, $22.50 credit ican families; and rublic service that spanned the 20th cen­ for contributions to candidates for pub­ Whereas, the Federal Government has not tury. lic office as provided by law. The total shown to date that it can act in a respon­ sible manner to ensure reasonable meat Born in Buffalo, N.Y., in 1874, he had net Federal income tax withheld, line 23, prices; and maintained an active law office there un­ form 1040, is $11,118.91. Whereas, the residents of the City of Cleve­ til the end of World War II and contin­ Total payments are $11,118.91, as indi­ land will not continue to tolerate this situa­ ued to the end to maintain his close ties cated on line 27, form 1040. This leaves tion without expressing their indignation to with his hometown, although his work a total overpayment of tax for the year both the Federal Government and the meat had kept him headquartered in Washing­ 1972 of $2,895.67. Since current with­ industry; and ton for many years. holding schedules exceed my tax due Whereas, this Council wishes to lend its support to the efforts to combat these ris­ Few individuals in our Nation's his­ and since no additional outside income ing prices; and tory-and Mr. O'Brian's lifetime ex­ in excess of 1972 outside income is fore­ Whereas, this resolution constitutes an tended over half of our country's exist­ seen for 1973, the overpayment is re­ emergency measure in that it provides for the ence-have had so many opportunities to quested to be refunded. immediate preservation of the public health, serve the public interest at local, State, The principal sources of the $3,085 in­ safety and welfare; now, therefore, national, and international levels. come aside from congressional salary, Be it resolved, by the council of the city John Lord O'Brian accepted each of were interest on savings and loan de­ of Cleveland: Section 1. That the month of April, 1973 these challenges as they came along and posits, $780; rental income, $293; and be and the same is hereby declared to be had a record of public service which is lecturer's fees in excess of expenses in­ "Boycott Meat Month" in the City of Cleve­ unparalleled. curred in connection therewith from en­ land. He was a member of the State assem­ gagements at St. Louis, Huntsville, Mon­ Section 2. That the President and the Con­ bly for three terms at the beginning of roe City, Sikeston, Tokyo, Kansas City, gress of the United States be and the same the century and then took on his first Saint Joseph, Boston, Chicago, Fulton, are hereby memorialized to take whatever Federal responsibility in 1909, when he and Mexico, Mo. legislative and administrative action is nec­ was named by President Theodore Roose­ I do not own any stocks or bonds. essary to force a mandatory rollback in the price of meats. velt as U.S. district attorney for the In accordance with the Federal Elec­ 3. western district of New York. tion Campaign Act of 1971 (Public Law Section That the Clerk of Council be and she is hereby authorized to transmit a copy MAN WHO LOOKED AHEAD 92-225), all receipts and expenditures of this resolution to the President of the of campaign funds are handled by the United States and to the leadership of the Mr. O'Brian was a gracious and mod­ Hungate for Cong1·ess Committee, Don United States Congress. est man, slight in physical stature, but Thompson, treasurer, Troy, Mo., and I Section 4. That this resolution is hereby tall in every other respect. He was grate- April 11, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 11985 ful for the many accolades he received chambers on April 2, 1962, the 5oth anni­ 1898 and practiced law in Buffalo until 1945 over the years, but he did not dwell on versary of his admission to the bar of th-e with the firm of O'Brian, Hellings, fish & them. His concern was for problems of court_ Morey. the day .and in contributing further in tJommenting o.n the an.niversary, Chie! AIDED ALMA MATER Justine Wan~ said to Mr. 0'Brie.n: As an assemblyman in Albany in 1909, Mr. any way he rould to the public· interest. "Few men in history have had a longer He referred to his role life as that 0 BTian ~ponsored -the 1egisla.tiun 'transfurm­ m or more aetive practice before this court. ing the University of Buffalo 1'rom a stock of "just a busy lawyer." And busy he During all of these :years you have served the corporation into an educational institu­ certainly was- but never too busy to co.urtin the highest sense." tion-a move that raised the status of the provide requested collllsel. In 1956 Mr. O'Bria.n received the Gold college. Time after time, regardless of party, Medal A ward of the State .Bar Association He helped persuade Chancellor Charles P. Presidents called upon him for help in for "distinguished service" and was honored Norton to locate the eampus 'at the Main St. critical periods. In three wars, he was a.t the annual dinner of i;he Bar Association site instead of the 40-acre Rumsey tract on asked to counsel with regard to our Na­ of Erie County. Elmwood Ave. near the old Pierce-Arrow tion's economy. RECEIVED MANY HONORS plant. His development of war production Twice he was honored by the National In 1940 he received the Chancellor's Medal policies in World War II set a pattern Conference of Christians & Jews. for "distinguished public service~· from UB. In 1953, he recei'Ved a. brotherhood citation In 1951, for "notable contributions'-' to the for the Korean war period and future "for lifelong service in the fields of human university, he received the Samuel Paul economic crises. relations." Capen Alumni Awa.rd. . His legacy is great to his alma mater, In 1956 be received a National Brother­ Mr. O'Brian was a regent of the State the Buffalo University School of Law­ hood Award for his book "National Security University of New-York from 1931 to 1947, a now the State University of New York imd Individual Freedom." trustee of the University of Buffalo from at Buffalo School of Laws. Even as a Mr. O'Brian once told a college audience, 1903 to 1929 and an overseer of Harvard Uni­ young state assemblyman in 1909, he .. Loyalty -to a great idea is the noblest of versity from 19"39 to 1945. sponsored legislation to elfvate the uni­ human achievements." The Law Bldg. on the State University versity's status. Friends often commented that his entire of Buffalo's new campus was named for Mr. career was a demonstration of his own loyalty O'Brian last No'Vember by the State Uni­ A TRUE PUBLIC SERV: NT to his great idea-the idea of public service. versity Board of Trustees. Mr. O'Brian se~·ved his alma mater­ In 1913 he was a candidate for mayor o! Manly Fleischmann, Buffalo attorney and and its State parent-for many years Buffalo on a combined Progressive and Citi­ university trustee, commented at that time, and received all the highest honors. zens Parties tickets. Maynr Louis P. Fuhr­ "Naming a building for a living person is Perhaps the apex was the action of the mann defeated hiin in a close race. unique, but all the other trustees went along State University's board of trustees last In ~919 be was considered for nomination with it enthusiastically." November in naming its law building at as the gubernatorial candidate by the Repub­ HARVARD ESTABLISHED CHAm lican State Convention. He was a fellow of the American Academy the new university campus in his honor. In 1938 he was the unsuccessful Republi­ Never before had a living person been of Arts & Sciences. can candidate for a New York seat in the He was president of the Harvard Alumni so honored. United States Senate. Association in 194.5. In 1955 the John Lord Mr. Speaker, John Lord O'B1ian was a NAMED U.S. ATTORNEY O'Brian Chair was established at the Har­ true public 'Servant for whom we can After serving three terms as an assembly­ vard University Divinity School. be most grateful f01· his great contribu­ man in Albany, he was appointed United .In 1920 Mr. O'Brian was a leader in op­ tions to the public interest. States attorney for the Western District of posing the expulsion of Socialist members He was proud of his Buffalo heritage New York by President Theodore Roosevelt from the Sta.te Assembly. and Buffalo, in turn, not only was proud for a term beginning in March 1909. In 1923 he was counsel for the Amalga­ of him but is deeply indebted to him for He was reappointed by President William mated Clothing Workers of America in anti­ what he did for our Buffalo area, for our Howard Taft and served until December 1914. injunction and damage suits resulting from During this period he effectively prosecuted a sweatshop strike in Buffalo. State, and for our Nation over the years. anti-trust cases. As counsel for -the Civil Service Reform Mr. Speaker, as part of my remarks I Mr. O'Brien's other presidential appoint­ Association h-e was active in this field of include the text of the very complete ments were: enlightened endeavor. obituary from the Buffalo Evening News: By Woodrow Wilson, head of the War At the 1.940 .Republican National Conven­ BUFFALO'S JOHN LORD O'BRIAN Is D.EAD AT 98; Emergency Division, Justice Department, tion in Philatlelphia he nominated Thomas E. FAMED LAWYER, PUBLIC SERVANX 1917 to 1919. Dewey for the presidency. WASHINGTON.-John Lord O'Brian, 98, who By Herbert Hoover, ftrst assistani; attorney Mr. O'Brian was chancellor of the Protest­ gained international fame as a lawyer and general, in charge of the Anti-Trust division, ant Episcopal Diocese of Western New York public servant, died today (April 10, 1973) 1929 to 1933. from 1932 to 1946. His home was on West in George Washington University Hospital, By Franklin D. Roosevelt, appointed to Utica St. for many years and he was a ves­ Washington, D.C. defend the constitutionality of the Tennes­ tryman of St. John'sEpiscop.al Church. Re had been admitted to the hospital see Valley Authority before the U.S. Supr-eme HONORED BY HISTORIANS Court. Wednesday after a fall a day earlier in his In recognition of "a lifetime of continued apartment in the Sheraton Park Hotel By Mr. Truman, named chairman of a com­ mittee to investigate a strike at the Oak unbroken devotion" "to the program and wel­ Washington. It was learned subsequently fare of the Buffalo & Erie County Historical that he had sufi"ered four fractured ribs. Ridge, Tenn. atomic center in 1948. Mr. O'Brian's selection to defend the TVA Society, he was awarded the organization's Mr. O'Brian was a senior partner in the Red Jacket Medal in 1959. Washington law firm of Covington & Burling. was indicative of his reuputation for freedom from bias and devotion to the public interest. A member of the Buffalo Club_, Jae was its He had gone to his office for a few hours president in 1940. ea.ch morning until his fall last week. A Republican, he was chosen to defend a major enterprise of a Democratic adminis­ In 1946 Mr. O'Brian represented Iran suc­ Mr. O'Brian, who was born Oct. 14, 1874, cessfully in a displrte with Russia before the at 146 Chicago St. in Buffalo's old First Ward tration. WAR PRODUCTION BOARD ROLE United Nations. The next year he was ap­ had served in .appointive offices to which h~ pointed chair.man o! an Army-Navy Flying was named by six Presidents. During World War II he was in wash­ P.ay Board to study the merits of continuing Mr. O'Brian casually referred to himself as ington as general counsel for the Office of Price Management the Supply Priorities & ''.hazard pay" allowances to militay per­ "just a busy lawyer." sonuel. But associates and admirers called him Allocation Board and the War Production Board. He resigned from the WPB in Decem­ H.e was a legal adviser .to the Greek deleaa­ "one of the truly great, but though non­ tion to the United Nations. He was _rec~g­ professional, public servants of this age." ber 1944. He balanced his Washington -activities with nizecl by the Belgian government .as an of­ DEEP SENSE OF JUSTICE a continuing interest and activity in 13uffalo. ficer in .the Order of Leopold II. In the decades from President Theodore Growing up in Buffalo, he graduated from In 194.9 he w.as counsel for professional Roosevelt to President Harry S. Truman he School 16 and old Central High School. He baseball in damage suits for mor.e than $3 earned recognition as a constitutional law­ earned degrees at HarvaTd University and million brought .against the .major leagues yer and government official with a deep sense the Untversity of Buffalo Law School. by Danny Gardella and other players barred of justice transcending partisan interest. While serving a clerkship in the 1aw office after playing in .the Mexican League. He also was known as a churchman tle­ of Josepr. H. Morey 3r., he taught e'Venina MANY HONORS AND DEGREES voted to practical service and a citizen dedi­ classes in old Central High School. "' Ee was a. director oI tbe "Jllquitab1e Life cated to civic betterment. He taugbt insuTance law in the UB Law Insurance Soc1et.y and the former Art Metal Mr. O'Brian's many tributes from asso­ School and lectured on medical jurispru­ Construction Co. and a trustee of the Public ciates in the legal profession were cltm.axed dence in the "UB BChoo1 C1f Meelves in support of your efforts census and AFDC data in the computation ton share his views, and we hope that to place emphasis on reading and mathe­ of Title I payments. As perhaps you know, Congress will act without further delay matics and on individualizing of instruc­ our State is penalized severely in the dis­ upon the crime package that has been tional programs. tribution formula because of the use of the AFDC factor. The AFDC factor tends to fa­ proposed by Mr. Nixon. Mrs. Latriece Wade, title I coordi­ vor the large urban states at the expense of Mr. Neudecker's editorial follows: nator, Jones County schools, Laurel, the poor states. Too MANY LOOPHOLES Miss., April 2, 1973: Leslie Brinegar, associate superintend­ Time and again we read about criminals W to venienced S_portsmen has asked to be the primary reasons why .I have intro­ three or -four days. granted, ana. 'the House yesterday agreed, duced .a resolution calling for a consti­ Before permitting rese-aTCh 'On 'fetuses said that 1.t 'b'ecrmre a lbony eoTJYOrate in the tutional .amendment to safeguard the the British comnlissiun, hospital ethics Tilst1:ict oI Co1umbla. The cor:pora'te ·basic r.igh t to !life of the unbomi b..Y mak­ -eummittee must 58.ti.sfy rttself 'ttilutt the -re­ powers pr,ovlae mconvenience.d people ing .arbitrary and :supposedly conv_en­ rquired Information cannot 'be ibtainetl rill wJth O.J>j)ill'Jillnities for .Tecreational ac­ ient decisions to ab-art illegal in our y therway. .. , tivities, .extending tD them ilhe sort of country. This is often the case, e own atuTAl :spurts .:environment that "Will The recent Supreme Court decision genetics .researcher, Dr. K'l.rrt i:rse"hhmm of New York's Nionnt Sinai 'Huspttn.1 imd 6- lh:a'Ve ipomtive me1·apeuti:c and psycho- in legalizing abortion could lead :to ex­ ica1 School, said 'in an interview -.yesberita.y. 1ogica1 -e'fredts, --cre~ting a nucleus of cesse.s and..abuses.never .intended or .fore- Indeed, he added, some U .S. scientiSts are sports J1r.Ogram:s, ogeth:er With instruc­ een by proponents of this decision. Fm· going to Sweden -or J:apan or o1iher countries tors ;for them, .and .the car.ry1ng out of D.ns.ta.noe, . ue.h .erosion for the respect of to 'do such reseEtrCh airrd uoing so with tn-e 3uch _pr.~nuaims 0 the jnconvenienced hum ll:ife eould include 'jnstificaition of help of their NIH fund-s. mh1 oug.lrout"the a;tion. 'Nazi-type exweriments on doomed con­ Using the Ietus, Rirsch110rn 'SB.id, it 'llmY be .Mr. Speaker, Buch program wrlll haw -ce:ntration camp inmates in World War poss1b1e "to 1eM"n how dtff-ererrtfmtion oc­ c-urs"~the way oellB deve1op into tti:ffer~ lbenefitiiel ~ots nut the II; cun1d encuura:ge ·~elieving" -an el­ only upon "Well­ parts of the body. "We could learn m.ore being o1'0tll" .ietrurning-veterans, towhom .derly person _suffering from the pain of a about inborn anonmlies," r birth de'fe-ets . °'311 -of us -owe such -a. U.ebt Uf -gra:ti:tude. £t .teDninal illness; .and cotild Jead to end­ "I don't think it's 'Ullethical," he said. "It will.:also g:re:a11y rod Those whu .su1f erftom ing the lives .of the mentally and/ cl' js not .possible to make tthis !1irtms "iIItro neuro1ogica'l damages, amputees, those 'J)hysicallF retarded orinea.pacita1red. child, therefore we can consider ·t 1f1S noth­ Jho &le blind .or ..a.r.e ..ruJilerwise 11>h11sically The need to im::Jm:ove 1mm:an Jife ing more than a piece of tissue. rt is the same d.isahle.d., w.ell as dlhose who -s:u1fur fu'om through -scientific research and experi­ principle as taking a beating heart from :evalD]mletital e it,' " HeUeger-s than could have been imagined .bas ibeen human fetuses-products of abortions-for .replie:d, referring 1;o Nazi -expenimm:rts .on ·accunrpliShed. medical research before they die is being doome.d cancentratiun ca-mp .:i:Dniates «tnni:ng ~it ·s my1rope tllat the incorporation o'f strenuously debated by federal health W OI'Jd War II. tbeNRtTonal Inconvenienced S_purtsmen s offi.ctals. Despite some views like his, a;n NIH Hu­ Assoeiation, under a national charte1:, So is the question of whether or not fed­ man Embryology and Development Btudy eral funds ought to be used to support such Section decided in September, 1.97.1, that: will iur.tber this and related -el'farts di­ re3ear-Ch in a ..country wll.ere abortion is con­ :r.ected nS1tionally at converting into a "Planned scientific studies of -ette 'hlllilan sidered immoral by millions. fetus must be encouraged if the out1odk Iur ;Ilfilility the dream that allAID:ericans will A proposal to permit such studies was mater.nal a.ml .fetal patients is to be im­ 'llJ::tinnttely be enabled to .achieve the de­ recommended to the National Institutes of proved. Acceptable formats for 11he .cc~tmn; velopment of their fullest capabilities. Health 19 months ago, it was disclosed yes­ of ... carefully safeguamed, .;wen .~.a 'The Congress, -and i!he House Disurict of terday 1J.Y a -clocilors' newspaper, Ob.-Gyn. investigations must be found." 'Columoia 'Committee of whiCh I am a (Obstetrician-Gynecologist) News. For example, i:his group w rnea, er Officials at 'NIH, prime source of funds for member. can take ..pride in the action ino cir..eum'StErooes" shoUld attempts nlrure :Anierican research 1abaratatles, cdifiered yes­ to ke·ep a fetus alive indefinitely or r.ese!Wdh. they nave ta'ken. ;te1"da-y on wlrether the reeammendat1on :had 'The study section's -re·eommenthnions were -at le.3.st te~urar.ily become "NIH policy." greatly modified by tne Naftcrnal. Mv'isory But 'they .agreed that IH :is considering Child Health and Human Developm.errt'Croun-­ the ethics of the .matter .afresh ..in the light LIVE FETUS RESEARCH DEBATED of last year's revelation oI an Alabama cH-the alivisory gronp to Nil'I's N-aincmal s.y:phflis .study in which the hunum subjects Institute of Child 'Hea1th and Human 1De­ 1972. were neither informed about their dise1ure velopmerrt-in March, But this -council agreetl that d'scien:tlfu: HON.<:L Tl. ZA LOCKI nor treat-ed for it. studies of th-e hum.an fetus are -an 'in~-a1 OF WISCONSIN They also agreed that .most s.cientiEts reel and necesss:ry part of Tesearcb. -conaer:ne6 IN THE HOUSE UP EiERR.'ESENTATIVES tl::ul.t it is both-mural and tnwort.ant tollealth progress to use some intact, living if-etuses­ with the health of '"WOinen -and -cnrutren:" t> W ednesdaJ/, April 11, 197 3 .fetuses too young and too small to live fru· investigator, it suitl, should be irrvtilvetl 'in any amount of time-.far medica1 study. -the decision to -end a pr~nancy, 1tild •w- Mr. ZA~. Mr. .Speaker, the Most such scientists would apparently -formed consent must be -obtained from the controversial and unfortunate January agree wtth the Tecommendations of 'Still ·an­ appropriate party(ies) "-the mother or :par­ 22 decision of the U.S. Supreme Court other NIH advisory body-made in Sep­ ents. legalizin:g abortion under certain eir­ tember , 19'71, but again not discloseu 'Ulltil Also, it said, gnide1ines to _:prate-et 1Jhe cmns.tanees has raised a myriad of legal, yesterday-that-a 'fetus used in re-search must rights of n:rinors -arrd ''uth-er help1ess sub­ jects" shonld be app1tcab1e. For -exmiu>le, -social .anrl "Scientific problems facing the Illeet at least two out of three criteria: ( 1) it be no older than 20 weeks: (2) no more one scientist said yesterdey , "I ii.on't iJhrnk American peuple. The basic human Tight w e should do anything that might be con­ to lite i:s nnder -attack and in -serious than 500 grams (1.1 pounds) in weight; and (3) no longer than 25 centimeters (9.8 strued as painful to the .fetus., or that uni_gh':t jeopardy, i.nches) from crown t o heel . palpably injure it." .In this morning's issue of the Wash­ Such tiny infants if delivered intact, lll8.Y in:gton Post .an -article appeaTed report­ often live for -an hour or so with beating ing proposals m:ippose·C.Jy -endorsed by heart .after .abortion. some Federal officials recommending the lI'hey -cannot ltve longer withont aid, pri­ A PENNY SAVED use -of .n-ew1Y 'delivered human fetuses­ marily because their J ungs :a:re .:stiill .unex~ prodt?'Cts "df abortion-for medical re­ oancled. But artificial aid-.fu:esh hlnon JUlii fre:sh oxygen--:might .keep them attve for 00. c ' LESE. CHA 'Search be'fure they die. The underlying three or:fonr .hnru·s. OF MICHIGAN assan:wtion 'by quoted mrnecologists in Screntists in Great ~ita:in ED:d sev..eral IN THE HOUSE OF REBRESENTAIT'IVES the artrc1e is that before abortion the other countries are regublllly "doing 'Stnd:i:es .m Wednesday, April 11, fJ.1173 l'etns is a tiny growing human being this way, .medical -s.our.ces .Ra.id ~ay. and that onlY after abortion is the fetus British scienbists generally watk mmler Mr. CHAMBERLAIN. Mr . .Speaker., the no longer -a human being but rather -se of strict though unofficinl guidellnes set editorial in the April edition f Nation's 11992 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 11, 1973 Business expressed a simple but solid JANUARY 16, 1973. the elderly residents of two housing projects, thought, uncluttered by words, which I MEMBERS OF THE CrrY-COUNTY COUNCIL, and with impressive results: Muggings near would like to call to the attention of my Indianapolis, Ind.: the projects have dropped by 90 percent in colleagues. I insert the editorial in the During the recent discussion a.bout the recent months. LSO and legal aid to the poor it became EXPANSION STUDIED RECORD at this point: evident that the LSO in 1973 will have A PENNY SAVED The policemen, who perform this service $400,000 to finance their activities, whatever during off-duty hours, arrive at the project Not being lawyers, we can't judge the they may be. In addition, LSO wants this constitutional argument over the President's buildings at specified hours, carrying enough $202,000, making $602,000 total for 1973. cash to cover the checks. The money comes decision not to spend all the money Congress I believe in economy in Government. has appropriated. from the Police Association's treasury. When $400,000 is ample for one year for LSO _espe­ they have finished the officers take the en­ The Constitution does seem to give Con­ cially as there is a responsible legal aid for gress the clear right to appropriate the peo­ dorsed checks to the Association's bank for poor persons operating here in duplicate, to­ deposit. Virtually all of the 1,300 persons ple's money. It exercises that right enthusias­ wit: The Indianapolis Legal Aid Society. On tically. living in the two housing projects have begun a. budget of $80,000 a year, it takes ca.re of using the "police bankers," and plans are We've looked in vain, however, for any more indigents than the LSO. About $60,000 mention in the Constitution of who should being studied to expand the service. of this money is furnished by the United The check-cashing program was originated save the people's money. Fund raised from your money and mine. You'd think some of the Founding Fa­ last year after other efforts to protect the If the $202,000 has to be spent in 1974 (be­ elderly failed. "For a. while the Louisville thers-Ben Franklin for example-would ing tax payer money) I recommend it be have provided for governmental thrift in Housing Authority tried taking the people given to the Legal Aid Society under con­ to the bank in buses," Schweizer recalls, "but some way. tra.ct. Then the United Fund can use its It's a. shame they didn't. each one wanted to go to a. different bank." funds for some other agency where the need The idea. of opening a branch office of a. bank is great, such as Boy Scouts for inner city within the housing project was also unwork­ "DISCONTINUE LOCAL FUNDING TO children, or Hawthorne Settlement. able-federal banking security regulations LSO" SAYS LOCAL JUDGE The Court's a.re 100 % in favor of legal aid ruled it out. to the poor people and have been over the Robert Carter, manager of the 258-unit years. The Legal Aid Society co-operates with J. o. Blanton House, says the project's ten­ HON. EARL F. LANDGREBE the Court's, but the LSO bucks us all the ants seem "a lot more secure" since the time. It spends more time in the Federal policemen began cashing their checks. OF INDIANA courts suing our local judges and courts, the IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES various school boards, prison officials and of­ USED TO BE SCARED "They used to be sea.red," recalls Carter, Wednesday, April 11, 1973 ficers of State Government than it does look­ ing after poor people. a Louisville policeman himself for 24 years Mr. LANDGREBE. Mr. Speaker, Judge At a. meeting yesterday our local civil until he was shot in the throat while break­ John L. Niblack of the Marion Circuit judges unanimously a.greed to recommend ing up an armed robbery in 1970. Court, 19th Judicial Circuit, State of In­ to you that you do not a.ward this $202,000 "The people here, and in other senior citi­ to the LSO. zen apartment houses, used to form groups diana, recently wrote two letters to the to walk to the bank. They were too afraid to Indianapolis City-County Councilmen on Respectfully yours, JOHN L. NIBLACK, go alone," says Carter. the topic of funds for the local OEO Judge, Marion Circuit Court. Patrolman Bobby Eaton, who coordinates funded Legal Services Organization. the check cashing, says he is impressed by I would like to share Judge Niblack's the senior citizens' honesty. thoughts with you since I feel they de­ "Once as we were going out the door, an scribe the unfortunate situation that elderly woman ran after me shouting, 'Officer, OFF-DUTY POLICEMEN AID SENIOR officer, you made a big mistake. It seems we many of the legal services programs are CITIZENS had overpaid her a dime. They have yet to now in. let us overpay them." I include Judge Niblack's two letters to Eaton said he looks forward to visiting the be printed in the RECORD: HON. ROMANO L. MAZZOLI housing projects each month. "It's one of FEBRUARY 2, 1973. OF KENTUCKY the best jobs I've had in my 20 yea.rs on the Hon. BEURT SERVAAS, force. The senior citizens really appreciate IN City-County Councilman, THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES us." Indianapolis, Ind. Wednesday, April 11, 1973 Says the appreciative Mrs. Ada. Satterly, a. DEAR FRIEND BEURT: The LSO attorneys resident of the 700-unit Dosker Ma.nor for have been deceiving you and the public when Mr. MAZZOLI. Mr. Speaker, the Louis­ three yea.rs: "I used to have to take a cab they say they had to shut down their offices ville Police Officers Association has vol­ to the bank, which I couldn't afford. Now and a.re short-handed because they don't untarily undertaken to provide a check my worries a.re over."-L.J. have the extra. $200,000, although they have cashing service to senior citizens in two $400,000 for the balance of this year. housing units. The service is performed Yesterday in Judge Dillin's Court they on off-duty hours by city policemen. I had a. hearing of a. case entitled "Inmates of represent these men in Congress and I the Jail vs. Lee Eads, Sheriff, Commissioner U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY Robert Heyne, Department of Indiana. Cor­ would like to take note of their laudable BEYOND VIETNAM rections, and some others." This suit was concern for the safety and security of brought by the LSO and they had six attor­ their fellow citizens. neys there headed by Harold Berk and Solo­ I include the following article for the mon Lowensteen. Recently the LSO had RECORD: HON. ALAN STEELMAN seven attorneys present in front of Judge POLICE THWART MUGGERS WHO PICK ON OLD OF TEXAS Steckler in the "Corn-cob Curtain" case from PEOPLE IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Tech. LOUISVILLE, KY .-Around the first of each Wednesday, April 11, 1973 This case yesterday was based on a 37-page month senior citizens throughout the nation Complaint and they have asked the Defend­ receive their Social Security checks in the Mr. STEELMAN. Mr. Speaker, on ant Eads to answer 222 Interrogatories, 164 mail. But many of the recipients never get April 5, at the University of Dallas Grad­ Requests for Admission and two pages of a chance to spend the money: On the way request for Production of Documents. In uate School of Management in Dallas, addition the LSO is trying to take over the home from cashing their checks they are Tex., Jerry W. Friedheim, the Acting Af?­ jail in this law suit and want to have the mugged. sistant Secretary of Defense for Public County Council appropriate a lot of money PRIME TARGETS Affairs, gave what I thought to be an ex­ for a. lot of improvements in the jail. Eads "Senior citizens are prime mugging tar­ cellent presentation on the role of the does not have the money to do so. gets," says Maj. Louis G. Schweizer, a. Louis­ United States in promoting a lasting If Judge Dillin mandates Sheriff Eads to ville police official, "particularly when they make all those improvements, the Council are clustered together in housing projects. peace throughout the world in the post­ will have to appropriate the money. "Muggers know that old people can't put Vietnam era. This is the type of case I have been try­ up much resistance. It got so bad here that Speaking before the Mana?eme~t Clas­ ing to tell you and the Council that the LSO the robbers would hang a.round the larger sics Lecture Series, Mr. Fnedhe1m out­ handles. Even if they promise to reform, they housing projects just waiting for the checks lines a policy which I commend to you as will go right ahead. I cannot see why you to arrive. We were having 40 to 45 muggings both sound and reasonable. To summa­ should give them $200,000 more. every month at one project alone-all of them of older people." rize the speech in his own words, Mr. Respectfully yours, Friedheim tells why "detente without de­ JOHN L. NmLACK, To combat this, the Louisville Police Offi­ Judge, Marion Circuit Court 19th Judi­ cers Association, of which Schweizer is pres­ fense is delusion." cial Circuit. ident, has begun a. check-cashing service for The full text of his remarks follows: ,, .. ~ .. ' .. .. , ~ t ,. , . ~ April 11, irn3 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 11993

U.S. NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY BEYOND and our wits about us-the odds are fair the world's energy problem, but the strategic, VIETNAM-THE PROMOTION OF PEACE that we and they can avoid slipping back political, economic, and military implications (By Jerry W. Friedheim) into the intense hostility which made the of world petroleum supply and demand are It's a pleasure for me to be here today at last two decades so dangerous. The Soviets' enough-all a.lone-to indicate that nations the University of Dallas. This first oppor­ conclusion of the SALT I agreements con­ are inter-dependently involved in the areas tunity of mine to visit with you here comes firm that they are interested in considering of the world where vital interests a.re at stake. at a time when our nation also has its first arms control. Further and more lasting limi­ By the year 2000, more than half of the opportunity in many years to be freed from tations on both U.S. and Soviet strategic, of­ raw materials we need will have to come from the painful challenge of overseas war. We fensive armament may be achieved through abroad. How then, can this nation-so de­ have, in fact, as our President said in his tele­ SALT II. And, if this arms control mo­ pendent on worldwide resources for its eco­ vision address to the nation last week: "the mentum can be held, we and the Soviets will nomic vitality and strengt h-disclaim world­ magnificent opportunity to play the leading have safely put a. lid on the Post-World-War­ wide interests? role in bringing down the walls of hostility II nuclear arms race. The answer is, we cannot. which divide the people of the world." In At the same time, the Soviets have made So the Nixon Doctrine foreign policy and fact, we can now look forward to being en­ significant gains in missile and naval power our Realistic Deterrence national security gaged not in war but in the greater task of and are continuing to build up their over­ policy are not ways to retreat into isolation. building a stable world peace. all military strength. For instance, they are Instead, they are ways we can continue to As you know, the last four years have been building three new types of intercontinental participate in and to influence world affairs years of transition: missiles and two aircraft carriers. While this in the 1970s and 1980s without doing a.11 the From war to peace; does not mean that an imminent danger jobs and paying all the bills and making all From a wartime economy to a peacetime to the United States necessarily is being the decisions ourselves. economy; created, the need for prudence and for at­ But, let us always remember that the abil­ From a federal budget dominated by de­ tention to real Soviet capabilities is obvious. ity of our nation to pursue a. generation of The adversary aspects of U.S.-Soviet rela­ peace-through the process of negotiation­ fense expenditures to one dominated by hu­ tions still are very real and can have serious man resource expenditures; depends upon our maintaining strong armed security dimensions. forces. From arms competition to arms limitation; For example, in some areas of the world, and We are, today, the st rongest nation in the the Soviets are undertaking diplomatic and world; but, even now it is a. world in which From a draft-dominated military force to­ economic penetration efforts of major pro­ ward an all-volunteer force. we cannot have absolute security. We must portions. Their purposes probably include at­ live indefinitely with risk. And so the peace Now, this transition period is just about tempts to enhance their great-power status, over, and we are moving further away from we seek is based on the realities of the to acquire political influence, to gain im­ world. an era of confrontation and further into an proved access to raw materials, and in the era of negotiation. So now our task is to mar­ And let us also remember that a willing­ longer run to complement their maritime ness on the part of others to negotiate with shal our resources and to help guarantees that expansion through base and port access world stability and peace--once achieved­ us rests on great subtleties. A decision to overseas. negotiate takes form largely in the minds can be maintained. Furthermore, the Soviets demonstrate few President Nixon has emphasized that the of those who might otherwise be contemplat­ compunctions about creating or capitaliz­ ing adventurism or aggression. Talks begin post-World-War-II period of international re­ ing on international instability when they lations is over. He has made it the task of only when potential antagonists conclude can do so at low cost and low risk. that any possible avenues of aggression or his Administration to shape a modern for­ So, the physical defense of our nation eign policy addressed to the challenges and blackmail a.re offset by the predictable costs and our allies must be our highest priority, of such activities. requirements of a new area-an era of peace, because destruction or domination would achieved and preserved through the applica­ render any of our other values and goals Our national security and foreign policies tion of U.S. strength, partnership, and a meaningless; and we must also secure the seek to establish for the United States an wlllingness to negotiate. way we live from coercion and from undue, international role that encourages an en­ U.S. involvement in the long and difficult unwanted influence by others. vironment in which negotiations really can war in Indochina is coming to a close. A So my friends, the purpose of our defense become the overwhelmingly dominant means quarter-~ntury of mutual isolation and dis­ forces in the last quarter of the 20th century of resolving confiicts. But, for such an en­ trust between the U.S. and the Peoples Re­ is more than just the prevention of war: vironment to be viable, a. country as power­ public of China is ending. In the past four it is the promotion of peace. And the best ful as ours must participate actively, must years, more significant agreements have been way to promote peace is to keep our guard be committed to peaceful resolution of con­ reached with the Soviet Union· than in all up even as we outstretch the hand of co­ tentious issues among states, and-of criti­ previous years-including the ·historic arms operation and friendship. cal importance-must have credibility in the limitation agreements. The goal of U.S. foreign policy-supported international arena. In company with our overseas friends and by the U.S. national security policy of Real­ To establish and maintain such credibil­ allies-with whom we share strong convic­ istic Deterrence-is to build a. framework of ity-which is not the same as predicta.bility­ tions about the proper relationships of gov­ peace for the United States and the world. the United States must adhere to word and ernments and of men-we are now pursuing We are not involved in the world because we commitment, and must sustain the military the goal of a lasting peace. have overseas interests; rather, we have over­ capability to backup its negotiating posture. We are not abandoning our treaty commit­ seas interests because we are involved in the Especially for a strong nation, willingness ments. But, the meeting of our commitments world. We couldn't be uninvolved even if we to negotiate stems from a conviction that does not require the United States to play wanted to. Neoisolationism is not simply a peace is in the best interest of all nations the role of world policeman. Instead, it re­ mistake, it is an impossibility. and that the less strong have legitimate quires that we have the capacity and the It is beyond reality to think that the rights and claims in the international arena Will to contribute to and to help sustain an United States could withdraw from the world, just as do the very powerful. The United international structure of security, stability, live in isolation, and live in peace. For one States has accepted those kinds of respon­ partnership, and cooperation. thing, the United States is no longer, as it sibilities. We enter an era of negotiation not The United States will do everything rea­ once was, self-sufficient in energy. expecting that violence has been eradicated, sonable to help achieve lasting peace, utiliz­ At present, the United States consumes but hoping that conditions can be created ing our own forces as necessary and exercis­ over 15 million barrels of oll a day is satis­ where negotiated adjustment of differences ing our Security Assistance Program to help fying about half of our consumer demands will offer more useful solutions than war. others help themselves. But our hopes and for energy. Two-thirds of this 15-million­ Clearly, we cannot negotiate a significant desires for peace cannot be allowed to obscure ba.rrel daily requirement now is produced reduction of world tensions if the United our view of a real world that is almost in­ domestically, and. one-third is imported, pri­ States by any unilateral disarmament cre­ credibly complex. marily from Canada and South America.. It ates vacuums in the international structure It is true that many changes have occurred is ·estimated that in only a. dozen years U.S. of security-vacuums that lead to disequilib­ in the Communist world in recent decades. oil requirements will expand from today's rium, to a temptation for adversaries to ex­ Its monolithic structure has changed, and 15 to about 26 million barrels a. day; and ploit a perceived advantage-vacuums that nationalism has gained strength. It is quite we will need to import at least half of it. could lead ultimately to the self-defeat of correct that we take these changes into The only countries that can produce suf­ American objectives. account in formulating our national security ficient oil to meet that demand in 1985 a.re And so, the free world maintains defense policies. It also is both correct and essential the countries of the Middle Ea.st and North forces to assure that the scales of interna­ that, in planning our military forces, we have Africa, where we find 70 percent of the tional ambition a.re balanced for peaceful before us a careful, clear calculation of the world's known petroleum reserves. competition. The principle is a simple, hu­ capabilities of those in this world who may Even today, Western Europe is dependent man one-as applicable on the schoolyard as not always wish us well. And. at present, upon Arabian oil for more than 50 percent in the world arena: unbalanced strength is the major nuclear threat stm is from the of its needs in meeting energy requirements. destabilizing. It tempts conflict, and invites Soviet Union. Japan is at least 90 percent dependent on intimidation. Ba.lanced strength leaves talk Our relations with the USSR do appear that same source. and negotiation the only viable option to­ promising, and-it we keep our eyes open These figures highlight only one facet of ward resolving differences. 11994 EXTENS ONS OF REMARKS April 11, 1973

If the United States expects in our negotia­ there be no mistake, such willingness is di­ armed foroo, and we cannot meat the de.. tion& to be taken seriously by- our adver­ rect!~ related to the relative bargaining mands oi developlng detente unless- the saries and our allies, then we mu~ have power ot the parties concerned. .Knd in those American people know, understand, and sup­ strength as we bargain. If we shnuld try to n.egotiationa related to military a:ans, bar­ port our nationar security policies and-even £ettle dtiferences With other- countries under gaining strength is, synonymous wiith mili­ more important-know, understand, and sup­ circumst1l.nces of militaTY inferiority, we tary strength. port the men and women of the Army; NayY, would experience great pressure to reach If we expect ongolng arms-limitation and Air Force, and :Marines. agreements more favorable tplanets of the solar As you know, our President is making a de­ system revolved around it. For Copei"ni­ on possible balanced force reductions in termined e:f!ort to reduce federal spending Europe:. and to hold the federal budget within rea­ cus, the Sun was the center of all things, And. when we are thinking about how you sonable and pxuden.t ll.mits. To do thi&he has both literally and :figuratively. In the get there from here, it should be clear that had the courage to take a. fresh look at some first book of "De Revorutionibus Orbium we are dealing in a very tough negotiating of the outworn and nnnproductive domest ic Coelestium"-On the Revolutions of situation. Just think for a minute about programs that ha~e grown up over the years Heavenly Bodies-he wrote: who the people are who head the govern­ and to place a ceiling on overall federal ments: with which we are negotiating. There­ In the middle of all sits Sun enthroned. spending. We in the Department of' Defense In. th1& most beautiful temple could we place is Brezhnev and the members of the Soviet have contributed to this e:f!m:t by holding Presidium; there is Mao and Chou En-lai this luminary in any better position from level the purchasing power of the defense which he can illuminate the whole at once ? and the othe.r aging leaders ~ the Peoples budget so that domestic priorities can have Republic of China whose memory, whose He is rightly called the Lamp, the Mind, the a majority share of federal funding. But, we Ruler oi'. the Universe; Herme& Trismegi.stus a ctive experience, goes back to the Long agree fully with the Commander-in-Chief March. These are people who will no't gLve names him the Visible Goel, 8-ophocles' u s. anything for nothing. They will not bar­ that it would be unsafe for our people to Electra calls him the All-Seeing. So the Sun ga.in with us unle.ss we have something to allow further drastic cuts in the defense sits as upon a royal throne ruling his chil­ b argain with. budget at a time when we are trying hard in dren the planets which circles round him. many forum& to negotiate with potential ad..­ Someti.nle5' these. days we think wishfully There are 100 billion stars like the Sun about how much the peoples. of the world versaries from a position of strength. The point, of course, 1s that those who in our galaxy. There are billion.£ of gal­ have in common-human a.spiratkm.s, hu­ man problems, human satisfactions. And we clamor to cut billions more dollars from the axies like our in the universe. A visitor feel that there surely is a goodwill of peoples defense budget, yet who also want the na­ from one of them would not :find any­ toward ea.ch other. There may be, and if tion to achieve further progress in negotia­ thing unusual about our Sun at all. Cop­ relations between na.tions really were rela­ tions, cannot have it both ways. U.S. budget ernicus' words would amuse him. tions between peoples, then perhaps we al­ priorities already have been reordered. to the dome&tic side. Further major cuts in def~nse This visitor would note that the Sun, ready would have worldwide peace. by our terms, is a dwarf star, of the- type But the fact is that this is not the way forces would cut into bone and muscle-­ 1n which relations between llaltions are con­ needed to backup negotiating strength-and spectral G. rt weighs an estimated 2 ducted. They are relations between govern­ needed to assure our nation's security and billion billion billion tons. with a press.ure ments. So when we bargain with the Soviet our peoples' safety if negotiations fail and of. one trillion pounds per square inch at Union or the Peoples Republic ot China, we aggression or international blackmail occur. the core. Its radiating surface has a are not dealing with 250-million Russians or The Department of Defense does not un­ temperature- of 10,000 degrees. At the 800-million Chinese. We are dealing with the derestimate the task before us in maintam­ core, it is 25- million degrees. handful of very tough-minded individuals ing credible, effective forces as we move into a new world era and as we engage that "mag­ In colors no eye could stand to behold, 'Who, over a long history, have fought their to way to the top of those Communist govern­ nificent opportunity" ot which our President with sounds no human ear could hope mental systems. spoke. register, its nuclear furnaces turn mass You just cannot achieve agreements with We understand the difficulties deriving. into energy. Every second there is the such leaders unless you are in a position from Vietnam, but we intend to state our case equivalent of the explosion of 100 hydro­ where you are worth bargaining with. That's firmly and to move ahead now that our mili­ gen bombs, 657 million tons of hydrogen what is meant by negotiating from strength. tary commitmen.t to that war is virtually are converted into 653 million tons of And that is where the role ot the U.S. Armed ended. We intend to keep our eye not on the helium with an energy output equal to Forces comes in in the pursuit of a genera­ past, but on America's Bicentennial and 380 million billion billion watts. The tion of peace. third hundred years. missing four million tons of mass are The past year's activities and accomplish­ we know most Americans want a strong ments with the Soviet Union and China country, but we know they also demand and thrown o:ff into space as energy. Earth would not have been possible or sensible if deserve reasons why defense is essential in receives any Z-billionths of this. Yet, in t h e tough-minded leaders of those nations time of peace-reasons why detente without 1 year this would be enough to melt had perceived the United Staites as lacking defense is delusion. We believe that a na­ 114 feet of ice over the entire surface_of in will or as militarily weak. Nor will our tional concen&us on the importance of peace­ our globe. initial agreements stand up any longer than time deterrent forces is obtainable. And we The Stm has been doing this for 6 t h ose foreign leaders continue to view our will do our part to be worthy of public con­ military capability with respect. fidence and respect and to vigorously respond billion years. Still, only 5 percent of its The successes thus far achieved through to the need and desire of all our citizenS total potential has been spent. For all n egotiations can be a.utributed., of course, to to know ahout our defense activities, pro­ of this it is quiet and well-behaved a willingness of the negotiating parties to grams, and pians. when c_ompared to sQme of its larger and a .:: commodate confiictlng interests. But let Because, we cannot achieve a. volunteer noisier relatives. For instance-~ its mag_- April 11, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 11995 netic fields are two orders of mag­ ter was designated Brightness of Aton According to the rules of st arcraft eclipses nitude weaker than the smallest fields the Great. The new Aton sanctuary it­ of the Sun ought to take place only on the that can be detected among other stars. self was called Gem-Aton and that term first day of the month. This eclipse struck upon the last day; that is because the Moon Some stars rotate at 450 kilometers is still undeciphered. has speeded his course. The Sun is the image per second; the sun, but 1.9 kilometers Even the name of the Pharaoh was of the Emperor, the Moon the image of the per second. The nearest stars similar to changed. Amenhotep meant "He is whom subjects. But the faults of the subjects the sun in luminosity and size are Epsi­ Amen is content." He discarded it and usually have their origin in the faults of the lon Eridani and Tau Ceti. Both are 11 took the name Ikhnaton-"Aton is satis­ Emperor. light-years away-one light-year is six­ fied" or "He in whom Aton is satisfied." This shows the highly prestigious posi­ million million miles. A city was built and consecrated to tion court astronomers sometimes en­ To the ancients, the Earth was the Aton in each of the three great divisions joyed, but not always. In the third cen­ center of the universe. Copernicus gave of his empire: Egypt, Nubia, and Asia. The Egyptian Aton city, constructed on tury B.C. the royal astronomers Hi and this place to the sun. In this he was Ho-oh, yes, those were their names­ wrong; our Solar System is not remotely a bay in the Nile cliffs about oO miles were busy with the wine jug when an near the center of the universe, nor even above the Delta and 150 miles below eclipse of the sun began. The emperor of our galaxy. We are in one of our Thebes, was called Akhetaton-"Horizon hauled them up for trial, for negligence of Aton". We know it today as Tell-el­ galaxy's spiral arms which is 30,000 light­ of their duties. The verdict: Amarna. It became the real capital of years from its center. Our solar system The prayer-drums beat, the mandarins revolves around the center at 250 kilo­ the empire. Ikhnaton composed his fa­ mounted their steeds, the people gathered meters per second, and it will take it mous Hymn to the Sun, in part: in clusters. Meanwhile, Hi and Ho, like 225 million years to complete the Thous shinest so beautifully on the horizon wooden statutes, saw and heard nothing. journey. of heaven, Their negligence in calculat ing and observ­ It was only around 50 years ago that Thou living Sun, who created life. ing the stars is being punished by death . Thou standest on the eastern horizon we've discovered where we really belong. And hast filled all lands with thy splendor. This did not mean rulers of antiquity In the last 10 years, we've doubled our Thy rays embrace the lands to the very end expected 100-percent accuracy in predic­ knowledge of the Sun. Of all thy Creation. tions beforehand. The Babylonians were Nicholas Copernicus, whose "De Revo­ Thou makest the lands subject to thy be­ undoubtedly the best astronomers of that lutionibus" is ranked alongside Darwin's loved Son, era, and even they made mistakes. Much "Origin of Species" for its everlasting Pharaoh Ikhnaton.... has survived on clay tablets, in Babylo­ impact on scientific thought, was born The young king failed in his attempt nian cuneiforan. Among them are reports 500 years ago on February 19, 1473. It at installing this new religion. He died to the King on celestial observations. was a day when, as Charles Whitney when he was not yet 30, in part a victim Some include occasional admissions of describes it so well in his book the Dis­ of growing royal intrigues and dissatis­ failure. One reads: covery of Our Galaxy: faction among the priests of the old faith As for the eclipse of the Sun, of which ". . . man's view of the universe was still and the army. There is mystery about my King spoke, it has not taken place. On fashioned on the ideas of the ancient Greeks him to this day. It has even been sug­ the twenty-seventh I will again observe and and Egyptians. The sky was a vast machine, report. a concatenation of shells carrying the sun, gested that the body in his royal sepul­ The month of Addaru will have thirty the planets, and the stars about the head of chre is not his. Curious incident here: the days. On the thirteenth, and during the night man. The universe swam in the breast of skull found with the body has one of the from the thirteenth to the fourteenth, we God ...." largest human crania ever recorded. Re­ made an observation. On the fifteenth, Sun gardless of all this, his place in the his­ and Moon were together, but no eclipse took It is, one might say, a tribute of truly tory of Mankind is secure. He has been place. Seven times I arose, but no eclipse cosmic and universal magnitude that called the first of the long line of men took place, I will send later the final, deci­ 1973, the quincentenary of Copernicus' who revolted against tradition, possibly sive report. birth, should be known to science as "The he was the world's first idealist, first in­ The astronomer signed his name: Year of the Sun." When Skylab goes dividual and also the earliest monotheist aloft later this year, it will carry the most "Tabu-sil-Marduk, nephew of Inlilnasir." and prophet of internationalism. Indeed, So it was the fault of heaven, not the complex array of solar telescopes ever as­ the article on him in the Encyclopedia sembled. From these astronomers hope to astronomer. The rules of the heavens de­ Britannica, which says all this, con­ viated, for some reason. And so the King find the keys to unlock some of the more cludes by paying him the supreme ac­ baffling and major mysteries of this dwarf must do penance. After all, what did the colade: " ... the most remarkable figure heavens mean? At the worst, the King star, so insignificant among the billions of the Ancient World before the He­ of its neighbors, yet the source of all might write to the astronomer, as did brews." one: energy and life for Earth. The man for Unusual behavior in the heavens, such whom the Sun was "the Ruler of the Uni­ The King is tired of his long fast and asks as a comet, a ring around the moon or whether the new Moon has not yet appeared. verse" and who put it on a "royal throne" an eclipse of the sun, in particular, was would sm'ile again as he sees his spiritual for centuries a sign of divine displeasure. The King fasted. There is absolutely no descendants, the watchers of the skies, Old Chinese records tell us: indication that -~he astronomer did. prepare for "The Year of the Sun." When an eclipse of the Sun takes place, . Lorenzo to Jessica in "The Merchant Man has always looked to the sky. He the Emperor takes no full repast, and has the of Venice": has marveled at its mysteries and the drums beaten at the altar. All officials lay How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this process of unlocking the secrets of the aside their ceromonial robes; the princes bank! heavens began centuries ago. At times he sacrifice pieces of silk; the historian delivers Here we will sit, and let the sounds of music has feared what he beheld and he has a speech, until the eclipse is over. Creep in our ears; soft st illness and the night seen the faces of his gods looking down Emperor Kuang Wu-ti, who reigned upon him. Become the touches of sweet harmony. during the first century A.D., took it per­ Sit, Jessica. Look how the floor of heaven This had its most striking and sig­ sonally. As the sun struggled with the Is thick inlaid with pa.t ines of bright gold; nificant development in Egypt. It began dragon that was trying to devour it, he There's not the smallest orb which thou as early as 1400 B.C. under Amenhotep made a 5-day retreat to consider his behold'st III. The Sun-god concept expanded. sins and issued a decree: But in his motion like an angel sings. When he died around 1408, his son took It is necessary to repair our errors and thus Still quiring to the young-ey'd cherubims; the office of high priest of Aton-an an­ forestall the evil that Heaven is sending. I for Such harmony is in immortal souls; cient name for the physical Sun-and my part can scarcely speak; I am trembling But, whilst this muddy vesture of decay also assumed the title of Great Seer, over my misdeeds. I do not wish my subjects Doth grossly close it in, we cannot hear it. which was held by the high priest of the to give me the title of Ching. I wish the lords There must be some sort of order, form, old Sun-god Ra at Heliopolis-Sun City. of my court to tell me their opinions bluntly, in secret memoranda.. and harmony among the heavens. If it Amenhotep IV proceeded to develop the could not be discerned, then the watchers new cult. Thebes was renamed City of The cow·t astronomer was blunt about of the skies would describe it to suit the Brightness of Aton. Its temple quar- it: themselves. 1 11996. EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 11, 1973. r The Egyptian goddess of the heavens, sources, comment that he did teach Kopernik or Nicholas Copernicus, as we Nut, arched her star-tlecked body over the Sun was the center, and the planets know him by the Latinization of his. the earth. The ship of the sun glided over moved around it. name that he adopted. The form makes, her back; when it sank below the- horizon His teachings were the :ti.rat advance­ no difference; for in the 15th century, it went into the realm of the dead be­ ment of the heliocentric theory of the when he was born, people were careless. neath the earth. The next morning, new­ solar system. Then it was_ forgotten for about spelling names. 1 was once told born, it began it's journey once more. The almost 2,00Q years. there- are almost three dozen variations myth is almost childlike. Yet, contained The first true astronomer in the mod­ of the name of William Shakespeare. in it is the truly permanent and great ern sense was Hipparchus, a Greek from For a man whose work would begin concept of faith in the resurrection of Nicaea in Asia Minor. Around 150 B.C. expansion of the universe toward the­ man. milky way to feed measure their positions, so that posterity there were- vastly better tools available. the clouds. could determine whether stars are born a!!_d He had a comfortable income and cDuld Hebraic tradition took part of this pass awa.y. have a:f!orded them. idea. The dome became- a ":firmament." He devised some precise instrwnent& Crude-that is the- only tenn that The Tower of Babel was began in order­ for his use. With them he found the­ could be applied. He once said he wished to bore into the sky and see if it was clay, Iength of the year, exact to within 6 he could reduce his errors to 10 minutes bronze or iron. minutes of the true figure. He calculated arc. This is one-third the apparent width The Greeks saw the sky was a curved the distance from the Earth to the Moon of the full Moon; the astronomers of and brazen shield. It was surrounded by as being 33 earth diameters, which i& ancient Alexandria had come much clos­ fire which shone through various holes only 3 too many. er than that. It also seems, he wasn't par­ of differing sizes. Rain came from the But his real contribution was setting ticularly entranced with looking at the clouds, not the- sky. The clouds rose from longitude and latitude of 1,080 stars. He stars, because over all his entire life­ the round disk of ocean, upon which also classed their brightness in six time he only noted between 60 and 70 floated the disc of the Earth. different magnitudes. His star tables were observations. He thought of himself m.ore­ In the sixth century B.C., about the so exact and precise that they took only a& a philosopher of the skies not an ob­ time the Iliad and Odyssey were being some minor corrections to serve both server. He preferred to use the ti.gw:es of written, there arose in Ionia on the ColumbU&and Vasco da Gama as naviga­ centuries past. Spica, his base star, was Aegean coast a new school of philosophy. tional guide&. given a position off by almost 40 minutes For Anaximander, the Sun was a hole- in Three centuries went by. In the-Second arc, more than the width of the Moan. the rim of. a huge wheel; the rim in tum Century A.D. came the Egyptian, Arthur Koestler says of him: was filled with fire and, as it turned, so Claudius ptolemaeus (ptolemy), said CopernicU& is perhaps the most colaurless did the hole. It was the first concept of by some to be such a theoretical genius figure among those who, by merit or circum­ a. mechanical form for the universe. To that only Isaae Newton can be- ranked stance. shaped mankirul's destiny. On the: Anaxima.nder, the stars were- fixed like ahead of him. His tables for discerning luminous sky of the Renaissance, he ap~ nails into a transparent, crystal sphere~ planetary motion were- based on as one of those dark stars whose ex.iatence.. It turned around the Earth. For Xen­ Hipparehus. Like Hipparchus, they were is only revealed by their powerful radia­ phanec:;, the Sun and stars had no per­ precise. But his eventual picture of the tion&. manence; they were cloudy offshoots of universe, summed up in his "Megale Born. on February 19) 1473, in the Pol­ the Earth, which had caught fire. The Syntaxis tes Astronomias"-the Great ish city of Torun, he was half out of stars burned out at dawn; the Sun was System, usually known by its Arabic th.e old world and half into the new. The born anew from the sparks. name as Almagest--which was to be the printing press with movable type had Into this world was born Pythagoras last word in Greek astronomy, was a con­ been.invented, but Columbus had not yet of Samos. His universe became a spheri­ fused mess. sailed. cal balL The Sun, Moon and planet& re­ He had the planets traveling in loops, Nothing is known about him until he­ volved around it in concentric circles. around an imaginary point that circied reached age 18, save one event. When hi£ Their revolution led to a musical sound the Earth. The reasons for this point and father died, Nicholas, his brother and two in the air, each of them on a different its circle- were unknown. But the point sisters went into the care of their uncle, pitch, depending on their orbits. As Ar­ did not make a perfect circle. Its center Lucas, a future bishop. It was also de­ thur Koestler put it in "The Sleep­ was yet another imaginary point, near cisive. Uncle Lucas was fond of his rela­ walkers:" the Earth. This didn't come out to uni­ tives, legitimate and otherwise. The old­ If Ana.ximander's universe reminds one form motion, either, so yet a third imagi­ est sister became a Mother Superior of of a Picasso painting, th~ Pythagorean world nary point was picked' from which motion a convent; the youngest was married off resembles a. cosmic music box playing the looked uniform. to a nobleman. An account of the times same Bach prelude from eternity to eternity. Alphonso X of Castile:, known to his­ notes that: So the Earth was a sphere. The idea, tory as the WISe, reigned during the 13th Philip Teschner, by birth a.. son-of-a-whore, once advanced, grew from the end of the century. He was a pious man and deeply born to Lucas the Bishop by a. pious vil:gin sixth century on. Philolaus, a pupil of interested in astronomy. After wrestling when Lucas was still a magistrate at Torn, Pythagoras, went one step further: He with the Ptolemaic concept of the heav­ was promoted by the Bishop to the pust or gave motion to the Earth. Now the sphere ens, he made :1is famous remark, the only mayor of Braunsberg. was air-borne. Herakleides of Pontus, in one remembered of all his many say­ Lucas packed him off to the University the fourth century B.C., is known to ings, that "If the Lord Almighty had of.Ci-a.cow in1491, whenNicholaswas 18. have come very close to the modern con­ consulted me before- embarking upon the Four years! later he returned. One of cept of the solar system. He did maintain Creation, I should have recommended Lucas,. canons was dying and the ever­ some of the planets revolved around the something simpler." thoughtfuI bishop wanted his own Sun, but it is unknown to this day for Unfortunate man; his son took this as nephew in the post. But the canon died certain just how far he went with his blasphemous and used it as an effective too soon, in September. Canon vacancies idea. lever to force Alphonso from the throne. in uneven months of the year were filled There is no doubt, however, about what At any rate, the Almagest was to he by the Pope. Nicholas had to wait for 2 Aristarchus believed. The last of the the bible of astronomy for almos.t 1,300 years. The next time a vacancy came up Pythagorean school, he was born, like years~ Alfred N-0rth Whitehead could was in August~ He was named canon and ~hagoras, on Samos in 310 B.C., the write that "In the year 1500 Europe knew took o:tI for Italy at once for further same year Herakleides died. Although less than Archimedes who died in the studies. Aristarchus' writings are lost, both year 212 B.C." Until age 32 Nicholas studied at the Archimedes and Plutarch, impeccable Then came Niklas Kippernigk, Mikolaj Universities of Bologna and Padua. It !ipril 11, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 11997 was the Renaissance. Therefore, he had permission. by his pupil Joachim Rheti­ EPILOG to take something of everything: phi­ cus. The response was predictable. There have been periods in mankind's losophy, law, mathematics, medicine, Martin Luther wrote to a friend in history when knowledge and learning astronomy and Greek. Somewhere in this 1541: "Der Narr will die ganze Kunst sluml>er. One might almost say the period he took an active interest in Astronomiae umkehren"-the fool wants human intellect has stood still. We can­ astronomy and discovered the heliocen­ to upset the whole art of astronomy. not really think of these times as wasted, tric theory of the universe of Aristarchus. Philipp Melancthon in that same year however, for when the mind does move He never forgot it. used Copernicus' idea to point out how again ana our store of knowledge ad­ In 1506 now holder of the degree of absurd something could be; it is worth vances, it seems to do so in quantum Doctor of Canon Law, he ended his Ital­ repeati:mg in the o:rigina.l, elegant Latin: leaps. ian student days and went home to Prus­ ••. rem tam absurdam ornare, sicut ille Take quasars--quas-stellar radio sia to live with Unele Lucas at Heilsberg Sarmaticus astronomus qui movet terram et sources-first discovered just 12 years castle, residence of the Bishop of Erm­ figit Solem. ago in 1961. Cited as one of the funda­ land. Technically he was still a canon of Melanethon's jibe was double-edged. mental astronomical discoveries of the Frauenberg Cathedral but was given an He used the term Sarmaticus-Sarma­ 20th century, they have characteristics indefinite leave of absence to act as phy­ tian-to refer to Copernicus, instead of unlike anything known in the universe. sician to Uncle Lucas. the teehnically correct Pol-Onus-Polish. Their true naiture is unknown, but they He had studied medicine but his atti­ So the translation comes out: may be galaxies in an early stage of tude towards it was conservative; there • . . to adorn such an absurd thing, like formation . was nothing original. One ;prescription that Sarmatian astranom.er :who moves the Around the first of April of this year that he copied out twice survives. It has earth a.nd stops the sun. it was annotmced that a quasar more these ingredients: distant than anything previously ob­ Amenlan sponge, clnammon, cedar wood, The Sarmatians were nomads, related served had been discovered. If present bloodroot, ditt.a.ny, red sandalwood, ivory to the Scythians and first described by techniques used to measure distances to shavings, crocus (or saffron), spodumene, Herodotus in the 5th century B.C. They quasars and other remote objects are camomil 1n vinegar, lemon rind, pearls, were thought--erroneously-to have accurate, then this one lies an incredible emerald, red jacinth and sa.pph1res, a deer's been the ancestors of the P&les, but bar­ 12 billion light-years away. Astronomers heart-bone or pulped heart, beetle, the horn barians all the same. of a unicorn, red coral, gold, silver and sugar. believe they have seen the very edge of Copernicus answered them ith a the universe itself. It was a typical prescription for the phrase in his letter to the humanist Ales­ That is what I mean by a quantum day. What it was supposed to cure isn't sandro Farnese-Pope Paul ID-that: advancement of knowledge. In the recorded. "Ma.themata mathematicis scribubun­ 500 years since Copernicus put our His duties were more diplomatic than tur"-matbematics is written for mathe­ solar system into its proper perspective medical, however. Ermland-thanks to maticians. and 1 id the foundations for modern Bishop Lucas-maintained its independ­ It was Rheticus who urged him to pub­ astronomy, science has progressed to this ence both from Poland and the Teutonic lish his own work, and it was Rheticus point. knights. The knights bitterly hated who had written the strangely prophetic Given the estimate that the universe Lucas and prayed for his death. The passage in Narratio Prima: originated 13 billion years ago, then it walled towns of Ermland were safe from Thus the astronomy of my Teacher may may honestly be said that in seeing light their forays, however. By and large the rightly be called eternal as the observations from a quasar at that distance means towns were left alone, but everything else of past ages testify and the observations of coming very close to looking at Creation. posterity will doubtless confirm.••. A 1.."l the countryside in that day and age On August 2L 19-72, an Atlas-Centaur was fair game: farms, villages, crops, boundless Kingdom 1n astronomy has God granted to my learned Teacher. May he rule, launch vehicle, 10 feet in diameter and women and whatever else could be stolen, guard and increase it, to the restoration of 117 feet high, roared into life at Cape burned, plundered, raped, consumeEi on astronomic truth. Amen. Kennedy. Its mighty engines, capable of the spot or carried away. generating 400,000 pounds of thrust, The pace of life was slow. He had By August 1541 the 424 pages had been lifted off a complex 2,250-kilogram- time for other things, such as preparing copied out by hand. In May 1542 the 5,000-pound spacecraft into a 650-kilo­ his two manuscripts. One that was printer, Petreius of Nuremberg, started meter-400-mile-circular Earth orbit. printed, entitled "Epistles", consisted of setting up "De Revolutionibus." Almost Its code name is OA0-3-0rbiting translations into Latin of Greek letters exactly 1 year later on May 24, 1543, Astronomical Observatory No. 3. It is the of the 7th century A.D. Byzantine histo­ Copernicus died. Bishop Giese of Kulm. last in the presently approved OAO pro­ rian, Theophylactus Simocatta. This Copernicus' friend, wrote to Rheticus a gram. Its mission: Investigate steliar manuscript was Corpernicus' contribu­ few weeks later: phenomena, galactic, and intergalactic tion to the literatme of the renaissance. For ma.ny days he had been deprived of media. his memory and mental vigour; he only sa.w It was divided under three ditferent The spacecraft itself provides power~ headings: moral, pastoral and amorous. his completed book a.t the last moment, on the day he died. thermal control and precision pointing_ They attracted no one and soon passed for the observatory systems. It is capable into obscurity. The other, unpubllshe~ Koestler says the book was and is an of providing data storage, handling, was called "Commentariolus" or Brief all-time worst seller. Its first edition of transmission and reception, and is sup­ outline. 1,000 copies never sold out and in the ported by a ground system. Bishop Lucas died suddenly in 1512 next 400 years it had but four reprints. Its complex of astronomical instru­ of food poisoning. The Teutonic knights, It is highly nnreadable. Even modern ments observe the electromagnetic spec­ grateful for his death, swore he had been scholars sometimes show they have not trum-ultraviolet and X-ray-from poisoned deliberately. Nicholas soon after read the book as they make errors in space. They measure the emission of left Heilsberg and at last, 15 years after diffuse nebulae, map the form and their interpretation of what Copernicus brightness characteristics of faint his ordination, took up the responsibili­ did write. It was a disappointment; ties as a canon of Frauenberg Cathedral. nebulae, record the brightness of hot "Narratio" had stirred up more of a stars, obtain absolute spectrophotometry They were not too heavy. The canons storm. It was ll<>t until the beginning of lived like noblemen. Their duties were data. observe the spectra of interstellar the 17th century that the old astronomy gas and dust, and observe X-ray emis­ primarily administrative. Only one had surrendered to the new, with Johannes taken higher vows and could serve mass. sions and their absorption in interstellar Kepler. s9ace. Around 1530 he completed "De Revolu­ But, as one writer has said of the In layman's language~ OA0-3 is tienibus" and prom.ptly locked it away. man and his. work: gathering data that is changing our view Not until 1540 did a summary of the In the Renaissance, society was in motion, and understanding o:f the composition of new Copernican cosmology appear. "Nar­ its conceptions were in motion, and it be­ the dense clouds of gas and dust that ratio Prima"-First Account--summa­ came easier for it to see that the universe are the beginnings of stars like our own rized the main features of his work. It was also in. motion. Copernicus expressed sun. had been written and published, with his the supreme idea of the age. It is named "Copernicus." 11998 EXTENSIONS 'OF REMARKS April 11, 1973 WILLIAM EDWARD BURGHARDT ber 1 from the central rostrum with Mao place situations: for example, an old DU BOIS HONORED Tse-tung, Chou En-lai and other Chinese man helping a little girl get a drink from leaders. a high water fountain. In the evening of October 1, 1962, the group including Du Bois and Mao returned The National Coordinating Council on HON. WILLIAM (BILL) CLAY to the central rostrum to watch a fireworks Drug Education thinks so highly of Flor­ ida's project that it has awarded the OF MISSOURI display. After the celebrations and a state banquet with Chou En-lai in early November, State its Pacesetter in Drug Education IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Du Bois left China never to return. award. The NCCDE is a nonprofit coali­ Wednesday, April 11, 1973 Du Bois' visits to Communist China, al­ tion of national professional, govern­ though now all but forgotten, were and are ment, youth and service groups which Mr. CLAY. Mr. Speaker, as you know, significant. The trip in 1959 signaled Com­ I have been sha1ing with my colleagues munist China's desire to establish direct regularly recognizes organizations and articles from the St. Louis American relations with African states. Although con­ individuals making unique contributions newspaper, which has spotlighted prom­ tacts between Communist China and Africa to the field of drug abuse prevention. inent black Americans in history as part can be dated from the First Afro-Asian Con­ According to the Council: of Afro-American History Week. ference which met in Bandung, Indonesia in The program was chosen because they are 1955, the African impression of the Commu­ the first State agency to stop talking a.bout This week the newspaper has honored nist Chinese was that they were an Asian drugs and begin emphasizing personal rela­ William Edward Burghardt Du Bois. variant of the Soviet Union. In 1959 China, tionships. By making Florida a recipient of The article follows: on the verge of an open split with Russia, our pacesetter award, we hope to encourage WILLIAM EDWARD BURGHARDT DuBOIS was desirous of establishing independent other States to follow Florida's example. friendly relations with African states. His (NoTE.-Du Bois was a great man of our Mr. Speaker, I join the NCCDE in time. His deeds of heroic struggle for the association with the Pan African movement liberation of the Negroes and the whole of dated from 1900 when he was named Secre­ commending the State of Florida for this mankind, his outstanding achievements in tary of the First Pan African Conference in excellent, innovative work in the field of academic fields and his sincere f.riendship England. His involvement continued for the drug education. At a time when our toward the Chinese people wlll forever re­ rest of his life and led some to accord him efforts have lacked direction and are m!llin in the memory of the Chinese people.­ the revered title, "Father of Pan Africa." plagued by self-doubt, it is most encour­ MAo-TsE-TUNG.) As Du Bois' two visits to Communist aging to see this display of initiative in Dr. William Edward Burghardt (W.E.B.) China were virtually ignored by the Ameri­ can press and government, so was his death. seeking a new direction for our drug Du Bois' lliSsocia.tion with the Chinese people abuse prevention efforts. began during a brief tour of China. in 1936. Peking, conversely, immediately sent a mes­ He was impressed by the Chinese "will to sage to Mrs. ::>u Bois conveying its official survive that neither imperial tyranny, nor condolences and then each of the leaders industrial exploitation, nor famine, sta-r­ of the Communist Chinese Government sent personal telegrams. Kuo Mo-jo, the Cultural vation and pestilence" could kill. Twenty A TASK NOT WORTH DOING years later, Communist China invited the Minister, Chen Yi, the Foreign Minister, and famous Bla.ck American scholar to return Chou En-lai, the Prime Minister sent sepa­ to participate in celebrations marking the rate messages expressing sympathy for Mrs. 250th Anniversary of the birth of Benjamin Du Bois. HON. JOHN E. HUNT Franklin. Other Black Americans had visited OF NEW JERSEY Communist China, but Du Bois was perhaps IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES the most famous American to ever receive FLORIDA EARNS PACESETTER IN an invit.altion. In the United States Du Bois DRUG EDUCATION AWARD Wednesday, April 11, 1973 reached the apogee of leadership and in­ fluence among Black Americans following the Mr. HUNT. Mr. Speaker, on Monday death of Booker T. Washington in 1915 and, in Ottawa, Canadian External Affairs although never a leader of the people as HON. PAUL G. ROGERS Minister Mitchell Sharp said that Can­ Washington, became recognized as America's, OF FLORIDA ada would withdraw from the truce team and perhaps the world's, most influential IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES in June before the situation in Vietnam Blackman. "improves very substantially." He said In 1958 the United States Supreme Court Wednesday, April 11, 1973 Canada would rather leave than risk rejected the State Department's restriction Mr. ROGERS. Mr. Speaker, for some more Canadians for "a task not worth on issuance of passports based in alleged time now the drug abuse education Communist affiliations. Du Bois and his doing.'' wife, author Shirley Graham, immediately efforts of various private and govern­ It is unfortunate, Mr. Speaker, that obtained passports and left in his fifteenth mental agencies have been under fire. a party to the Vietnam peace agree­ world tour which would take him to Eng­ The efficacy of these programs has been ments, the Vietcong, have made three land, Holland, France, Germany, Czecho­ questioned, and indeed there is evidence flagrant attacks against peacekeeping slovakia, Russia, Sweden, and China. It was that drug abuse education, in its pre­ helicopters since this past weekend. As during his stay in England that Communist occupation with drugs and not the peo­ we all know, in one of the attacks an China invited him to Peking and he ac­ ple who use them, has elicited greater, ICCS helicopter was downed and nine cepted, deciding to flaunt the restriction ot the State Department which had declared not less drug abuse. The result is a situa­ persons were killed. They included two his passport invalid for travel to Commu­ tion so grave that we have recently heard Americans, a Filipino, a Canadian, an nist China. During his eight week visit to highly-placed recommendations for a Indonesian, and two Hungarian officers. China, February to April 1959, Du Bois was complete moratorium on drug-abuse The other two were Vietcong liaison as lavishly entertained as President Nixon education until we assess the impact of officers. and received an even friendlier reception. In present programs. Of course, the Vietcong have denied contrast to the widely publicized Nixon visit, In light of these developments, I am the downings were intentional. That is the American press ignored the Du Bois trip to be expected. But, Mr. Speaker, there and it has subsequently disappeared into ob­ greatly encouraged by the drug educa­ scurity. This is not particularly unusual for tion project currently being implemented is more than ample proof that the down­ many of his accomplishments have gone un­ by Florida's Department of Health and ings were far from accidental; on the noticed or have disappeared into oblivion; Rehabilitative Services. The project's contrary they were quite intentional. his image and cultural contributions in the director, David Schmeling, puts the pro­ There is eyewitness proof that a heat­ annals of American history remain a na­ gram's goals this way: seeking missile did indeed explode the tional error. We're trying to make sure people who have helicopter, and carry nine to a fiery Three years later, in October 1962, Du Bois drug problems know where they can go for death. returned to Communist China for a brief help, and to get everybody to stop thinking There is also proof that the second visit to renew his health and to participate of drugs as the problem. Drug misuse is a helicopter was hit by sustained fire and in the Thirteenth Anniversary of the forma­ symptom of people not getting along. tion of the People's Republic. Of the more forced to land. Now, sustained, to me, than three hundred foreign guests from fifty Appropriately, the opening phase of Mr. Speaker, means over a long period countries, Du Bois was one of three for­ the project consists of six public service of time. Again, how could this be unin­ eigners, and the first American ever, allowed television announcements showing indi­ tentional when the truce helicopters are to observe the National Day Parade on Octo- viduals helping each other in common- clearly marked for all to see? April 11; 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 11999 m spite- of all this, I was relie'\led We'v.e managed under these policies to ab­ ample. When he denounced "soft-headed :somewha• to see President Njxon enc;:e sorb a very large number of people returning judges" and said that a ''permissive philoso­ again taking a no-:rwnsense stand. I haYe from Vietnam as we wound down the war, phy" had caused the crime wave, he was great respect fer Gene:ral Haig and! am and ultimately we think that !obs is the final surely expressing deep personal feelings. And solution to th~he only e1fective solution. they have been carried out in his legislative confident tl:lat when he returns f:rmn his Meanwhile, we have not phased out or proposals for revision of the Federal criminal assignment we will get an acemate ae­ terminated. a lot of the ·activities- that we code. coWJ.ting of the events unfolding in Viet­ have been funding to help people in the The authenticity of Mr. Nixon~s statements nam and the rest oi Southeast Asia. poverty ea-tegory. of crime makes them even der to read. We have learnedi a lot about the. Viet­ Q. In terms of total spending, will aid to Their large rhetoric has such small relation cong and the Noiith Vietnamese- over the the poor now be more or less? to the realities of pre-venting Cl'ime. They A. It will be more, even after elimination promise so much and can deliver so little. last few weeks, and it is my fervent hope of the federal funding for community Ac­ And they bespeak an at vism that one sim­ that my colleagues will put more stock tion. ply regrets to see expresseil by the President in what the o1li.cials of the United States Q. With the Oftice of Economic Opportu­ of the United States. have to say, rather than to. rely on the nity being phased out, a lot of its programs Deterrence is his theme: the argument self-ap1>ointed apQiogists for the Viet­ are being taken over by your agency-Health, that harsher penalties will discourage peo­ cong and the North Vietnamese. Eduea.tion and Welfare. Do you think HEW ple from committing crimes. If that were so, can do a better job? the problem of crlm~ prevention would be A. I think in many cases we can do the simplified indeed. But alas. it is notr job in a m'Ore coordinated fashion and elimi­ The most respected American criminolo­ WHY WELFARE COSTS KEEP RISING nate some existing duplication and overlaps. gists, including men just as hard-nosed as The principal activity of OEO tha.t is not Mr. Nixon could wish, are in broad agree­ being transferred is", Of course, the Commu­ ment as the certainty of punishment that HON. JOHN H. ROUSSELOT nity Action programs. We think that the deters. The trouble in America, the desperate remaining portions being tranSfened to HEW trouble. is that a man who commits a crime OF CALIFORNIA fit very well into the other things we're try­ has so small a chance of being arrested for IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ing to do, and we- believe- we oan do it perhaps it, much less being sentenced to anything. Wednesday, April 11, 1973 more effectively and with less overhead. One estm:late is that when a burglar does Q. When you were Director of the Budget, a job, the odds are 50 to 1 against his being Mr. ROUSSELOT. Mr. Speaker, HEW you played a big pa.rt in shaping and cutting convi~ted. for it. Changing those odds, in­ Secretary Weinberger was interviewed in many of these programs that are now being creasing police e1Iectiveness and the rate of the March 19 iSS'Ue of U.S. News & World transferred to your agency. Do you think detection. would have by far the greatest Report. I think that his comments on that the- funds that a.re in the budget a.re deterrent e1Ieet of any imaginable step adequate to do your job in your new capac­ against crime. OEO are particularly timely and I insert ity? The proposal to restore the death penalty his remarks concerning OEO in the REC­ A. Yes. In many of the OEO programs that for certain Federal crimes is an example of ORD at this point: are being transf.erred to HEW, we had pro­ the gap between Presidential rhetoric and WHY WELFARE COSTS KEEP RISING vided for increased funding to take care of reality. If capital punishinent were "a valu­ (NoTE.-Interview with Caspar W. Wein­ normal work-load increases that go with our able deterrent," as Mr. Nixon said, and noth­ berger, 55, was a San Francisco lawyer before projections of the population a1Iected in this ing else were involved, we might sttll be becoming oa.llf0rnia State finance director in group. hanging men for stealing a loa.f of bread. 1968. He came to Washington in 1970 as But the deterrent effect has pr()ved to be Deputy Director of the Office of Management so doubtful, and the impact on the penal and Budget, moved up to Director in early CRIME AND PUNISHMENT system so corrupting that the penalty has 1972, then beoame Secretary of HEW last been abolished or left largely unused in every February 8.) Western industrial country except one. That Q. Mr. Secretary, now that the Ad.m.1nJ&tra­ is South Africa. tion is ending war on poverty, what aoes it HO . CHARLES B. RANGEL Long-fixed minimum terms for narcotics intend to put in its place? OF NEW YORK o1Ienders are another example. It is possible A. We are not "ending" the wa.r on poverty. IN THE. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES that the chance of such a penalty could oc­ The commitment to try to improve the qual­ casionally· scare a drug peddler off. But the ity of life for everybody in the country still Wednesday, April 11, 1973 trade is so profitable,. and the people involved exists, and we particularly want to improve Mr. RANGEL. Mr. Speaker, one has so base, that the deterrent would be mar­ it for the people who are clearly disadvan­ ginal a.t best. taged and have incomes below the poverty to be discooraged by President Nixon's And mandatory sentences have long been level. I know of no weakening of that com­ recent utterances concerning crime and known to have a distorting effect on the trial mitment. crime control in America. It is so incred­ process. They make juries and judges more On the other hand, there has been a feeling ibly easy to gain political points by cry­ reluctant to convict. James Q. Wilson of Har­ that much of what the Federal G<>vernment ing for the electric chair, life imprison­ va.ni concludes that "they often strengthen is doing has not been effective, and we know ment, and other "get-tough" policies the hand of the criminal." we have limited resources. We have to make which only serve to play on peoples' emo­ A third example is the President's pro­ some hard choices. We can't continue doing posal tha.t the insanity defense be virtually everything we've been doing, and therefore tions and fears. abolished, with the problem of mental condi­ we have to stop the things that have been How much more difficult and nobler it tion being treated instead as a matter for least e1fective, and try to put some other is to speak to the true nature of crime the judge in passing sentence. That shift things in their place. in this country. This important and hon­ does have some expert support. But it could Q. Are you scrapping completely the Com­ orable task is something that has here­ have- no significant deterrent eff.ect. Most de­ munity Action program, which employs 180,- tofore been ignored by our President. fendants in fact prefer the known of pris­ 000 people? Clearly, the scourge of crime in the on to confinement in a mental institution. A. With the Community Action program, No one has a magic cure for crime, but which is one of the activities for which we're United States will remain WlSolved un­ some modest specifics are available. Gun con­ terminating federal funding, we would hope til our leader has the guts to honestly trol would save many more innocent lives that the communities that wish to do so will face up to it. than threatening capital punishment. How­ continue it-if that is a high priority with New York Times columnist Anthony ever complex the social origins of crime, it them. A lot of the program activities that Lewis wrote a.bout this situation in the would be worth trying to help the most sus­ have been financed or undertaken by Com­ April 2 edition of the ne spaper. I bring ceptible- group, unemployed teenagers. Po­ munity Action organizations can be con­ it to the attention of this body: litical leaders CC>Uld set an example by not tinued under specific grants. condoning lawl-ess-ness in their own entou­ For example, there's a widespread myth CB.D!4E AND PuNISHMENT rage. around that Head Start has been stopped. It (By Anthony Lewis) The inescapable conclusion is that Presi­ ha.s nE>t. It has been provided with increased LoNDoN .--One of the great mistakes of dent Nixon is less interested in specifics than funding, and the Department of Health, Richard Nixon's critics over the years has in mOGd. He wa.nts America. to be tougher, Education, and Welfare is continuing te op­ been to regard him as a man without basic to attack crime as it attacks us, "without erate it. So a. lot of these things will oontinue beliefs, mo ed only by opportunism. Of pity." That attitude- will ha.ve its effect, for in one way o:u another, particularly if there course he has shown that he can bend to th~re is a strain in all of us that would sub­ is a. desire foll' them loeally. the wind. But as President he has surprised stitute venegeanee for justice. But a. civil­ The best thing that we think can help us again and again by meaning exactly what ized society does not mimic the savagery of win the war aga.inst poverty is jobs--the he said. those wh°' attack it. policies we're pursuing will increase employ­ The President's recent ords on the sub­ "The mood and temper of the public in ment substantially, as they have already. ject of crime a.re a particularly powerful ex- regard to the treatment of crime and crlm- , I 12000 EXTENSIONS OF ilEMARis April 11, j973 inals is one of the most unfailing tests of the A son, James W. 3d, now 19, was born don't understand the proposed legislation," civilization of any country. A calm and dis­ the following year. she said. "They blow the draft issue out of passionate recognition of the rights of the "I loved retailing," Mrs. Blackham recalled. proportion and complain that they will be accused . • . and even of convicted crim­ "I loved the idea of having a product to forced out of their homes into jobs against inals against the state •• . , an unfaltering sell and all that people-contact. But I felt their will. The whole equal rights amend­ faith that there is treasure, if only you can that retailing was too comprehensive a ca­ ment is not intended to force them into any­ find it, in the heart of every man-these reer for a woman with young children. I thing, but to give them a choice," she are the symbols which • . . measure the couldn't guarantee that I would be placed in stressed, which is more than women have stored-up strength of a nation, and are the a store near Winchester, the hours were er­ had in the past. If they and their daughters sign and proof of the living virtue in it." ratic, and too much can crop up with chil­ want equal opportunities in career or educa­ The words are not those of a soft-headed dren." tion, they can have it. 'l.'hey will be accepted judge or a permissive professor. They were She set her sights on real estate, because as people, because of their merit, profes­ said on July 20, 1910, in the House of Com­ of the selling and the personal interaction, sionally and academically, not because of mons, by the British Home Secretary, Win­ took the brokers' exam, and went to work for any quota. system." ston Churchill. a Winchester rea.ltor. Since 1958 too, she's Looking back, she admits that she never been selling people, working as campaign used to think much about discrimination. manager and consultant for various Repub­ "In 1950, when I finished my education, lican hopefuls. La.st year she served as North­ even a college-educated woman had to start "WOMAN EQUALED SECRETARY"­ east Regional Director of the Committee to out with typing and secretarial work. The BUT NOT FOR HER Re-elect the President, Volunteer Division. first thing the employer asked was whether "I found that real estate was the perfect you had typing and shorthand. I've never spot for me, and also allowed me the fiexi­ learned typing. It was almost a defense. HON. MARGARET M. HECKLER bility to be active politically," she beamed. Then, once you were hired for secretarial, if OF MASSACHUSETTS It's hard to assign priorities to her vocation a. male co-worker happened to get drafted, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES and avocation. Even her two-piece suit is maybe you could worm into his job. That red, white, and blue. was your only hope for advancement. A man, Wednesday, April 11, 1973 Beginning as a broker in a Winchester on the other hand, with similar background Mrs. HECKLER of Massachusetts. Mr. office, she graduated to sales manager and and experience, was inevitably hired as a director of the James T. Trefrey Inc. real management trainee. Speaker, too often in the :fight for equal estate office. In 1969, after an unsuccessful "At Filene's, where I was in the executive rights for women, the so-called horror bid for state legislature on the Republican training program, the pay was generally stories and miscarriages of justice seem ticket, she opened her own business at 11 low-around 45c an hour then. Nobody to get all the coverage. Today, I am de­ Thompson st. which now employs eight thought much about salary. Even later on, I lighted to present an exception. brokers. know the men made more money than I did, Mrs. Ann Blackham-and she is "When we first opened, only women bro­ but it was accepted. You might complain to "Mrs.", not "Ms."-is a longtime dear kers would apply," she recalls. "Men would your friends, but you never questioned it. I friend who tells her side of the equal look at the name on the building, see it was used to grumble to Bill, before we were mar­ a woman's business, and that would be it." ried. He'd say, 'That's the way it should be; rights story well and with pride. She About half of her brokers now are men, men have families to support.' Now he•s come is an outstanding example of a parent, she pointed out, "and we have more and full cycle." wife, and member of the business com­ more men applying. Each broker has his or Mrs. Blackham disdains the term "women's munity. I am delighted to submit for her own clients on profile, so that there is lib," and likes to think of herself as taking my colleagues' perusal the following no confiict. A person is broker-of-the-day "the more establishment approach." But, she eight-column profile of Ann Blackham every day and that avoids hassles over new admits, "even some of the movement's more that appeared in the April 4, 1973, edi­ accounts." radical actions did crystallize the situation to While Mrs. Blackham maintains that the country." tion of the Boston Globe: Winchester is a well-integrated town ra­ She commends the Associated Industries "WOMAN EQUALED SECRETARY"-BUT NOT cially and economically, an incident from of Massachusetts for the "great inroads" FOR HER several years ago illustrates sexual barriers they a.re making on equal opportunity em­ (By Gwynne Morgan) in real estate transactions. ployment. Polaroid is one of the companies Several years ago .'\.nn R. Blackham, "The counting-incomes problem came to she mentioned by name as opening new fields, founder and president of Ann R. Blackham my attention a couple of years ago when including mechanics, to women. & Co., Winchester realtors, was named to a returning Vietnam veteran and his wife "I feel that the association has gone be­ one of the area's many real estate boards. came to me to buy a home. The veteran's yond the quota. stage, and is now actively "Mrs. Blackham," the ma.le board members wife had a job and he had been hired back recruiting women for what they offer as queried on the occasion of her first meet­ by his company, with the promise that he individuals," she said. ing, "would you honor us by becoming sec­ would get his old, better paying job back Sexual idiosyncracies still exist, and extend retary?" as soon as a vacancy occurred. I found tbem even to the house-hunting process, she "I said no. I told them that I had no secre­ a house that suited their needs on the notes. "It•s funny. You take a couple to view tarial skills and was hoping to make a real North Shore. a home. They tour the first floor together, contribution to the board. There was," she "We went to the bank, and the bank re­ then invariably split. He goes to the base­ explains, loosing her great laugh and rolling fused the loan, declaring that they couldn't ment to check the water pipes, furnace and her blue eyes, "initial shock. But they got count the woman's income, since she was wiring; she goes upstairs to check the bed­ used to it. They hired a professional stenog­ of childbearing age and could become preg­ rooms and baths." rapher, who did a fine job, and now they nant. Unless their doctor presented a wri.t­ In the Winchester area, where homes range treat me as an equal. They didn't mean any ten statement saying that pregnancy was im­ between $20,000-$150,000, most couples make harm. It was a cultural pattern. Woman possible at the time, the bank refused to the buying decision together, often choosing equaled secretary." lend them the money. I had a :fi.t. The young the home by the merits of the school system. Mrs. Blackham, 46, as a woman in busi­ man was furious. It was an invasion of their In Winchester, the average mortgage is ness, a 1969 member of the President's Task privacy. They dropped the issue altogether, 80 percent :financing, to be pa.id off during Force on Women's Rights and ResponsibiU­ where today they probably would have a. period of 25 years. ties, and current chairman of Governor Sar­ fought it. "Usually the family will live in the house gent's Commission on the Status of Women, "That situation," she continued, "crystal­ about 5 yea.rs," Mrs. Blackham has found, has no misconceptions about a woman's lized the issue of women's rights to me. "then trade the mortgage onto another big­ place being in the home. Then, in 1969, I was named to the President's ger house because their tastes or their family · The oldest child of a politically-conscious Commission on Women's Rights and Respon­ size has changed." family (brother Vincent DeCain is assistant sibilities. With 12 other Task Force members, While no lower income housing is slated deputy chairman-Transportation), she al­ I spent about a year in Washington listen­ for Winchester. housing for the elderly is ways assumed that she would 1) have a ing to the testimony of housewives, profes­ upcoming and Mrs. Blackham considers that career and 2) be in politics. sional and laboring women, students. My eyes a good trend. Born in New York, raised in Cleveland, Mrs. were really opened to the inequities a woman "I think we need condominiums. People Blackham attended Ohio Dominican College faces." who have lived in this town all of their lives in Columbus, received her MA from Ohio The committee report, "A Matter of Simple shouldn't have to tear up all their roots State and came east to join Wm. Filene & Co. Justice," serves as the backbone for the cur­ because the taxes on their homes are too and marry James W. Blackham Jr., an insur­ rent Equal Rights Amendment before Con­ high to support on retirement. All their liv­ ance broker. When she left Filene's in 1953 gress. ing friends are here. Their children are grown to give birth to her daughter Ann, she was a Mrs. Blackham is a. little discouraged about and educated. They supported the school store manager, a rare accomplishment for a the prognosis for passage of the amendment system for years. I think there ought to be woman in those days. she told the Globe. "Some women simply living situations for them within the town." April 11, 1973 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 12001 THE FBI: PHASE II Justice Department for, although Mr. Hoover "I just got the Christmas card you mailed was nominally the Attorney General's subor­ on Dec. 22. It was postmarked Phoenix, Ariz. dinate, he and the bureau were in a very real What were you doing out there?" HON. HAROLD V. FROEHLICH sense independent. Sen. Byrd's bill would "I wasn't." OF WISCONSIN simply perpetuate that problem. We have already addressed the fixed term Sound familiar? People all over the coun­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES proposals in this space. Sen. Jackson's 15- try are griping about the service they are Wednesday, April 11, 1973 year idea with the requirement thait candi­ (or aren't) getting from the post office. Legis­ dates be drawn from people who had put in lators are receiving piles of letters from con­ Mr. FROEHLICH. Mr. Speaker, I was at least 10 years in the bureau seems to us stituents complaining about mail service very pleased this morning to see that I unduly restrictive of the President's freedom and, according to an article in the March 19 am not the only one who is disturbed to choose the best person available, no matter issue of U.S. News and World Report, at least about the recent legislative proposals to what he or she might be engaged in at the 13 Congressmen are sponsoring legislation establish an independent Federal Bureau time of the vacancy. Moreover, the trouble which would abolish the new independent of Investigation. with fixed term, whether it be 7 years or 15 or status of the U.S. Postal Service. something in between, is that it would pre­ The uproar over services has mostly come The Washington Post has published a vent the President from firing a person who about since, in July of 1971, the old post cogent editorial exposing the grave dan­ had turned out to be his or some past Presi­ office was reorganized into an independent gers that would exist if the FBI were to dent's mistake. Despite the perils of politici­ agency designed to make the postal service be reconstituted as an independent zation, we think the system can be made to more business-like and to speed up deliveries. agency outside the Department of Jus­ work if the President and his Attorney Gen­ The Postal Reorganization Act of 1970 re­ tice. I hope other newspapers will speak eral a.re convinced that the Congress actually quires the Postal Service to pay for itself by out against this ill-considered plan. wants and is prepared to work to achieve a mid-1984. truly non-political and highly professional Postmaster General Elmer T. Klassen told I insert in the RECORD this morning's FBI. the Senate Post Office Committee that the lead editorial in the Washington Post: And that, it seems to us, is the healthiest Postal Service was so determined to cut costs THE FBI: PHASE II aspect of the Byrd and the Jackson proposals. toward that end that "we perhaps lost track Having spearheaded the effort to turn back For Sen. Byrd said some very important of service." President NlX'On's nomination of L. Patrick things when discussing his reasons for intro­ U.S. News and World Report quotes Klas­ Gray III to be director of the FBI, Sen. ducing his bill. He said that there was a real sen as saying that he was "shocked by indi­ Robert Byrd (D-W. Va.) has turned his at­ need to take a careful look at the FBI after vidual cases of delays that have come to my tention to quite serious issues of the gov­ Mr. Hoover's long rule, that he did not want attention," but that "complaints are in­ ernance of the bureau which flow both from the directorship to become a patronage plum evitable in such a huge organization." He J. Edgar Hoover's 48-year tenure in the di­ and, most importantly, tha.it he considered his went on to say that the Postal Service han­ rector's chair and from the Gray hearings. bill a stimulus to congressional oversight and dles about 90 billion pieces of mail, and Senator Byrd has introduced a bill which study of this whole matter. That last is the that if it performed with 99 percent effec­ he hopes will improve the bureau and take nub of it. If Congress can mount serious and tiveness, there would still be grounds for it out of politics. The central purposes of sustained oversight on the problems of the 900 million gripes. the bill are to take the bureau out of the governance of the bureau, all of these prob­ Is postal service really worse than it was Department of Justice and make it an inde­ lems will be manageable. If it cannot, no a few years ago, as the numerous complaints pendent agency and to limit the director's gimmicks like fixed terms for the director will suggest? Or has the post office simply become term in office to seven years. Sen. Henry work. In providing a stimulus to active con­ a new national punching bag, a new pet Jackson (D-Wash.) is introducing a bill gressional participation in the management peeve? In order to get some idea of what which would give the director a 15-year term of the FBI, Sen. Byrd and Sen. Jackson have the situation is around here, the Western With no possibility of reappointment and performed a useful public service. did a little snooping around and experi­ require that the nominee have at least 10 mentation. years experience in the FBI. Area residents, businesses and postal em­ There can be little doubt that the issues ployees were asked, "Do you think postal which these two measures seek to address U.S. POSTAL SERVICE are extraordinarily important. The dangers service has improved, worsened or stayed the of politicizing the FBI or even giving the same since the post office has become a pub­ appearance of doing so have been graphi­ HON. ELLA T. GRASSO lic service organization independent from cally demonstrated in the last few weeks. It OF CONNECTICUT the government?" The sample was admittedly very small, is not simply the distribution of John Ehr­ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES lichman's request for information which but the statistics that resulted are neverthe­ would be useful in the campaign to FBI Wednesday, April 11, 1973 less interesting. One fifth of the people questioned thought field offices last year or even the appearance all that Mr. Gray acted at least like a quasi Mrs. GRASSO. Mr. Speaker, of us that services have improved. It is interesting surrogate for the President in the campaign. have been hearing a rising crescendo of to note that of these, all but one were postal Those things are bad enough. More to the disappointment and frustration from employees. Robert Patnoe, the postmaster point is the nightmarish position of a few the American people concerning the de­ of Norfolk, said, "I've worked in the post employees of the Committee for the Reelec­ terioration of mail service. The House office since 1955 and our delivery is just as tion of the President who, wanting to dis­ Post Office and Civil Service Subcommit­ good as it ever was. Our percentage of in­ cuss matters involved in an FBI investiga­ tee on Postal Service is currently holding crease is lower than in almost any other tion freely and out of the presence of their business, too.'' superiors, arrange to do so and then find that hearings designed to recommend needed Douglas Griffiths of the Salisbury Post Of­ their information has made a full circuit changes in U.S. Postal Service opera­ fice said that he thought services have im­ right back to the people whose intervention tions. These hearings are a very positive proved in certain areas, and that "as far as they sought to avoid in the first place. development and one which will hope­ air mall is concerned, we got a package from Finally, of course, there is the sad story of fully bring us closer to the day when our California overnight recently." If people Mr. Hoover's ossifying political views and citizens can rely on efficient mail delivery would get their zip codes right, that would concurrently ossifying control over the FBI and services. speed things up, he said. "Someone used in his later years. their phone number instead of a zip code Although these two bills attack very real The Connecticut Western News re­ the other day," he added. problems, we are not, at least at this junc­ cently published an article which ex­ Dick Weinstein of the North East Pharmacy ture, persuaded that the remedies proposed presses the concern of local residents in Millerton, was the only non-post worker are either appropriate or wise. The establish­ about their mail service. For the interest who thought services have improved. "The ment of the bureau as an independent of my colleagues, the article by reporter only problem we have in this area is that agency, while attractive at first blush, might Lucy Boswell follows: they have a very poor service for mail that create more problems than it solves. In a very U.S. POSTAL SERVICE-IS IT KEEPING UP? goes to Sharon. It's routed through Pough­ real and substantial sense, the FBI serves as keepsie first and takes forever. Other than (By Lucy Boswell) the investigaitive arm of the federal criminal that, I think service ls better than it used process. As such, it is imperative that it have "What are you doing here?" to be," he commented. the closest and most cooperative relationship "Didn't you get my letter telling you I was with the lawyers who are trying to develop coming? I mailed it a week ago." SERVICE "AWFULLY UNEVEN" IN SALISBURY cases and who ultimately will have to try "No." Approximately one-third of those ques­ them. During the last years of Mr. Hoover's "Your income tax return just got here. tioned thought postal service has gotten tenure, that relationship was either non­ You'd better wait until you come home from worse. Mike Holly of the Canaan Post Office existent or constricted and carried out with college to get it. If I send it to you, you may said, "It's definitely worsened, but this ls a the greatest difficulty by lawyers within the never see it." temporary situation. Like anything, when a CXIX--757-Part 9 12002 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 11, 1973 lot of changes take place, it takes a while to St. Patrick's D.ay delivery set the record .for is discouraging. After all, the Postal Reor­ get all the problems ironed out." the speediest delivery of out-of-_state-ma.il ganization Act of 1970 was meant to improve Betty Wa-r1and of the ·she-rwood Tree and witnessed in this experiment. The _cards service. Nursery Service in Salisbury believes mail la.nt from an­ Kath sent a postcard to the Western on improve 6el"Vices. other nursery. .The de.cision was finally made Wednesday mo.ruing, March 21. This :arrived to make the more expensive move .and tele­ Saturday, .March 24 . .Bhe also _sent .a ..letter phone the _other ,nursery because, "if we had on Wednesday .mor.ning which a.o:iv,ed the to depend ,0n the niall we'd never get an next day, Thursday, .March 22. AL-0-MON FOREST NO. 138 lIONOR-S answer for .two weeks." She added, "It's In the qua.int coastal village of .Stonin_gton, AMERICA exactly the sa.me in Winsted where J: live." Conn., linda receiv.ed postcards from ..Miller­ Mrs. John Minatti of Canaan commented, ton, Cana.an, .Bheffiel.d, No:cfolk and Goshen ''.It takes so long to get a letter. Do you know on Saturday, Mar.eh 17--one-:day $&'Vioe M. that it usually t.akes six days to get a letter .from pick-up to delivery. The cru:d from H-ON-. JOSEPH YDOS .from F.lorlda ?" Salisbury ru:riv.ed on .Mon.c:lay, ..March 19 . OF "PENNlll:LV ANL\ Mrs. "J• .M. Currier of Norfolk said th.at she Linda malled a c.ard from Stonington tc> IN 'THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES .the W.estern Wednesday morning, .March 21, believes .mail service is worse not only be­ Wednesday, Jlpri111" 19'73 cause ma.il .is .later in ,getting where it 1:s vWJ.ch .ru:rived the next .day, March .22. Serv­ supposed to go, but also because it gets lost .ioe .across_stB.te was excellent. Mr. GAYDOS.Mr . .Spea.ker, th-e return more frequently. Getting .mail ln and out Df New YDrk Cit-y of our :Servicem"{fil from the ,,Prison e.amps Mrs. W.ellesley Smith .of Salisbury said she w.as a different _story altogether. Laura, our f North Vietnam has rekindled a .spirit couldn't tell .if the _overall service was -worse Lady on West !19th Street, received i;he Goshen, Noriolk and Sheffield postc.a.rrls W..ed­ of patriotism m the hearts ni must -0r better because "it's awfully uneven here. Americans. For too long the majority of Sometimes _mail crunes quickly from .a long nesday, March 21, ..after Deborah in .Kenosha distance, but takes a long time .fr.om just had .l"eceived all of her cards. The ca.rd from our citizens .silently endw·ed the deg­ around the .cru::ner." Salisbury got to Laura on Thursday, March radation and defilement of our country T.he remalnder of those .questione.d could 22. As of this wijting (Saturday, March 24). by a vocal minority, see no difference in .mail service. Typical the cards .from Millerton and Canaan .have T.he return of the ROW's and their "dis­ comments .from people in this group were, not reached .Laura. J:t ..has been more than ..a. play uf courage, strengtn, and faitn, un- ''..! get my mail .delivered in my box and that's week since they were .mailed. 1eas1led the torrent of emotiun which our it. It seems th~ sam"e to .me;• and "I llaven't WHO CAN '"UNDERSTAND? people had kept under ~ontrol Ior solon,g. had any troub'le at alL .I don't think service Laura sent -a posteard i;o the W-estem on Tu city after city, the people unashamecUY is any better, but it .isn't any worse." Wednesday afternoon, M-aTCh 21. It -arrived There .is _one conclusion to be draw.n from .disp1ayed the love, hono1-, and respect Frida-y morning, MaTch 23, after -a reuson­ they have for America, 1lag, and the this sman -survey. Since the post office was -able day-and-a-half interval. its reorganized in 1971 to gain more efficiency Who can "Umi-erstand wh-y the :six _post men ADrl women who wear a uniform in -and :spe-ed de1ive-ries, and only one-fifth of cards, mailen "from .110st offices witllin ~o its defense. those -questioned saw an .lmprovem-ent in nliles of each other, mailed at the smne In McKeesport, Pa., -a male chorus, postal service since the reorganization took time and to trre ·sam-e J>laue, slloUld :reach "The Chanters," amliated with Al- place, it can be concluded that, in the eyes th-cir destination -as mucll as three days 0-Mon Forest No. 138. Tall Cedars of of most of the people surveyed in this area, aparl? Wh-y did -the -card Irom Norfolk get to the ·postal -servi-ce has not m-et its goal. "Lebanon, presented a concert of patriotic Laura on Wedne~da-y, March 21, while the music. Their songs xanged from George However, there can be a wide difference card from Canaan, 8 miles from Norfolk, is between what people perceive o1 a reality still hanging around in a post office some­ M. Cohan's coclcy ~'Yankee Doodle -and what th-e reality is. With -the purpose of where (Detroit?) .and llasn'.t; reached her? Dandy" to moving renditions of "''God discovering wh-ether -peopl-e m-e 1gnored the In all fairness, postal service in this ex­ Bless America" and "America -The facts about the niail se-rvice -and believing periment was not bad on the whole, just er­ Beautiful." what they want to believe (that service has ratic. The only really bad service was to New .Each number drew enth-usiastic ap­ not improved, that mall is slow, that more York. This would lead to the obvious con­ plause from the audience of several hun­ letters are getting lost, etc.), the Western ran clusion, which many have made before now, an experiment with some post cards. The .dred people but there is no describing that the New York postal system is at fault. the :emotion whi:c.h -:filled the Toom when -cards were mailed at local post offices As far as post offices are conceJ:.rred, bigger (Goshen, Norfolk, Salisbury, Millerton, does not in any way mean better. "The Chanters" pa.id their tnlmte to the -Can-a.an and "Sheffield) after the last pic'"k-up Nation's Armed "Forces. One by one, :a on Thursd-ay, March "15, so that they woul'd all BIGGER IS WOT BETTER representative of each branch of om· m11i­ ~ in Fridacy's first pick-up. One card was Postmaster General Xla-ssen, in his testi­ tary services .marChed beneath an .arch ma.iled lrmn each town to four people--one mony before the Senate "Post Office Com:mtt~ of 1n Stonington, Conn.; one in Concord, Mass.; tee, said that the Postal Service is in the of American fiags.. borne by members tllle in New York City and one in Kenosh-a, process of -upgrading ·facilities Alld completing the DeMolay, the Order of Rainbow for Wisconsin. r.eorganization, all of -which i"iakes tim-e. A .Girls .and:members uf Al-0-Mon Forest's Deborah, the Western's Kenosh-a corre­ network of 21 bulk ..m&il .centers around the color -guard, to the rythmic app1ause uf spondent, received cards from 'Canaan, country .is being .established to give :auto­ the audience and tne lusty singing uf Goshen, Sll.lisbury, and Sheffield on Mon­ mated treatment to parcels. Howev..er, the their service song ·by "The Chanters." day, ..March 19~ Not bad, considering they Postal Service must pay for itself by .mid- :r know that Sgt. Kenneth Littlejohn of wer~ picked up on.Frlcl&y morning. On ~es­ 1984. ~n order for this to hap_pen, costs must the Army, S_gt. Nerwi R. Karasek of the day, March 20, she :received the cards j'.rom be cut. According to U.S. News and World Re­ Norfolk :and Millerton. The Millerton card port, the number of postal employees has Air Force, Chief Daniel R. Vaugh of the had apparently b:een all the way out to De­ been cut considerably tc>ward this end. Coast Guard, Chief Joseph Matta of the troit, Michigan, for it bore a Detroit post­ Whatever improvements in efficiency have NavY, and Sgt. Paul Smith of the Marine mark .as well as a Millerton nne. been made have probably been stymied by Corps will never forget the recognition Deborah mailed three cards from Kenosha the cutback of worker_s. Me.anwhlle, the vol­ and admiTation _given them that evening to the Western Tuesday afternoon, March 20. ume of mail is steadily increasing. by tne citizens of McKeespol't and nearby One arrived Thursday, .March 22 and others In a.n a_ge or instant communications and communities. arrived Fr.iday, March 23. She mailed three faster and 'faster i;ran1>J>nrtation, wlrnn peoJ)le .Mr. .Speakel', it was a p1·ogram and an cards Wednesdicy afternoon, March 21; all expect to get to Europe faster next year -than three arrived Ssturday, March 24. Getting they did last year, an-y service that does not evening to remembe1·. America still is mail from here to Kenosha and back was keep up with the poo:e of :steady improve­ the greatest nation on the f aee of the generally as fast as could be expected. ments may be viewed as "falling behind," earth -and "The Chanters," directed b_y THE GREAT PO.sTCARD EXPERIMENT rather than remaining the same. Robert Forney, the members of Al-0- The Connecticut Western's girl in scenic It ls di:fficult to ten wbether _service ..is ac­ Mon Fo1·est No. 13"8, led by Donald Cra­ Concord, Mass., Kathleen, received her Mil­ tually worse now than it was a. few yea.rs ago. ven, snould be commended for reminding lerton post card on Saturday, March 17. This but the idea that it probably isn't any b~tter us of it.