Pelintiran Kebencian

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Pelintiran Kebencian Pelintiran Rekayasa Kebencian Ketersinggungan Agama dan Ancamannya bagi Demokrasi Cherian George Pelintiran Kebencian Pelintiran Kebencian Rekayasa Ketersinggungan Agama dan Ancamannya bagi Demokrasi Cherian George Pusat Studi Agama dan Demokrasi (PUSAD) Yayasan Paramadina Jakarta, 2017 Pelintiran Kebencian Rekayasa Ketersinggungan Agama dan Ancamannya bagi Demokrasi Karya Cherian George © 2016 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Penerjemah: Tim PUSAD Paramadina dan IIS UGM Penyunting: Ihsan Ali-Fauzi dan Irsyad Rafsadie Cetakan I, Desember 2017 Diterbitkan oleh Pusat Studi Agama dan Demokrasi (PUSAD) Yayasan Paramadina bekerjasama dengan Institute of International Studies (IIS) Jurusan Ilmu Hubungan Internasional Universitas Gadjah Mada didukung oleh The Asia Foundation Alamat Penerbit: Bona Indah Plaza Blok A2 No B11 Jl. Karang Tengah Raya, Lebak Bulus, Cilandak Jakarta Selatan 12440 Tel. (021) 765 5253 Perpustakaan Nasional: Katalog Dalam Terbitan (KDT) Cherian George Pelintiran Kebencian: Rekayasa Ketersinggungan Agama dan Ancamannya bagi Demokrasi/Cherian George; penyunting, Ihsan Ali- Fauzi dan Irsyad Rafsadie. —Jakarta: PUSAD Paramadina, 2017. x + 370 h.; 15,5 x 23 cm. ISBN 978-979-772-058-2 Subjek: Penodaan agama—Hukum dan perundangan | Penodaan agama—Aspek politik. | Kebebasan berekspresi. | Persekusi politik. | Ujaran kebencian—Hukum dan perundangan Mengenang Ibrahim Haji Kader Mustan (1925-1976) dan Samsu Rizal Panggabean (1961-2017) Daftar Isi Pengantar Penerbit iii Prakata v Ucapan Terima Kasih ix 1 Pelintiran Kebencian sebagai Politik dengan Cara Lain 1 2 Menggunakan Aturan Apa?: Hak Asasi Manusia dan Otoritas Keagamaan 33 3 Tuhan, Google, dan Globalisasi Ketersinggungan 75 4 India: Narendra Modi dan Pemanfaatan Kebencian 107 5 Indonesia: Demokrasi yang Diuji di Tengah Intoleransi 145 6 Amerika Serikat: Kebebasan yang Luar Biasa, Ketakutan yang Mengada-ada 179 7 Melawan Melalui Media dan Masyarakat Sipil 211 8 Pluralisme Asertif untuk Dunia yang Majemuk 243 Catatan Akhir 277 Daftar Pustaka 323 Biodata Penulis 351 Indeks 353 Pengantar Penerbit Ketika pada sekitar Januari dan Februari tahun ini, 2017, kami di Pusat Studi Agama dan Demokrasi (PUSAD) membaca dan mendiskusikan edisi Inggris buku ini, kami segera menyadari relevansi tesis-tesis besarnya dengan suasana sosial dan politik di Indonesia. Saat itu kita sedang disibukkan oleh Pilkada Jakarta, yang gema dan dampaknya memengaruhi seantero pelosok negeri. Kami menemukan dalam peristiwa itu apa yang dalam buku ini disebut “pelintiran kebencian”. Dan di sana kami melihat bukti-bukti kuatnya klaim Cherian George, penulisnya: alat strategis itu, pelintiran kebencian, digunakan para makelar politik untuk memenangkan pertarungan Pilkada Jakarta dengan cara-cara yang jelas membahayakan demokrasi. Menariknya, Indonesia adalah salah satu negara demokrasi yang dijadikan bahan studi kasus dalam buku ini, selain Amerika Serikat dan India. Peristiwa dalam Pilkada Jakarta seperti memberi kami sequel atau apendiks dari apa yang disampaikan George dalam salah satu bab bukunya. Hal yang sama juga akan tampak jika nanti Anda membaca bab mengenai Amerika Serikat, merenungkan kembali cara-cara Donald Trump memenangkan pemilihan umum, dan melihat langkah-langkah aktualnya kini sebagai presiden terpilih. Semuanya menunjukkan bahaya pelintiran kebencian sebagai strategi politik. Menimbang makna penting buku ini, kami memutuskan untuk menerjemahkannya ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Sebelumnya, kami sempat mendiskusikannya di Jakarta, antara lain dengan menghadirkan penulisnya. Saya sendiri pernah menulis tinjauannya di Tempo (14 Mei 2017). iii iv Pengantar Penerbit Selain mencerahkan, membantu kita memahami situasi yang sedang berkembang, nilai penting lain buku ini adalah karena penulisnya menawarkan obat yang dapat kita minum untuk mengatasi wabah penyakit pelintiran kebencian. Tawaran-tawaran itu penting kita diskusikan, khususnya dengan meletakkannya dalam konteks kita. Agar demokrasi kita bisa bertahan, kita wajib memahami apa yang menggerogoti tubuhnya dan mencari pil yang bisa menyembuhkannya. Penerbitan edisi Indonesia ini akan bermanfaat jika para pembaca bisa berbagi dengan kami tentang dua kepedulian itu: bahwa pelintiran kebencian adalah penyakit sangat berbahaya, dan bahwa penyakit itu ada obatnya, meskipun tidak mudah ditelan, karena ia mensyaratkan partisipasi setiap warganegara! Begitulah demokrasi dan dilemanya: sistem politik ini bisa mengobati diri sendiri, menjadikannya lebih kuat, tapi cara- cara mengobatinya harus demokratis pula. Demokrasi mengharamkan prinsip “tujuan menghalalkan cara”, yang persis merupakan prinsip dasar bekerjanya pelintiran kebencian. Kami ingin mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Cherian George dan Penerbit MIT, yang sudah memercayakan kami mengerjakan edisi ini. Juga kepada Asia Foundation dan kawan-kawan lain di PUSAD dan IIS-UGM yang turut sibuk bekerja dalam rangka penerbitan edisi ini. Akhirnya, jika Cherian George mendedikasikan bukunya kepada bapak mertuanya, kami ingin mendedikasikan edisi Bahasa Indonesia buku ini kepada almarhum Samsu Rizal Panggabean – sahabat, guru dan inspirasi kami, yang wafat pada 7 September 2017 lalu. Mengenang kembali segala jihadnya sepanjang hayat, tak mengherankan jika almarhum adalah orang pertama yang turut mendorong penerjemahan buku ini dan meminta saya berceramah mengenainya di depan mahasiswanya Jurusan Hubungan Internasional UGM. Semoga kegembiraan almarhum bertambah dengan terbitnya edisi ini dan beliau bisa lebih damai di sisi-Nya di sana.*** Jakarta, 2 Desember 2017 Ihsan Ali-Fauzi PUSAD Paramadina Prakata Beberapa tahun lalu di Malaysia, sekelompok massa yang dimobilisasi oleh aktivis Muslim garis keras membubarkan sebuah forum diskusi mengenai kebebasan beragama. Polisi datang untuk memulihkan ketertiban – dengan menginstruksikan penyelenggara untuk membatalkan pertemuan mereka agar tidak memprovokasi lebih lanjut para pengunjuk rasa.1 Saya cukup tercengang ketika mendengar peristiwa ini dapat terjadi di sebuah negara yang memiliki reputasi baik dalam bidang toleransi beragama. Saya tidak akan seterkejut itu jika kalangan konservatif-religius tadi marah terhadap konser musik rock, atau yang mereka anggap sebagai serangan atas nilai- nilai keluarga. Justru sebaliknya, mereka marah terhadap gagasan kegiatan lintas-iman. Entah bagaimana, para pemeluk kepercayaan mayoritas – tepatnya, agama resmi negara – telah meyakinkan diri mereka sendiri bahwa status mereka sedang terancam. Dan entah bagaimana pula, pihak berwenang memutuskan bahwa cara tepat guna menyelesaikan perselisihan adalah dengan memihak mereka yang meneriakkan hasutan ketersinggungan dan membungkam ujaran yang sesungguhnya harus dihargai. Sebelumnya, yang menjadi perhatian utama saya adalah sensor-sensor konvensional yang dilakukan pemerintah. Bekerja sebagai seorang jurnalis dan akademisi di lingkungan yang tidak liberal semacam Singapura, saya akrab dengan keinginan pejabat pemerintah untuk membatasi diskursus politik dan ekspresi keluhan masyarakat. Tetapi, ada yang lain dari peristiwa di atas (di Malaysia). Pengunjuk rasa menunjukkan sisi gelap dari kuasa rakyat (people power) – publik yang yakin dengan keutamaan opininya, intoleran terhadap perbedaan, dan menggunakan ruang demokrasi untuk v vi Prakata mencekik kebebasan pihak lain. Saya mulai menyadari adanya peristiwa serupa di mana-mana. Pada masa di mana hanya ada sedikit tantangan yang lebih mendesak dan universal daripada belajar hidup dalam keberagaman, para oportunis menggunakan propaganda kebencian untuk menciptakan delusi mengenai komunitas-komunitas “murni” yang perlu dilindungi dari noda yang diberikan pihak lain. Beberapa di antaranya berbentuk ujaran kebencian (hate speech), yang mendorong kekerasan terhadap kelompok- kelompok yang tidak disukai. Dalam kasus lainnya, propaganda kebencian termanifestasikan sebagai ledakan ketersinggungan massa akan sebuah penghinaan. Pengunjuk rasa menuntut intervensi langsung pemerintah, atau terlibat dalam aksi-aksi main hakim sendiri guna meredakan perasaan agama yang terluka. Para pengamat biasanya mendeksripsikan konflik-konflik semacam ini sebagai sesuatu yang primordial, berakar dari psikologi kesukuan serta diperkuat oleh pesan-pesan para nabi dan pengkhotbah. Dalam tafsiran ini, naluri manusia – ditambahkan dengan firman Tuhan – sudah cukup menjelaskan kejadian yang tampak spontan dan tak terelakkan ini. Pertanyaan saya bermula dari asumsi yang berbeda: barangkali, episode- episode kebencian dan ketersinggungan skala besar terhadap kelompok tertentu bukanlah respons alami terhadap keberagaman masyarakat; tetapi justru merupakan hasil dari kampanye-kampanye canggih yang diproduksi wirausahawan politik demi kepentingan strategis mereka. Segera menjadi jelas bagi saya bahwa strategi menghina dan merasa terhina merupakan teknik berwajah ganda dalam pertarungan politik. Karena saya tidak dapat menemukan terminologi guna menggambarkan fenomena ini, saya memutuskan untuk menamainya pelintiran kebencian (hate spin). Buku ini adalah studi tentang bagaimana pelintiran kebencian beroperasi dan bagaimana demokrasi perlu mengatasinya. Dalam delapan babnya, saya menganalisis episode-episode transnasional, seperti kontroversi seputar publikasi kartun Nabi Muhammad pada 2005-2006. Saya juga menyelidiki beberapa konflik domestik di tiga negara demokrasi terbesar dunia. Kelompok-kelompok garis kanan Hindu konservatif di India, Islam konservatif di Indonesia, dan Kristen konservatif di Amerika Serikat – semuanya melibatkan agen pelintiran
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