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American Oriental Society American Oriental Society FOUNDED 1842 Constituent of the American Council of Learned Societies And the International Union of Orientalists ABSTRACTS OF COMMUNICATIONS PRESENTED AT THE TWO HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SIXTH MEETING Boston, Massachusetts March 18–21, 2016 c American Oriental Society 2016 New Haven CT and Ann Arbor MI A. Ancient Near East I: Special Joint Session: Ancient Near East/South & Southeast Asia. (Organized by Craig Melchert and Anthony Yates, University of California, Los Angeles) Craig Melchert and Anthony Yates, University of California, Los Angeles, Chairs (1:00 p.m.–5:00 p.m.) Alcott Room ∗ 1. Gaˇsper Beguˇs, Harvard University Caland System in Tocharian The Proto-Indo-European derivational paradigm or “Caland System” has been thoroughly studied in Greek, Latin, and Indo-Iranian, but has received little atten- tion in other branches of the family. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap: building on previous work by Nussbaum (1976) and Fellner (ms.), I investigate the Caland System in Tocharian and put forth an analysis of nine lexical items that I argue belonged to the Caland paradigm. I show that interpreting these Tocharian lexical items in this way offer new insight into the system on both a morphological and semantic level. The newly identified Tocharian Caland vocabulary includes six adjectives and three nouns: (i) TB l¯are ‘dear’; (ii) TB pr¯ake ‘firm, hard’; (iii) TB aikare, ‘empty’, TA ekro ‘poor’; (iv) TB ´sr¯ay (pl.) ‘old’; (v) TB m¯aka, TA m¯ak ‘many, much’; (vi) TB moko, TA mok ‘old, elder’; (vii) TB taupe ‘mine’; (viii) kare ‘worth, rank, dignity’; (ix) TB kr¯am¨ar ‘weight, heaviness’. Several insights arise from this set of lexemes. It is confirmed that Tocharian lost the productive Caland System, but retained some archaisms and introduced some innovations. For example, the nominalized adjective taupe provides evidence for the existence of an o-stem adjective to the root ∗deubh—already in PIE. The adjective moko suggests an archaic status of the nt-formation“ of the root. The adjective ´sr¯ay provides evidence for a u-stem adjective. The noun kare is a rare s-stem adjective of the Tocharian Caland system; its adjectival counterpart kr¯amar could point to an archaic mr/men-formation. 2. Benjamin Fortson, University of Michigan More Reflections on Retroflexion across Word-boundary in the Rigveda At last year’s AOS, I investigated the phenomenon of nati (retroflection of n) across word-boundary in the Rigveda. A number of observations were forwarded about the syntax, prosody, and style of the relevant verses. This paper will compare the results of that study with those of a new one focusing on ruki (retroflexion of s after r, u, k, or i) across word-boundary. 3. Petra Goedegebuure, University of Chicago Waraika, King of not only Hiyawa, but also of the Lands West of the Euphrates? In the Phoenician-Luwian C¸inek¨oy inscription king Waraika of Hiyawa/Que (Cili- cia) celebrates his conquests of territories to the east and the west of Hiyawa and the unification of his country with Assyria (under Tiglath-pileser III). In the Incirli trilingual the same king strikes a more boastful tone, asserting that he is also the king of “the entire Hittite country up until Lebanon” (Kaufman 2007:15). This rather – 1 – outrageous claim means that around the mid-8th century B.C.E. Waraika controlled the Neo-Hittite and Aramean kingdoms of at least Patin, Bit Agusi (Arpad) and Hamath. Perhaps because of the fact that this cannot be reconciled with what is currently known about the history of the period, Waraika’s self-designation as king of what was effectively Hittite North-Syria has not received any attention. I argue that a re-reading of a phrase in §10 of the C¸inek¨oy inscription could provide support for Waraika’s claim in the Incirli inscription. The relevant phrase has received at least three different readings: 1. “FLUMEN”-sa pa+ra/i-ni-wa/i-i “pour le palais du pays du fleuve” (Teko˘glu & Lemaire 2000:970, 972); 2. “FLUMEN”-sa-pa+ra/i-wa/i-ni-zi, as based on Hawkins’s translation as “des Flusses Sapara” (2005:156), with Sapara = Saros = Seyhan river (l.c., fn. 26); 3. “FLUMEN”-sa pa+ra/i-wa/i-ni-zi, Payne 2012:43 (she leaves the phrase untrans- lated). Accepting Payne’s parsing of the signs, I read the sequence as nom.pl. of /habas pari(ya)wanni-/ “(that) of beyond/across the river”. This could of course refer to the plain to the west of the Seyhan river, the main river of Cilicia, but it is also possible to understand it as a calque on the Assyrian geographical name eber nari, the Trans- Euphrates. The latter understanding of the phrase supports Waraika’s remarkable claim in the Incirli inscription and requires a reassessment of the historical sources of the mid 8th century. Hawkins J.D. (2005). “Sp¨athethitische Herrscherinschriften; 4.1 Die Inschrift des Katuwas, des Landesherrn von Kargamiˇs; 4.2 Die Inschrift des Jariri, Regenten von Kargamiˇs; 4.3 Die Inschrift des Warikas von Hiyawa aus C¸inek¨oy; 4.4 Die zweisprachige Inschrift des Azatiwatas vom Karatepe”, in: TUAT-NF 2: 151–159. Kaufman, S. (2007). “The Phoenician Inscription of the Incirli Trilingual. A Tentative Reconstruction and Translation”. MAARAV 14.2: 7–26. Payne, A. (2012). Iron Age Hieroglyphic Luwian Inscriptions (SBL Writings from the Ancient World 29). Atlanta. Teko˘gu, R. and Lemaire, A. (2000). “La Bilingue Royale Louvito-Ph´enicien de C¸inek¨oy”. Comptes Rendus de l’Acad´emie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres 2000:961–1006. 4. Dieter Gunkel, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit¨at M¨unchen On Meter and Word order in the Rigveda Do metrical constraints partly determine the word order of the Rigveda? If so, word order would tell us less about the meaning of the text than it does in prose, and the Rigveda’s value for the study of syntax would be compromised. Opinions on the issue vary, due in part to the fact that differences between the word order patterns of the mantra language and prose may be due to meter, language change, genre, or some combination thereof.1 The case studies presented in this paper attempt to circumvent that issue by comparing Rigvedic orders in metrically neutral contexts (i.e. where inversion of paired elements would not affect the meter), e.g. 1 On the importance of genre and discourse type, see Jamison 1991 and Hock 2000. – 2 – ya¯´bhih. s´ındhum ´avatha ya¯´bhis tu¯´rvatha 8.20.24a REL:INSTR.PL Sindhu:ACC you.help REL:INSTR.PL you.prevail ‘with which you help the Sindhu, with which you prevail’ bhujy´um. ya¯´bhir ´avatho ya¯´bhir ´adhrigum 1.112.20b Bhujyu:ACC REL:INSTR.PL you.aid REL:INSTR.PL Adhrigu:ACC ‘with which you help Bhujyu, with which (you help) Adhrigu’ with Rigvedic orders in non-neutral contexts, e.g. y´ena pit.r¯´n ´acodayah. 1.42.5c REL:INSTR.SG forefathers:ACC you.spurred.on ‘with which you spurred on (our) forefathers’ ray´ım. y´ena v´an¯amahai 9.101.9d wealth:ACC REL:INSTR.SG we.will.win ‘with whom we will win wealth’. If metrical constraints affect word order, we expect neutral and non-neutral pairs to exhibit different order-meaning mappings and/or different ordering frequencies. Works cited: Hock, Hans Henrich. 2000. “Genre, discourse, and syntax in Sanskrit.” In Textual parameters in older languages, ed. S. Herring et al., 163–95. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Jamison, Stephanie W. 1991. “The syntax of direct speech in Vedic.” In Sense and syntax in Vedic, ed. Joel P. Brereton and Stephanie W. Jamison, 40–61. Leiden: Brill. 5. Rebecca Hasselbach-Andee, University of Chicago Dative or no Dative: The Function of the Morpheme ∗-is in Semitic The study of ancient Semitic languages has traditionally been dominated by the methodologies of Historical and Comparative Linguistics as developed on the basis of Indo-European. Although other linguistic methodologies, such as Generative Gram- mar, Discourse Analysis, Pragmatics, and, to a certain extent, Typology, have started to become more popular in recent years, this is still true today. One of the main aims of Historical Linguistics is, of course, the reconstruction of the ancestor language of a language family or individual language. In the case of Semitic, Historical Linguistics has been applied quite successfully for this purpose and has yielded important results. Many features of Proto Semitic, such as its phonological inventory and certain aspects of its morphology such as the basic verbal system, have been established with relative certainty. It is, however, general consensus as well that the method has its limitations. One such limitation is that it cannot recover any feature of an ancestral language that has disappeared without a trace. Furthermore, it faces limitations with regard to the time depth a reconstruction can achieve. In this paper, I will present a case study for the application of Historical Linguistics to Semitic. An issue that has long been debated is the original function of a morpheme that can be reconstructed as ∗-is to Proto Semitic. In Akkadian and Ugaritic, this morpheme (-iˇs/-h) indicates direction – 3 – toward an entity and marks adverbs, while in Hebrew, it is only used as directional morpheme. It has been suggested by several scholars that this morpheme reflects an original dative, while others see it as an adverbial marker with no case function. I will discuss the arguments in favor and against these two main functional reconstructions in the framework of Historical Linguistics and suggest an alternative approach for those cases in which Historical Linguistics reaches its limitations.
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