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ADMINISTORY JOURNAL FOR THE HISTORY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION VOLUME 2, 2017 PAGE 278–302 DOI:10.2478/ADHI-2018-0025 Space and Administrative Boundaries at the Birth of the Italian Kingdom LUIGI BLANCO In a letter to General Giacinto Carini dated 14 October timeframes. In recent decades, in the wake of the new 1860, count Cavour, expressing his satisfaction with the ›culturalist‹ attention being devoted to the topic of the Sicilians’ decision to abandon the idea of summoning a nation as an »imagined community«,4 it has above all parliamentary assembly to ratify union with the mon- been the first of these two processes that has been the archy of Vittorio Emanuele II and to accept a plebiscite, catalyst for historiographical debate, with attention wrote: »None of the issues relating to the future inter- being focused on materials of extremely varied origin, nal system [have] any real immediate significance com- frequently pre-political, which led to the construction of pared with the supreme and urgent need to make Italy that ›artificial object‹ which is the modern Italian na- first and establish it later«.1 tion. This means, however, that other ties of territorial Cavour’s statement, which has subsequently been belonging – municipal, regional-national, and state-re- frequently quoted and commented on,2 is of interest not lated – that would remain alive and very powerful, not- only because of the awareness that it demonstrates of withstanding the absorption of the peninsula’s ancient the necessity and urgency to proceed rapidly with polit- state entities into the new national structure, have re- ical unification in the face of a Europe »that was accus- mained in the shadows and on the margins.5 tomed to expressing disbelief when the Italians spoke Regarding the process of constructing the new uni- of union and concord«,3 but also because it alludes to tary state, it becomes necessary to forge a reinterpre- the diverse nature of the two processes for creating a tation that attempts to combine the realization of aspi- unified Italy: construction of the state and formation of rations to unity with the political and administrative the nation. organization of the former states (›antichi Stati‹) that had ›Making Italy‹ and ›constructing the state‹ are two to yield. We should not forget that the new single state sides of the same coin: they denote processes that are was born from the ashes of seven other states that ceased inextricably bound up with each other but also differ to exist politically and legally. What remained of the ad- in many ways. They use different materials; they re- ministrative and legal structure of these states that was quire different resources; and they operate in different inherited by the new state under construction? How were © 2017 Luigi Blanco. Published by Sciendo. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). AD INISTORY 2/2017 the previous state borders compressed into the internal Italian states. In his view, this was needed to overcome the administrative divisions of the new political structure? ›multinational character‹ that had traditionally marked The intention is therefore to propose a reading of the the history of the peninsula. Building the state was there- process of building the unitary Italian state which takes fore an urgent matter that could not be delayed; the new into account the ›multinational character‹ of the penin- nation was a necessity that should be entrusted to the sula’s history as well as the plurality of the administra- new parliament and the new institutions, educational tive structures and traditions of the former states which ones first and foremost, of a single Italian state. merged, with their peculiarities, into the new state. In the first section of this article, I will provide a brief I will not review the normative and institutional overview of the connection between geography and pol- profiles of the administrative order of the Kingdom of itics in the period of national revival, as it emerges from Italy, which took shape in step with the gradual realiza- the analyses conducted by geographers and politicians tion of political unification. These features are widely involved in the process of national and state unification. known thanks to the now-classic studies carried out on The second will be devoted primarily to the multiplicity the occasion of the first centenary of national unifica- of regional and state spaces which merged, not without tion.6 Instead, I consider it more useful to re-read them difficulties, into the new unitary state, giving rise to the from multiple perspectives, from the centre and the pe- territorial imbalances which still persist on the penin- riphery – or rather from the many centres and periph- sula even today. In the third, I will discuss the territorial eries that participated in the process of forming a united and administrative division of the new state, that is to Italy. I will try to consider the wide array of adminis- say, the question of the administrative constituencies, trative traditions that contributed to the foundation of with all its contradictions. My aim is to make visible the the new state, albeit through different methods, levels fundamental issues relating to the spatial and adminis- of intensity, and speeds. I shall attempt to give new val- trative structure of the new unified state – issues that ue and significance to the differences in ›identity‹ and arose at its inception and during the early years follow- belonging – to the municipal polyphony – that is a fea- ing unification, but would remain unresolved through- ture of the peninsula’s entire history. I will reconsider out its subsequent history. the complex process of territorial assemblage that con- struction of the new single state involved. I shall pursue this task without undervaluing, diminishing or – worse Geography and Politics still – challenging and delegitimizing the process of po- litical unification, as was the case on the occasion of the Napoleon’s reflections on the ›singular‹ geographical 150th anniversary of the unification of Italy, which gave configuration of the Italian peninsula from his exile on rise to ›neo-Bourbon‹ and ›Venetianist‹ interpretations. St Helena still make interesting reading. His secretary, When in the aforementioned letter Cavour speaks of Emmanuel de Las Cases, describes him on his hands and the »need to make Italy«, he is therefore referring to the knees on a large map of Italy spread out on the floor, urgent necessity of achieving political and diplomatic intent on measuring distances. In addition to noting the recognition of the new Italian state. This state emerged exceptional length and limited width of the country, both without the convening of a constituent assembly, by geographic features that impacted on its political desti- way of annexation legitimized through plebiscites, very ny, the former emperor was struck by the clarity and much in line with the Sardinian-Piedmontese experience certainty of its ›natural borders‹, which were all either of statehood, whose main institutions, starting from the maritime or, in the case of its sole land border, marked founding act, the Albertine Statute of 1848, were extend- by the mighty semi-circle of the Alps, the easiest to de- ed to the new political formation of the Kingdom of Italy. fend »of all [...] the European borders«.7 These geograph- The Piedmontese statesman felt, however, that establish- ical considerations would be widely circulated during ing Italy »later« should be a long-term endeavour aimed the Risorgimento. The words of one of the fathers of the Luigi Blanco — Space and Administrative Boundaries at the Birth of Italian Kingdom Luigi Blanco — Space and Administrative at instilling or consolidating a sentiment of identification movement, Giuseppe Mazzini, for whom Italy was the 279 with a single nation into the former subjects of the old »best-defined country in Europe«, are a good example: AD INISTORY 2/2017 In other lands with more uncertain or interrupted that in the multitude of varieties of their aspects and borders, questions may arise that will one day be climates maintain the mark of imposing unity.11 resolved by a peaceful vote of all, but which have cost, and will perhaps continue to cost, more tears That geography provided political discourse and the and blood; as regards yours, no. God has provided creation of the Italian nation with solid anchorage is Italy with sublime, indisputable borders: on one side attested by the significance that representations of the the highest mountains in Europe, the Alps, and on territory and their circulation through cartography – es- the other, the sea, the immense sea. Take a compass, pecially on a small scale – assumed for the construction fix one point in the north of Italy, at Parma, and the of a national identity (which has remained somewhat other at the mouth of the Varo, and trace a semicircle weak, in truth) and the establishment of a spirit of be- towards the Alps. When you have made a semicircle, longing. The image of Italy and the unitary representa- the point that falls at the mouth of the Isonzo will tion of its territory, where political and natural borders have completed the frontier that God gave Italy. Up are one and the same, became a powerful channel of to that frontier the Italian language is spoken and communication for patriotism at the time of the Risorgi- understood; beyond it, you have no claim.8 mento. It was able to provide an evocative indication of the objective of national unification to a country charac- Mazzini’s words show, on the one hand, the power of the terized by extreme variety, profound territorial imbal- theory of a natural border9 in the context of the Risor- ances, and ancient political divisions.12 gimento, and on the other, the pedagogical, educational, The other great issue that animated political debate and moral values associated with geographical discourse and practice during the Risorgimento, that is, the ques- at that time.
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