DOCSLIB.ORG

13 Blanco.Indd

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
13 Blanco.Indd ADMINISTORY JOURNAL FOR THE HISTORY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION VOLUME 2, 2017 PAGE 278–302 DOI:10.2478/ADHI-2018-0025 Space and Administrative Boundaries at the Birth of the Italian Kingdom LUIGI BLANCO In a letter to General Giacinto Carini dated 14 October timeframes. In recent decades, in the wake of the new 1860, count Cavour, expressing his satisfaction with the ›culturalist‹ attention being devoted to the topic of the Sicilians’ decision to abandon the idea of summoning a nation as an »imagined community«,4 it has above all parliamentary assembly to ratify union with the mon- been the first of these two processes that has been the archy of Vittorio Emanuele II and to accept a plebiscite, catalyst for historiographical debate, with attention wrote: »None of the issues relating to the future inter- being focused on materials of extremely varied origin, nal system [have] any real immediate significance com- frequently pre-political, which led to the construction of pared with the supreme and urgent need to make Italy that ›artificial object‹ which is the modern Italian na- first and establish it later«.1 tion. This means, however, that other ties of territorial Cavour’s statement, which has subsequently been belonging – municipal, regional-national, and state-re- frequently quoted and commented on,2 is of interest not lated – that would remain alive and very powerful, not- only because of the awareness that it demonstrates of withstanding the absorption of the peninsula’s ancient the necessity and urgency to proceed rapidly with polit- state entities into the new national structure, have re- ical unification in the face of a Europe »that was accus- mained in the shadows and on the margins.5 tomed to expressing disbelief when the Italians spoke Regarding the process of constructing the new uni- of union and concord«,3 but also because it alludes to tary state, it becomes necessary to forge a reinterpre- the diverse nature of the two processes for creating a tation that attempts to combine the realization of aspi- unified Italy: construction of the state and formation of rations to unity with the political and administrative the nation. organization of the former states (›antichi Stati‹) that had ›Making Italy‹ and ›constructing the state‹ are two to yield. We should not forget that the new single state sides of the same coin: they denote processes that are was born from the ashes of seven other states that ceased inextricably bound up with each other but also differ to exist politically and legally. What remained of the ad- in many ways. They use different materials; they re- ministrative and legal structure of these states that was quire different resources; and they operate in different inherited by the new state under construction? How were © 2017 Luigi Blanco. Published by Sciendo. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). AD INISTORY 2/2017 the previous state borders compressed into the internal Italian states. In his view, this was needed to overcome the administrative divisions of the new political structure? ›multinational character‹ that had traditionally marked The intention is therefore to propose a reading of the the history of the peninsula. Building the state was there- process of building the unitary Italian state which takes fore an urgent matter that could not be delayed; the new into account the ›multinational character‹ of the penin- nation was a necessity that should be entrusted to the sula’s history as well as the plurality of the administra- new parliament and the new institutions, educational tive structures and traditions of the former states which ones first and foremost, of a single Italian state. merged, with their peculiarities, into the new state. In the first section of this article, I will provide a brief I will not review the normative and institutional overview of the connection between geography and pol- profiles of the administrative order of the Kingdom of itics in the period of national revival, as it emerges from Italy, which took shape in step with the gradual realiza- the analyses conducted by geographers and politicians tion of political unification. These features are widely involved in the process of national and state unification. known thanks to the now-classic studies carried out on The second will be devoted primarily to the multiplicity the occasion of the first centenary of national unifica- of regional and state spaces which merged, not without tion.6 Instead, I consider it more useful to re-read them difficulties, into the new unitary state, giving rise to the from multiple perspectives, from the centre and the pe- territorial imbalances which still persist on the penin- riphery – or rather from the many centres and periph- sula even today. In the third, I will discuss the territorial eries that participated in the process of forming a united and administrative division of the new state, that is to Italy. I will try to consider the wide array of adminis- say, the question of the administrative constituencies, trative traditions that contributed to the foundation of with all its contradictions. My aim is to make visible the the new state, albeit through different methods, levels fundamental issues relating to the spatial and adminis- of intensity, and speeds. I shall attempt to give new val- trative structure of the new unified state – issues that ue and significance to the differences in ›identity‹ and arose at its inception and during the early years follow- belonging – to the municipal polyphony – that is a fea- ing unification, but would remain unresolved through- ture of the peninsula’s entire history. I will reconsider out its subsequent history. the complex process of territorial assemblage that con- struction of the new single state involved. I shall pursue this task without undervaluing, diminishing or – worse Geography and Politics still – challenging and delegitimizing the process of po- litical unification, as was the case on the occasion of the Napoleon’s reflections on the ›singular‹ geographical 150th anniversary of the unification of Italy, which gave configuration of the Italian peninsula from his exile on rise to ›neo-Bourbon‹ and ›Venetianist‹ interpretations. St Helena still make interesting reading. His secretary, When in the aforementioned letter Cavour speaks of Emmanuel de Las Cases, describes him on his hands and the »need to make Italy«, he is therefore referring to the knees on a large map of Italy spread out on the floor, urgent necessity of achieving political and diplomatic intent on measuring distances. In addition to noting the recognition of the new Italian state. This state emerged exceptional length and limited width of the country, both without the convening of a constituent assembly, by geographic features that impacted on its political desti- way of annexation legitimized through plebiscites, very ny, the former emperor was struck by the clarity and much in line with the Sardinian-Piedmontese experience certainty of its ›natural borders‹, which were all either of statehood, whose main institutions, starting from the maritime or, in the case of its sole land border, marked founding act, the Albertine Statute of 1848, were extend- by the mighty semi-circle of the Alps, the easiest to de- ed to the new political formation of the Kingdom of Italy. fend »of all [...] the European borders«.7 These geograph- The Piedmontese statesman felt, however, that establish- ical considerations would be widely circulated during ing Italy »later« should be a long-term endeavour aimed the Risorgimento. The words of one of the fathers of the Luigi Blanco — Space and Administrative Boundaries at the Birth of Italian Kingdom Luigi Blanco — Space and Administrative at instilling or consolidating a sentiment of identification movement, Giuseppe Mazzini, for whom Italy was the 279 with a single nation into the former subjects of the old »best-defined country in Europe«, are a good example: AD INISTORY 2/2017 In other lands with more uncertain or interrupted that in the multitude of varieties of their aspects and borders, questions may arise that will one day be climates maintain the mark of imposing unity.11 resolved by a peaceful vote of all, but which have cost, and will perhaps continue to cost, more tears That geography provided political discourse and the and blood; as regards yours, no. God has provided creation of the Italian nation with solid anchorage is Italy with sublime, indisputable borders: on one side attested by the significance that representations of the the highest mountains in Europe, the Alps, and on territory and their circulation through cartography – es- the other, the sea, the immense sea. Take a compass, pecially on a small scale – assumed for the construction fix one point in the north of Italy, at Parma, and the of a national identity (which has remained somewhat other at the mouth of the Varo, and trace a semicircle weak, in truth) and the establishment of a spirit of be- towards the Alps. When you have made a semicircle, longing. The image of Italy and the unitary representa- the point that falls at the mouth of the Isonzo will tion of its territory, where political and natural borders have completed the frontier that God gave Italy. Up are one and the same, became a powerful channel of to that frontier the Italian language is spoken and communication for patriotism at the time of the Risorgi- understood; beyond it, you have no claim.8 mento. It was able to provide an evocative indication of the objective of national unification to a country charac- Mazzini’s words show, on the one hand, the power of the terized by extreme variety, profound territorial imbal- theory of a natural border9 in the context of the Risor- ances, and ancient political divisions.12 gimento, and on the other, the pedagogical, educational, The other great issue that animated political debate and moral values associated with geographical discourse and practice during the Risorgimento, that is, the ques- at that time.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Former Political Prisoners and Exiles in the Roman Revolution of 1848
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1989 Between Two Amnesties: Former Political Prisoners and Exiles in the Roman Revolution of 1848 Leopold G. Glueckert Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Glueckert, Leopold G., "Between Two Amnesties: Former Political Prisoners and Exiles in the Roman Revolution of 1848" (1989). Dissertations. 2639. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/2639 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1989 Leopold G. Glueckert BETWEEN TWO AMNESTIES: FORMER POLITICAL PRISONERS AND EXILES IN THE ROMAN REVOLUTION OF 1848 by Leopold G. Glueckert, O.Carm. A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 1989 Leopold G. Glueckert 1989 © All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As with any paper which has been under way for so long, many people have shared in this work and deserve thanks. Above all, I would like to thank my director, Dr. Anthony Cardoza, and the members of my committee, Dr. Walter Gray and Fr. Richard Costigan. Their patience and encourage­ ment have been every bit as important to me as their good advice and professionalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Ibn Hamdis." 26-27: Cormo
    NOTE TO USERS The original manuscript received by UMI contains pages with slanted print. Pages were microfilmed as received. This reproduction is the best copy available Medieval Sicilian fyric poetry: Poets at the courts of Roger IT and Frederick II Karla Mdette A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of PhD Graduate Department of Medieval Studies University of Toronto O Copyright by Karla Mdlette 1998 National Library BibIioth&que nationale me1 of-& du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, nre Wellington OttawaON K1AW OttawaON K1AON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde me licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant a la National Library of Canada to Bibliotheque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distri'bute or sell reproduire, prtter, distnbuer cu copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de nlicrofiche/film, de reprod~ctior~sur papier ou sur format eectronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriete du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protege cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celleci ne doivent Stre imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Medieval Sicilian Lyric Poetry: Poets at the Courts of Roger lI and Frederick II Submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of PhD, 1998 Karla Mallette Centre for Medieval Studies, University of Toronto During the twelfth century, a group of poets at the Norman court in Sicily composed traditional Arabic panegyrics in praise of the kingdom's Christian monarchs.
    [Show full text]
  • A British Reflection: the Relationship Between Dante's Comedy and The
    A British Reflection: the Relationship between Dante’s Comedy and the Italian Fascist Movement and Regime during the 1920s and 1930s with references to the Risorgimento. Keon Esky A thesis submitted in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. University of Sydney 2016 KEON ESKY Fig. 1 Raffaello Sanzio, ‘La Disputa’ (detail) 1510-11, Fresco - Stanza della Segnatura, Palazzi Pontifici, Vatican. KEON ESKY ii I dedicate this thesis to my late father who would have wanted me to embark on such a journey, and to my partner who with patience and love has never stopped believing that I could do it. KEON ESKY iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis owes a debt of gratitude to many people in many different countries, and indeed continents. They have all contributed in various measures to the completion of this endeavour. However, this study is deeply indebted first and foremost to my supervisor Dr. Francesco Borghesi. Without his assistance throughout these many years, this thesis would not have been possible. For his support, patience, motivation, and vast knowledge I shall be forever thankful. He truly was my Virgil. Besides my supervisor, I would like to thank the whole Department of Italian Studies at the University of Sydney, who have patiently worked with me and assisted me when I needed it. My sincere thanks go to Dr. Rubino and the rest of the committees that in the years have formed the panel for the Annual Reviews for their insightful comments and encouragement, but equally for their firm questioning, which helped me widening the scope of my research and accept other perspectives.
    [Show full text]
  • By Filippo Sabetti Mcgill University the MAKING of ITALY AS AN
    THE MAKING OF ITALY AS AN EXPERIMENT IN CONSTITUTIONAL CHOICE by Filippo Sabetti McGill University THE MAKING OF ITALY AS AN EXPERIMENT IN CONSTITUTIONAL CHOICE In his reflections on the history of European state-making, Charles Tilly notes that the victory of unitary principles of organiza- tion has obscured the fact, that federal principles of organization were alternative design criteria in The Formation of National States in West- ern Europe.. Centralized commonwealths emerged from the midst of autonomous, uncoordinated and lesser political structures. Tilly further reminds us that "(n)othing could be more detrimental to an understanding of this whole process than the old liberal conception of European history as the gradual creation and extension of political rights .... Far from promoting (representative) institutions, early state-makers 2 struggled against them." The unification of Italy in the nineteenth century was also a victory of centralized principles of organization but Italian state- making or Risorgimento differs from earlier European state-making in at least three respects. First, the prospects of a single political regime for the entire Italian peninsula and islands generated considerable debate about what model of government was best suited to a population that had for more than thirteen hundred years lived under separate and diverse political regimes. The system of government that emerged was the product of a conscious choice among alternative possibilities con- sidered in the formulation of the basic rules that applied to the organi- zation and conduct of Italian governance. Second, federal principles of organization were such a part of the Italian political tradition that the victory of unitary principles of organization in the making of Italy 2 failed to obscure or eclipse them completely.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Italian Literature Should Follow and Should Precede Other and Parallel Histories
    I. i III 2.3 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY C U rar,y Ubrary PQ4038 G°2l"l 8t8a iterature 1lwBiiMiiiiiiiifiiliiii ! 3 1924 oim 030 978 245 Date Due M#£ (£i* The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924030978245 Short Histories of the Literatures of the World: IV. Edited by Edmund Gosse Short Histories of the Literatures of the World Edited by EDMUND GOSSE Large Crown 8vOj cloth, 6s. each Volume ANCIENT GREEK LITERATURE By Prof. Gilbert Murray, M.A. FRENCH LITERATURE By Prof. Edward Dowden, D.C.L., LL.D. MODERN ENGLISH LITERATURE By the Editor ITALIAN LITERATURE By Richard Garnett, C.B., LL.D. SPANISH LITERATURE By J. Fitzmaurice-Kelly [Shortly JAPANESE LITERATURE By William George Aston, C.M.G. [Shortly MODERN SCANDINAVIAN LITERATURE By George Brandes SANSKRIT LITERATURE By Prof. A. A. Macdonell. HUNGARIAN LITERATURE By Dr. Zoltan Beothy AMERICAN LITERATURE By Professor Moses Coit Tyler GERMAN LITERATURE By Dr. C. H. Herford LATIN LITERATURE By Dr. A. W. Verrall Other volumes will follow LONDON: WILLIAM HEINEMANN \AU rights reserved] A .History of ITALIAN LITERATURE RICHARD GARNETT, C.B., LL.D. Xon&on WILLIAM HEINEMANN MDCCCXCVIII v y. 1 1- fc V- < V ml' 1 , x.?*a»/? Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson &* Co. At the Ballantyne Press *. # / ' ri PREFACE "I think," says Jowett, writing to John Addington Symonds (August 4, 1890), "that you are happy in having unlocked so much of Italian literature, certainly the greatest in the world after Greek, Latin, English.
    [Show full text]
  • Cosmopolitan Networks
    German Historical Institute London Bulletin Supplement Bd. 2 (2011) Copyright Das Digitalisat wird Ihnen von perspectivia.net, der Online-Publikationsplattform der Max Weber Stiftung – Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland, zur Verfügung gestellt. Bitte beachten Sie, dass das Digitalisat urheberrechtlich geschützt ist. Erlaubt ist aber das Lesen, das Ausdrucken des Textes, das Herunterladen, das Speichern der Daten auf einem eigenen Datenträger soweit die vorgenannten Handlungen ausschließlich zu privaten und nicht-kommerziellen Zwecken erfolgen. Eine darüber hinausgehende unerlaubte Verwendung, Reproduktion oder Weitergabe einzelner Inhalte oder Bilder können sowohl zivil- als auch strafrechtlich verfolgt werden. 9 German Entrepreneurial Networks and the Industrialization of Milan MONIKA POETTINGER Introduction: Entrepreneurial Migrations in the Process of Industrialization In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries ‘commerce’, though a measurable entity that was already a primary subject of statistical and accounting works,1 had no life of its own. It existed only as the result of the operation of mercantile networks,2 wide-ranging eco- nomic agents acting through a complex set of personal relationships based on trust and barely reflected in accountable relations between or within firms. The triggering effect that these networks had on eco- nomic development and industrialization was reflected in both eco- nomic and social changes. The exchange of goods and money through the creation and maintenance of trade and payment routes was only one aspect of the activity of merchant groups at the time under consideration. Trade flows and comparative advantages represented the past decisions of merchants and reflected older information and established manufac- turing capabilities. But merchant networks also operated by project- ing into the future.
    [Show full text]
  • Elenco Dei Governi Italiani
    Elenco dei Governi Italiani Questo è un elenco dei Governi Italiani e dei relativi Presidenti del Consiglio dei Ministri. Le Istituzioni in Italia Le istituzioni della Repubblica Italiana Costituzione Parlamento o Camera dei deputati o Senato della Repubblica o Legislature Presidente della Repubblica Governo (categoria) o Consiglio dei Ministri o Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri o Governi Magistratura Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura (CSM) Consiglio di Stato Corte dei Conti Governo locale (Suddivisioni) o Regioni o Province o Comuni Corte costituzionale Unione Europea Relazioni internazionali Partiti e politici Leggi e Regolamenti parlamentari Elezioni e Calendario Referendum modifica Categorie: Politica, Diritto e Stato Portale Italia Portale Politica Indice [nascondi] 1 Regno d'Italia 2 Repubblica Italiana 3 Sigle e abbreviazioni 4 Politici con maggior numero di Governi della Repubblica Italiana 5 Voci correlate Regno d'Italia Periodo Nome del Governo Primo Ministro 23 marzo 1861 - 12 giugno 1861 Governo Cavour Camillo Benso Conte di Cavour[1] 12 giugno 1861 - 3 marzo 1862 Governo Ricasoli I Bettino Ricasoli 3 marzo 1862 - 8 dicembre 1862 Governo Rattazzi I Urbano Rattazzi 8 dicembre 1862 - 24 marzo 1863 Governo Farini Luigi Carlo Farini 24 marzo 1863 - 28 settembre 1864 Governo Minghetti I Marco Minghetti 28 settembre 1864 - 31 dicembre Governo La Marmora Alfonso La Marmora 1865 I Governo La Marmora 31 dicembre 1865 - 20 giugno 1866 Alfonso La Marmora II 20 giugno 1866 - 10 aprile 1867 Governo Ricasoli
    [Show full text]
  • History Italy (18151871) and Germany (18151890) 2Nd Edition Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    HISTORY ITALY (18151871) AND GERMANY (18151890) 2ND EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Michael Wells | 9781316503638 | | | | | History Italy (18151871) and Germany (18151890) 2nd edition PDF Book This is a good introduction, as it shows a clear grasp of the topic, and sets out a logical plan that is clearly focused on the demands of the question. Activities throughout the chapters to encourage an exploratory and inquiring approach to historical learning. Jacqueline Paris. In , Italy forced Albania to become a de facto protectorate. Written by an experienced, practising IB English teacher, it covers key concepts in language and literature studies in a lively and engaging way suited to IB students aged 16— The Fascist regime engaged in interventionist foreign policy in Europe. Would you like to change to the site? Bosworth says of his foreign policy that Crispi:. He wanted to re-establish links with the papacy and was hostile to Garibaldi. Assessment Italy had become one of the great powers — it had acquired colonies; it had important allies; it was deeply involved in the diplomatic life of Europe. You are currently using the site but have requested a page in the site. However, there were some signs that Italy was developing a greater national identity. The mining and commerce of metal, especially copper and iron, led to an enrichment of the Etruscans and to the expansion of their influence in the Italian peninsula and the western Mediterranean sea. Retrieved 21 March Ma per me ce la stiamo cavando bene". Urbano Rattazzi —73 : Rattazzi was a lawyer from Piedmont. PL E Silvio writes: Italy was deeply divided by This situation was shaken in , when the French Army of Italy under Napoleon invaded Italy, with the aims of forcing the First Coalition to abandon Sardinia where they had created an anti-revolutionary puppet-ruler and forcing Austria to withdraw from Italy.
    [Show full text]
  • Real Rome Tours
    Welcome to VIVA Italian Marketplace Welcome to VIVA, Italy’s appeal is undimmed. But such our first ever success has created pressing difficulties. workshop devoted Some destinations suffer from to incoming tourism overcrowding. All need better policy co- in Italy. Ever since ordination. The regulatory environment has ETOA started in not kept pace with the changing market and 1989 Italy has been consumer behaviour. ETOA is here to a destination of discuss such matters, to facilitate better enormous importance for our members, relationships between intermediaries and who sell Europe throughout the world. In their suppliers, and to showcase new that period we have seen a huge expansion products. This is what VIVA is for. in the volume of visitors coming from such traditional markets as USA and Japan. We have welcomed the growth in arrivals from Tom Jenkins new markets such as China and India. CEO, ETOA Benvenuti a VIVA Italian Marketplace Benvenuti a VIVA, il nostro primo workshop pressanti. Alcune destinazioni soffrono di B2B dedicato al turismo in entrata in Italia. sovraffollamento. Tutte hanno bisogno di un Sin dalla nascita di ETOA nel 1989, l'Italia è migliore coordinamento politico. Il contesto stata una delle destinazioni più importanti normativo non ha tenuto il passo con il per i nostri membri, che vendono l'Europa in cambiamento del mercato e del tutto il mondo. Da allora abbiamo assistito comportamento dei consumatori. ETOA è ad un'enorme espansione del volume di qui per discutere di tali questioni, per visitatori provenienti da mercati tradizionali favorire migliori relazioni tra gli intermediari come USA e Giappone, e abbiamo accolto e i loro fornitori e per dare visibilità a nuovi con favore la crescita degli arrivi da nuovi prodotti: da questo nasce VIVA.
    [Show full text]
  • Consensus for Mussolini? Popular Opinion in the Province of Venice (1922-1943)
    UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM SCHOOL OF HISTORY AND CULTURES Department of History PhD in Modern History Consensus for Mussolini? Popular opinion in the Province of Venice (1922-1943) Supervisor: Prof. Sabine Lee Student: Marco Tiozzo Fasiolo ACADEMIC YEAR 2016-2017 2 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the University of Birmingham is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of my words. 3 Abstract The thesis focuses on the response of Venice province population to the rise of Fascism and to the regime’s attempts to fascistise Italian society.
    [Show full text]
  • The Socio-Institutional Divide. Explaining Italy's Regional Inequality Over the Long
    1 Emanuele Felice Università “G. D’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara and Collegio “Carlo Alberto” Torino* The socio-institutional divide. Explaining Italy’s regional inequality over the long run Preliminary draft. Please do not quote without permission Abstract In recent years there have been major advances in the research about the historical pattern of regional inequality in Italy and its historical roots: new and more accurate estimates of regional GDP, as well as of social indicators (human capital, life expectancy, HDI, heights, inequality, social capital) and other indices (market potential), running roughly from around the Unification to our days, are now available. By the light of this up-to-date information, the article reviews the debate about the determinants of regional development in Italy, within the broader framework of the country’s industrial take-off and modern economic growth, and connects it to the main strands of the international literature. After critically discussing the competing hypotheses proposed to account for the different patterns observed and the North-South divide, a different explanation – and the main argument of the article – is presented: a North-South socio- institutional divide pre-existed Unification, in some respects grew stronger with it and was never bridged throughout the history of post-Unification Italy; such a divide ultimately impacted on the levels of human and social capital, as well as upon differences in policies and institutional performance, and thus on economic growth. JEL codes: N93, N94,
    [Show full text]
  • Kazdan Pak Dissertation
    UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Italy's Primary Teachers: The Feminization of the Italian Teaching Profession, 1859-1911 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7fh45860 Author Pak, Julie Kazdan Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Italy’s Primary Teachers: The Feminization of the Italian Teaching Profession, 1859-1911 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Julie Kazdan Pak 2012 © Copyright by Julie Kazdan Pak 2012 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Italy’s Primary Teachers: The Feminization of the Italian Teaching Profession, 1859-1911 by Julie Kazdan Pak Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor Geoffrey Symcox, Chair This dissertation concerns the feminization of the Italian teaching profession between the introduction of pre-Unification schooling in 1859 and the nationalization of that system in 1911. By feminization, this dissertation refers both to the gradual assumption of the majority of elementary teaching positions by women and to a transformation in the nature of the position itself. Through an examination of educational periodicals, school records, government inquests, and accounts by teachers and pedagogical theorists, it argues that rather than the unintended consequence of economic constraints or shifting labor patterns, feminization was fundamentally connected to larger processes of centralization and modernization in the Italian school system. Following an introductory chapter outlining the major national, religious, and gender debates of ii the Unification era, the second chapter of the dissertation argues that the figure of the female elementary teacher became embroiled in the contest between local and national interests, furthering the drive toward centralization.
    [Show full text]