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En Rammeanalyse Av Karikatursaken I Norge En rammeanalyse av karikatursaken i Norge Freweini Katerina Weldeghebriel Masteroppgave i religionshistorie | Institutt for kulturstudier og orientalske språk | Universitetet i Oslo | høsten 2008 Forord Tusen takk til min veileder Torkel Brekke, for god veileding og for å ha trodd på oppgaven min. Jeg vil også takke min biveileder Oddbjørn Leirvik for gode råd. En stor takk til Vebjørn Selbekk, Per Edgar Kokkvold, Raymond Johansen, Shoaib Sultan, Vebjørn Horsfjord og Basim Ghozlan, som villig stilte opp til intervju. Takk til de vitenskapelige ansatte på religionshistorie, hvis dører det bare er å banke på. Jeg vil også takke Njål Høstmælingen for god tilbakemelding på mine forespørsler. Gjennom mitt siste år som masterstudent, har jeg vært så heldig å være tilknyttet forskningsprogrammet ”Kulturell kompleksitet i det nye Norge” (Culcom). Tusen takk for faglig, sosial og økonomisk støtte. Tusen takk til Fredrikke Horn-Hanssen for all hjelp og et godt vennskap. En stor takk rettes også til Cecilie Ødegård og Asla Maria Bø, for gjennomlesning og korrekturlesning. Jeg vil også takke medstudenter på religionshistorie, og spesielt Therese Bogstad for gode og hjelpsomme samtaler. Takk til Baby Johannessen for gode samtaler. Tusen takk til Henrik, for all din støtte, oppmuntring og tålmodighet. Til slutt vil jeg takke min mor, min aller beste støttespiller! ii Innhold Forord........................................................................................................................................ii Innhold .....................................................................................................................................iii Sammendrag ............................................................................................................................ vi 1. Innledning ............................................................................................................................. 1 Tidligere forskning................................................................................................................. 3 Metode.................................................................................................................................... 4 Oppgavens struktur ................................................................................................................ 7 2. Karikatursaken – hendelsesforløp...................................................................................... 8 Danmark ................................................................................................................................. 8 Karikatursaken sprer seg ...................................................................................................... 11 Norge.................................................................................................................................... 12 Karikatursaken fortsetter ...................................................................................................... 14 Ytringsfrihet, blasfemi og rasisme ....................................................................................... 17 3. Vebjørn Selbekk ................................................................................................................. 20 Innledning............................................................................................................................. 20 Vebjørn Selbekk forteller ..................................................................................................... 21 Ytringsfrihet og det kristne høyre ........................................................................................ 23 4. Per Edgar Kokkvold .......................................................................................................... 28 Innledning............................................................................................................................. 28 Per Edgar Kokkvold forteller ............................................................................................... 28 Liberalisten og det liberalistiske paradoks ........................................................................... 30 5. Islamsk Råd Norge ............................................................................................................. 34 iii Innledning............................................................................................................................. 34 Shoaib Sultan forteller.......................................................................................................... 34 Partikulære krav i det offentlige........................................................................................... 37 6. Mellomkirkelig Råd for Den norske kirke....................................................................... 44 Innledning............................................................................................................................. 44 Vebjørn Horsfjord forteller .................................................................................................. 44 Fra det kristne til det allmenne............................................................................................. 48 7. Den norske regjeringen..................................................................................................... 53 Innledning............................................................................................................................. 53 Raymond Johansen forteller................................................................................................. 53 Religionspolitikk .................................................................................................................. 54 8. Ramme 1 – Verdier under press ....................................................................................... 60 Innledning............................................................................................................................. 60 En ytre trussel....................................................................................................................... 60 Islam og muslimer................................................................................................................ 62 De ”gode” og de ”onde”....................................................................................................... 67 Løsning................................................................................................................................. 71 Allianse................................................................................................................................. 72 9. Ramme 2 – Dialog og sameksistens .................................................................................. 74 Intoleranse i et flerkulturelt samfunn ................................................................................... 74 Polariserende krefter ............................................................................................................ 77 De ”gode” og de ”onde”....................................................................................................... 78 Løsning................................................................................................................................. 81 Allianse................................................................................................................................. 83 10. Avslutning ......................................................................................................................... 84 iv Litteraturliste.......................................................................................................................... 87 Bøker og artikler................................................................................................................... 87 Elektroniske kilder: avisartikler, taler, lover, stortingsmeldinger og utredninger ............... 91 Vedlegg .................................................................................................................................... 99 Intervjuguide ........................................................................................................................ 99 v Sammendrag Denne oppgaven tar for seg karikatursaken i Norge. Mye av debatten rundt saken har handlet om hva karikatursaken handler om. Få har forsøkt å forstå de sentrale aktørenes standpunkter på en grundig måte. Under karikatursaken var det også få religionshistorikere som deltok i debatten. Denne oppgaven er et forsøk på å gjøre noe med dette. Min tese er at det ikke er tilfeldig hvilke standpunkt aktørene tok under karikatursaken. Samtidig viser aktørenes standpunkt at det er så grunnleggende ulike måter å se på saken på, at man må spørre seg om konflikten i noen grad var en skinnuenighet. I oppgaven har jeg valgt å se på de mest sentrale aktørene i karikatursaken i Norge. Disse er Vebjørn Selbekk, Per Edgar Kokkvold, Islamsk Råd Norge, Mellomkirkelig råd for Den norske kirke, og den daværende norske regjeringen representert ved statssekretær Raymond Johansen. I de første kapitlene tar jeg for meg hver enkelt aktør, og viser hvilke kontekster og motiver som preger dem. I de to siste kapitlene viser jeg sammenhengen mellom aktørenes kontekster og motiv, og deres standpunkt i karikatursaken. Dette gjøres på bakgrunn av Robert M. Entmans framing-begrep. Denne analysen viser at det er snakk om to grunnleggende forskjellige måter å oppfatte
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