The Aftermath of Charlie Hebdo
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Transnational Media Events
TRANSNATIONAL MEDIATRANSNATIONAL EVENTS In September 2005, a newspaper in Denmark published 12 cartoons depicting Mohammed, the holy Prophet of Islam. Soon after publication, these pictures became part of various events, political projects and diplomatic action. All over the world, the cartoons – or interpretations of them – were connected to dis- cursive struggles that pre-existed their drawing and publication. The cartoon event thus extended well beyond its immediate dramatic phase of spring 2006, both into the past and the future, and became at least a small landmark case of post-9/11 global media history. TRANSNATIONAL MEDIA EVENTS In this book, a community of international media researchers collects some of the lessons learned and questions provoked and offered by media coverage of The MOHAMMED CARTOONS and the the Mohammed cartoons in 16 countries, ranging from Denmark, Egypt and Argentina to Pakistan and Canada. The book looks at the coverage of the car- IMAGINED CLASH of CIVILIZATIONS toons and related incidents through a number of conceptual lenses: political spin, free speech theory, communication rights, the role of visuals and images in global communication, Orientalism and its counter-discourses, media’s rela- tions to immigration policy, and issues of integration. Through this approach, the book aims at a nuanced understanding of the cartoon controversy itself as well as at more general insights into the role of the media in contemporary transnational and transcultural relations. Elisabeth Eide, Risto Kunelius & Angela Phillips -
The Internet and the Radicalization of Muslim Women
The Internet and the Radicalization of Muslim Women Sergio E. Sanchez California State University, Chico Department of Political Science Chico, CA 95929 [email protected] “to kill one and frighten 10,000 others” - Chinese Proverb Paper prepared for Presentation at the annual meeting of the Western Political Science Association, Seattle, WA, April 2014. Abstract The Internet, with its built in anonymity and continuous availability – 24 hours a day, seven days a week- is for some the perfect venue for chatting, meeting new people, learning about topics of interest, and a source for countless hours of entertainment. Moreover, the Internet allows individuals from all over the country, or the world, who are from different socioeconomic backgrounds but who share similar interests and ideologies to interact and communicate privately. However, the Internet is also a readymade platform for the spread of hate, terror, and other radical ideas and messages, all of which can be transmitted at the speed of light, anonymously, and available on demand. The Internet is, therefore, an ideal venue for women to interact with likeminded individuals or organizations without having to sacrifice or tarnish their standing in the community or among their families. Women from repressive countries such as Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Palestine can participate in jihad without leaving their homes and without having to meet strange men face-to-face and, consequently, bring shame to their families or themselves – as per traditional Islamic practices. Likewise, women involved or interested in radical environmentalism can meet online, share ideas, and continue their struggle against governments and corporations. Similarly, women involved, or fascinated with, right-wing religious movements or hate groups such as the KKK or neo-Nazis can likewise meet in a private setting, virtually, with little concern that their reputations or image within the community will be tarnished by their surreptitious activities online. -
Terrorist Tactics and Strategies Compiled and Selected by Judith Tinnes
PERSPECTIVES ON TERRORISM Volume 12, Issue 5 Bibliography: Terrorist Tactics and Strategies Compiled and selected by Judith Tinnes [Bibliographic Series of Perspectives on Terrorism - BSPT-JT-2018-6] Abstract This bibliography contains journal articles, book chapters, books, edited volumes, theses, grey literature, bibliographies and other resources on terrorist tactics and strategies (such as the planning of attacks, targeting, decision making, and successful or failed plots). Though focusing on recent literature, the bibliography is not restricted to a particular time period and covers publications up to September 2018. The literature has been retrieved by manually browsing more than 200 core and periphery sources in the field of Terrorism Studies. Additionally, full-text and reference retrieval systems have been employed to broaden the search. Keywords: bibliography; resources; literature; terrorism; tactics, strategies, planning, plots, attacks, targeting, decision making NB: All websites were last visited on 16.09.2018. - See also Note for the Reader at the end of this literature list. Bibliographies and other Resources Al-Khalidi, Ashraf; Renahan, Thomas (Eds.) (2015, May-): Daesh Daily: An Update On ISIS Activities. URL: http://www.daeshdaily.com Atkins, Stephen E. (2011): Annotated Bibliography. In: Stephen E. Atkins (Ed.): The 9/11 Encyclopedia. (Vol. 1). (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 481-508. Bergen, Peter et al. (2016-): Terrorism in America after 9/11. (New America In-Depth Report). URL: https:// www.newamerica.org/in-depth/terrorism-in-america Bowie, Neil G. (2017, August): Terrorism Events Data: An Inventory of Databases and Data Sets, 1968-2017. Perspectives on Terrorism, 11(4), 50-72. URL: https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/ customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2017/issue-4/0620174-terrorism-events-data-an-inventory-of- databases-and-data-sets-1968-2017-by-neil-g.-bowie.pdf Bowie, Neil G.; Schmid, Alex P. -
Andrea Reed's Thesis
MUHAMMAD AS REPRESENTATIVE FORM: A VISUAL RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DANISH CARTOON CONTROVERSY By ANDREA REED A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Communication May 2009 Winston-Salem, North Carolina Approved By: Alessandra Beasley Von Burg, Ph.D., Advisor _________________________________ Examinating Committee: Margaret D. Zulick, Ph.D. ___________________________________ Peter Furia, Ph.D. ___________________________________ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Alessandra Beasley Von Burg for her indispensible guidance with this project. This thesis would not have been possible without her expertise in the area of rhetoric and on topics related to European affairs, not to mention her patience. I sincerely thank Dr. Margaret Zulick and Dr. Peter Furia for graciously agreeing to sit on my panel and reflect upon my thesis. I also must thank Dr. Allan Louden and Dr. Ananda Mitra who both served as Director of the graduate program during my time at Wake Forest. I would also like to thank my other professors who have been great teachers and inspirational thinkers, Dr. Michael Hyde, Dr. Steve Giles, and Dr. Peter Brunette and the rest of the Department of Communication. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ……………..…………………………………………………... iv ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………. v INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………….... 1 CHAPTER 1 ………………………………………………………………………..... 4 Review of the Literature ……………………………………………………... 5 Visual Rhetoric as Ideographs: the Representative Form ………………….. 15 Rhetoric and Social Controversy ………………………………………….... 19 Methodology ………………………………………………………………... 23 CHAPTER 2 ………………………………………………………………………... 27 The Muhammad Cartoons as Visual Ideographs ………………………….... 29 The Re-Appropriation of the Prophet Muhammad………………………….. 42 CHAPTER 3 ……………………………………………………………………….. -
Blasphemy, Charlie Hebdo, and the Freedom of Belief and Expression
Blasphemy, Charlie Hebdo, and the Freedom of Belief and Expression The Paris attacks and the reactions rashad ali The horrific events in Paris, with the killing of a group of Other reactions highlight and emphasise the fact journalists, a Police officer, and members of the Jewish that Muslims are also victims of terrorism – often the community in France have shocked and horrified most main victims – a point which Charlie Hebdo made in commentators. These atrocities, which the Yemen branch an editorial of the first issue of the magazine published of the global terrorist group al-Qaeda have claimed the following the attack on its staff. Still others highlight responsibility for,1 have led to condemnations from that Jews were targeted merely because they were Jews.2 across the political spectrum and across religious divides. This was even more relevant given how a BBC journalist Some ubiquitous slogans that have arisen, whether appeared to suggest that there was a connection between Je suis Charlie, Ahmed, or Juif, have been used to show how “Jews” treated Palestinians in Israel and the killing of empathy with various victims of these horrid events. Jews in France in a kosher shop.3 These different responses illustrate some of the divides in The most notorious response arguably has not come public reaction, with solidarity shown to various camps. from Islamist circles but from the French neo-fascist For example, some have wished to show support and comedian Dieudonne for stating on his Facebook solidarity with the victims but have not wished to imply account “je me sens Charlie Coulibaly” (“I feel like Charlie or show support to Charlie Hebdo as a publication, Coulibaly”). -
When Caricature Meets Resistance
Chapter 9 When Caricature Meets Resistance Eva Beate Strømsted Self-censorship? Yes. There wasn’t much of it before, but today it [the satire] is drenched in self-censorship. I feel it affects almost everything I draw now. Earlier I just made a drawing with my opinion, and it got published. But now I think: ‘Okay, if I make it this way, it will not get published.’ Eventually I make a drawing that will be accepted (Cartoonist 3). According to Freedberg (1991), humans have always worshiped and feared images, giving pictures powerful and magical influence, ruining and censoring them. With regards to the art of cartoons, its aesthetics have been seen as a strong political weapon. It is especially within the last decade’s dramatic developments that the thoughts of the Norwegian cartoonist in the above quote must be located. In Paris 7 January 2015, two Islamists, Saïd and Chérif Kouachi, connected to Al-Qaida’s branch in Yemen, forced their way into the office of the French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo. Armed with assault rifles and other weapons, they killed 12 people and injured 11 others, all because of Charlie Hebdo’s drawings of Muhammad (Samuelsen 2015). However, the magazine has always published cartoons insulting whomever, often in a completely disrespectful manner, and the assassinations at Charlie Hebdo must be seen as an extension of the cartoon controversy that started ten years earlier. In 2005, Flemming Rose, the culture editor of the Danish newspaper, Jyllands- Posten, wanted to contribute to the debate about criticism of Islam and self-censorship among European artists. -
Chapter I Introduction
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This first chapter outlines the main background and problem identification as the introductory gate of the research in order to have a better a comprehension toward the research topic. I.1. Background In mass communication, the written culture has progressively been overshadowed by an audiovisual culture. Parsa (2004) explains that in the present day, what was previously pages worth of documentation could easily be told in a 2-hour movie or a 60-minute documentary. An emphasis on visual messages does not necessarily mean that words are less important. The most powerful and meaningful messages are combined with words and pictures. Considering the rapid developments in technology, we are gradually moving toward a visually mediated society. The world has been caught up in an ever-flowing process, which can only be explained through the unique rules of an ‘audio-visual language’ with the invention of photographs, cinemas and televisions, which are used to record both still and moving images, although the ‘written language’ is still remains fundamental to the construction of meaning and the meaning itself. To facilitate a better understanding toward the written narratives, supporting images can be found in cinemas, newspapers, magazines, books, posters, computer screens, television screens, clothes and even restaurant menus. (Parsa 2002, 844). Image has in fact a dual nature, being both concrete and capable of expressing larger meanings symbolically and metaphorically as it speaks within an experiential, assosiationistic, and holistic logic (Barry 1997, 122). Parsa (2004) tries to break down the strength of visual image that differs from written text, as quoted from Schneider & Raue: 1 Visual image is neither good nor bad information compared to texts. -
En Rammeanalyse Av Karikatursaken I Norge
En rammeanalyse av karikatursaken i Norge Freweini Katerina Weldeghebriel Masteroppgave i religionshistorie | Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk | Universitetet i Oslo | høsten 2008 Forord Tusen takk til min veileder Torkel Brekke, for god veileding og for å ha trodd på oppgaven min. Jeg vil også takke min biveileder Oddbjørn Leirvik for gode råd. En stor takk til Vebjørn Selbekk, Per Edgar Kokkvold, Raymond Johansen, Shoaib Sultan, Vebjørn Horsfjord og Basim Ghozlan, som villig stilte opp til intervju. Takk til de vitenskapelige ansatte på religionshistorie, hvis dører det bare er å banke på. Jeg vil også takke Njål Høstmælingen for god tilbakemelding på mine forespørsler. Gjennom mitt siste år som masterstudent, har jeg vært så heldig å være tilknyttet forskningsprogrammet ”Kulturell kompleksitet i det nye Norge” (Culcom). Tusen takk for faglig, sosial og økonomisk støtte. Tusen takk til Fredrikke Horn-Hanssen for all hjelp og et godt vennskap. En stor takk rettes også til Cecilie Ødegård og Asla Maria Bø, for gjennomlesning og korrekturlesning. Jeg vil også takke medstudenter på religionshistorie, og spesielt Therese Bogstad for gode og hjelpsomme samtaler. Takk til Baby Johannessen for gode samtaler. Tusen takk til Henrik, for all din støtte, oppmuntring og tålmodighet. Til slutt vil jeg takke min mor, min aller beste støttespiller! ii Innhold Forord........................................................................................................................................ii Innhold .....................................................................................................................................iii -
Afghan Women and the Taliban
Afghan Women and the Taliban: An Exploratory Assessment Seran de Leede ICCT Policy Brief April 2014 Recent years have seen an increase in visible and sometimes even prominent roles for women in terrorist organisations. Both academics and organisations involved in counter-terrorism have paid increasing attention on the role of women not only as supporters of, but also as opponents to political violence. This Policy Brief examines the position of women in Afghanistan vis-à-vis the Taliban. Leiden University researcher Seran de Leede explores if Afghan women have been involved in the armed struggle of the Taliban as either active or passive supporters. She also considers the resilience women have shown towards political violence in Afghanistan and the possible role women can play in countering violent extremism in the country. Ultimately, this Policy Brief aims to contribute to a better understanding of the role of women in (countering) political violence in Afghanistan. About the Author Seran de Leede is a researcher at Leiden University’s Centre for Terrorism and Counterterrorism in The Hague, where she supported ICCT Research Fellow Prof. Dr. Beatrice de Graaf in her research activities. She completed her Master’s degree in modern history at the University of Leiden in February 2012. De Leede specialises in modern right-wing extremism in Germany, with a special interest in the position of women in terrorist organisations. About ICCT - The Hague The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague (ICCT) is an independent knowledge centre that focuses on information creation, collation and dissemination pertaining to the preventative and international legal aspects of counter-terrorism. -
9 Charlie Hebdo Case Study
Putri, et.al., Charlie Hebdo Case Study: Public Order as a Limit… 9 CHARLIE HEBDO CASE STUDY: PUBLIC ORDER AS LIMIT TO FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION* Devita Kartika Putri** and Agam Subarkah*** Abstract Intisari The freedom of expression is not an Kebebasan berekspresi bukan merupakan absolute right. It comes with limited hak mutlak. Terdapat keterbatasan dari limitations set out in the ICCPR and ECHR— ICCPR dan ECHR— yang berlaku kepada applicable to France, taking into account Prancis, dengan mempertimbangkan public order, ensuring the rights of others, ketertiban umum, menjamin hak-hak orang and it needs to be prescribed by law. A lain, dan perlu ditentukan oleh hukum. state may give its full support to the Sebuah negara dapat memberikan dukungan freedom of expression, but when its penuh terhadap kebebasan berekspresi, exercise is no longer harmless, one must tetapi ketika implementasinya tidak lagi question the extent of such freedom; how it berbahaya, harus dipertanyakan sejauh must be compatible and in respect with mana kebebasan tersebut; bagaimana other rights that are as important as the kebebasannya kompatibel dan sehubungan freedom of expression. This article seeks to dengan hak-hak lain yang sama pentingnya see how the limitation to freedom of dengan kebebasan berekspresi. Naskah ini expression can be applied in relation to berusaha untuk melihat bagaimana post Charlie Hebdo event. pembatasan kebebasan berekspresi dapat diterapkan dalam kaitannya dengan kasus Charlie Hebdo. Keywords: Charlie Hebdo, freedom of expression, public order, respect for religion, responsibility to protect, human rights. Kata Kunci: Charlie Hebdo, kebebasan berekspresi, ketertiban umum, menghormati agama, tanggung jawab untuk melindungi, hak asasi manusia. -
Flemming Rose Editor Jyllands Posten Responsable 12 Muhammad Cartoons Rewarded
Beat: Local FLEMMING ROSE EDITOR JYLLANDS POSTEN RESPONSABLE 12 MUHAMMAD CARTOONS REWARDED COVETED PRESS AWARD, MAY 2015 PARIS - COPENHAGEN, 06.10.2015, 18:17 Time USPA NEWS - Flemming Rose decided to publish twelve Muhammad cartoons creating a global controversy when he was in 2005 the culture editor of Daily 'Jyllands-Postenwas'. In May 2015, he was given a coveted Press Award by the Denmark's National Press Club. The cartoons were also published in French... Flemming Rose decided to publish twelve Muhammad cartoons creating a global controversy when he was in 2005 the culture editor of Daily 'Jyllands-Postenwas'. In May 2015, he was given a coveted Press Award by the Denmark's National Press Club. The cartoons were also published in French weekly 'Charlie Hebdo'. The Danish Press Club gave him its annual Publicistpris Prize for 'being a strong and cental actor in the international debate about freedom of speech'. Previously, Flemming Rose was 'nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize' by a Norwegian MP who said 'Giving a prize to a consistent defender of freedom of expression, even at a personal cost, would give a sign that those who try to muzzle that freedom through cowardly attacks against civilians, thus undermining peace between peoples, cannot ever succeed.' (according to Norway's NTB news Agency). Also, Swedish artist Lars Vilks, who whipped up outrage across the Muslim world with his 2007 sketch of the Prophet as a dog, was given a Prize by a 'Danish Free Press Society' group. He was attaked beginning of this year when attending a 'debate on free speech'. -
AHA 2010 Freedom of Expression and the Rights of Women
www.theAHAfoundation.org FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN Political Islam’s threat to freedom of expression is bad for everyone, but hurts women the most December 2, 2010 Published by the AHA Foundation The AHA Foundation 130 7th Avenue, Suite 236, New York, NY 10011 [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary & Recommendations 3 Introduction: The Price of Freedom of Expression 6 Section 1: The Importance of Freedom of Expression for the Rights of 7 Muslim Women in Western Countries Section 2: Political Islam and Multiple Levels of Pressure against Freedom 10 of Expression 1) Global Political Pressure 12 2) Lawsuits and Legal Tactics Pressuring Individuals—the Fight in the 25 Courts 3) Pressure through Physical Threats to Individuals 31 4) Internal Pressures: U.S. Institutions, Fear, and Self-Censorship 39 Section 3: The Effects of a Climate of Domination 48 Conclusion: A More Effective Response in the United States and Other 52 Western Countries References 55 2 Executive Summary Supporters of political Islam have launched a multifaceted assault on the principles of freedom in the West. Political Islam includes the establishment of Sharia (the body of Islamic religious law), which contains harsh restrictions on freedom of expression, as well as harsh punishments for apostasy and blasphemy and standards at odds with modern Western norms of gender equality. Political Islamists are actively attempting to extend the reach of Sharia over Western cultures and legal systems. This report addresses how, through means of actual physical violence, threats and intimidation, legal action, and political pressure, the emancipation of Muslim women is stunted if not ground to a halt.