DOCSLIB.ORG

Saulteaux in the Red River Settlement

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Saulteaux in the Red River Settlement Rich Man, Poor Man, Beggarman, Chief: Saulteaux in the Red River Settlement LAURA L. PEERS University of Winnipeg When Miles Macdonell led the first straggling group of Lord Selkirk's settlers from York Factory to Red River in 1812, he had instructions to establish friendly relations with the Indians around the colony. It was hoped that these relationships would enable the settlers to make use of the Indians' country skills to sustain the colony during its first difficult years. The colony officials were surprised, however, at the apparent eagerness of the Natives' response, particularly that given by a local band of Saulteaux led by Peguis. Not only did the Saulteaux provide food and shelter at various times, they also actively supported the colonists during the North West Company's worst harassment. But their assistance was not merely given out of charity: just as the Europeans planned to use the Saulteaux, so did the Saulteaux have plans to use the colony to their own advantage. This paper examines the relationship between Peguis's band of Saulteaux and the officials of the Red River settlement during the first two decades of the settlement's existence, up to the founding of a Christian agricultural settlement for Peguis's band at Cook's Creek in 1833.1 Previous biographies of Peguis as well as histories of Red River have emphasized the decline of the chief's political influence and his band's economic situation as well as the inevitability and/or wisdom of Peguis's acceptance of a Christian agricultural settlement (Cf. Dempsey 1976, Ross 1856, Thompson 1973). Peguis, however, may have seen things differently, and might have asserted 1 Several other Saulteaux bands passed through the settlement occasionally, from Red Lake, Rainy Lake, the Interlake area, and Portage la Prairie. Peguis's band, being the closest to the colony, had a more complex relationship with it. There was also, presumably, an informal relationship between members of Peguis's band and the various groups within the settlement. I would like to thank Professors Jennifer Brown and Jean Friesen for reading and commenting on an earlier draft of this paper. 261 262 RED RIVER SETTLEMENT that his band maintained a great deal of political and economic autonomy even after 1833. In fact, Peguis's motives for accepting the missionaries' proposals were related to his original desire to benefit from the colony. The Red River settlement was designed by Thomas Douglas, the Fifth Earl of Selkirk and the largest shareholder in the Hudson's Bay Company, to provide a haven for the poor of Atlantic Britain and to provide agri­ cultural produce for the Company's inland posts. The site chosen for the colony at the Forks of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers straddled the ma­ jor water routes from Montreal in the east and York Factory in the north to the western posts. For the same reasons that the site was convenient for the Hudson's Bay Company, however, it posed a direct threat to the Company's rival in the fur trade, the Montreal-based North West Company. The commercial rivalry which had been escalating since the late 1700s came to a head over the settlement as the North West Company, fearing for its survival, vowed to destroy first the colony and then the Hudson's Bay Com­ pany. The objects of this rivalry were the Indians and the furs they harvested. In the Red River area by 1812, though, both fur-bearing and game animals had become scarce. This forced Saulteaux bands which had migrated into the Red River valley in the 1790s to move north and west of Red River. Peguis's band stayed in the area, having a seasonally-occupied camp just north of the Forks at Netley Creek, but their returns from the fur trade were fast diminishing. The arrival of the first settlers in 1812, then, was a promising event for Peguis's and other Saulteaux bands. Within a few years, it was reported that most of the local Indians "seem very glad to see white people come to cultivate their land k they imagine that for the future they will want noth­ ing" (HBCA B. 235/a/3, 19 October 1814). The Black Man, a Saulteaux chief from the Red Lake area, stated that his people were "pleased with the people coming to settle upon their Lands, to teach them how to manufac­ ture European articles" (PAM MG1 D3, 16 July 1815). Other statements were made to the effect that the Saulteaux had been "afraid of being alto­ gether abandoned by the traders" and were "pleased to see people of steady habits arrive who are to make a permanent residence, acting towards them on fair and just principles & administering to their wants" (PAM Selkirk, 8 March 1814). It is unlikely that the Saulteaux would have taken up sedentary agri­ culture or the manufacture of European goods in 1814-1815. What they wanted, rather, was access to the Europeans' potential material wealth and military power, which they hoped to gain through the establishment of a diplomatic relationship with the colony. Among the Saulteaux, such rela­ tionships were created and maintained by gift-giving, and involved recipro- LAURA L. PEERS 263 cal physical and military support (cf. White 1981). Thus, the assistance of the colony by the Saulteaux was not merely done out of kindness or charity, as historians such as Alexander Ross and A.S. Morton have maintained it. In addition to these motivations, the Saulteaux fully expected their actions to be later rewarded and reciprocated. During the first few years of the colony, the assistance given by the Saulteaux made the difference between survival and starvation for the set­ tlers. The supply of fish, game, sugar, wild rice, and even shelter to the settlers has been well-noted in the histories of the colony. In addition to these economic exchanges, Peguis's band complied with the political requirements of their relationship with the colony by support­ ing it and the Hudson's Bay Company during the period of harassment by the North West Company. The actions of Peguis and his band during the crisis of June 1815 provide a clear illustration of the workings of their early relationsip with the colony. In the spring of 1815, the North West Company attempted to convince the Crees and Saulteaux between the Qu'Apelle River and Lake Superior to attack the tiny settlement at the Forks. Rumours of Hudson's Bay Company plans to enslave Indians were circulated and bribes of liquor and goods were offered (PAM Selkirk, 29 July 1816). Most of the Saulteaux, including Peguis's band, refused.2 A group of Crees accepted and came down from Carlton House, but changed their minds after they had drunk the liquor given them as bribes by the North West Company, and instead wished the colony prosperity (PAM MG1 D3, 10 June 1815). On June 20th, after the colony's governor had been captured by the Nor'westers and the settlers ordered to leave, trader Peter Fidler sent two men "to fetch up Pigivis the Bungee Chief and young men, to see what they can do for us in making Peace and remaining here . ." (PAM MG1 D3, 20 June 1815). Four days later, Peguis and another chief arrived in ceremony with 33 men and received tobacco and rum (HBCA B.235/a/3, 24 June 1815). The colony officials then appealed to the Saulteaux for help, saying that the land around the Forks belonged to the Saulteaux, and therefore only the Saulteaux could ask the settlers to leave. If the Indians wanted the settlers to stay, they would, but they needed the assistance of the Saulteaux in making peace with the Canadians. As added incentive, the colony officials referred to the the gift-giving aspect of their relationship with the Saulteaux, saying the governor had taken the Indians' pipe stems 2John Tanner (James 1956:209) did not respond to the summons, even though he "considered [himself] as in some measure belonging to them", "because [he] thought these quarrels between relatives unnatural". Nor did an Ojibwa chief at Sandy Lake respond, even though he was offered "all the goods and Rum" in three of the Hudson's Bay Co. posts (PAM Selkirk, 22 July 1816; 20 June 1815). 264 RED RIVER SETTLEMENT with him, "in order that he may talk to our Great Father, that he may be charitable to you" (PAM MG1 D3, [June 1815]). Thus entreated, Peguis agreed to attempt to make a settlement with the North West Company. He was unsuccessful, and returned in shame for having failed his allies, but promised to seek military aid from other bands. In a final gesture befitting their position as colony protectors, Peguis and his young men accompanied the fleeing settlers down the Red to Lake Winnipeg to prevent further harassment by the North West Company. In return for their loyalty, as they expected, the Saulteaux were given a considerable quantity of goods by the Company just before the settlers left Red River. After the Saulteaux' expectations of their relationship with the colony had been so well met, it was no wonder that: "The day after the last buildings [in the settlement] were burnt, The Black Man an Indian Chief from Turtle River . went to the foundation of the Captain's room now in ashes and wept bitterly over it" (PAM MG1 D3, 16 July 1815). For a few years, then, the relationship between the Saulteaux and the colony officials worked as each group had anticipated. The Saulteaux pro­ vided provisions and some measure of physical protection for the colony, while the settlement supplied them with opportunities for prestige, new economic alternatives, and access to European goods in the form of gifts.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • THE WHIG INTERPRETATION of the HISTORY of RED RIVER By
    THE WHIG INTERPRETATION OF THE HISTORY OF RED RIVER By BRIAN MARTIN GALLAGHER B.A., The University of British Columbia, 1980 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of History) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September, 1986 ® Brian Martin Gallagher, 1986 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3 Date /0 Ot^^Ly E-6 (3/81) ii ABSTRACT The whig interpretation, which can be most simply defined as the idea that past events led in direct and progressive stages to the present, has long been recognized as a basic historiographic fallacy. The fullest expression of the whig interpretation of western Canadian history is to be found in the works of George F.G. Stanley and W.L. Morton. In presenting a narrative reconstruction of the events surrounding Canada's annexation of Red River, these authors primarily attempt to justify Canadian policy as the extension of British civilization.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rose Collection of Moccasins in the Canadian Museum of Civilization : Transitional Woodland/Grassl and Footwear
    THE ROSE COLLECTION OF MOCCASINS IN THE CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION : TRANSITIONAL WOODLAND/GRASSL AND FOOTWEAR David Sager 3636 Denburn Place Mississauga, Ontario Canada, L4X 2R2 Abstract/Resume Many specialists assign the attribution of "Plains Cree" or "Plains Ojibway" to material culture from parts of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In fact, only a small part of this area was Grasslands. Several bands of Cree and Ojibway (Saulteaux) became permanent residents of the Grasslands bor- ders when Reserves were established in the 19th century. They rapidly absorbed aspects of Plains material culture, a process started earlier farther west. This paper examines one such case as revealed by footwear. Beaucoup de spécialistes attribuent aux Plains Cree ou aux Plains Ojibway des objets matériels de culture des régions du Manitoba ou de la Saskatch- ewan. En fait, il n'y a qu'une petite partie de cette région ait été prairie. Plusieurs bandes de Cree et d'Ojibway (Saulteaux) sont devenus habitants permanents des limites de la prairie quand les réserves ont été établies au XIXe siècle. Ils ont rapidement absorbé des aspects de la culture matérielle des prairies, un processus qu'on a commencé plus tôt plus loin à l'ouest. Cet article examine un tel cas comme il est révélé par des chaussures. The Canadian Journal of Native Studies XIV, 2(1 994):273-304. 274 David Sager The Rose Moccasin Collection: Problems in Attribution This paper focuses on a unique group of eight pair of moccasins from southern Saskatchewan made in the mid 1880s. They were collected by Robert Jeans Rose between 1883 and 1887.
    [Show full text]
  • The Selkirk Settlement and the Settlers. a Concise History of The
    nus- C-0-i^JtJL^e^jC THE SELKIRK SETTLEMENT AND THE SETTLERS. ACONCISK HISTORY OF THE RED RIVER COUNTRY FROM ITS DISCOVEEY, Including Information Extracted from Original Documents Lately Discovered and Notes obtained from SELKIRK SETTLEMENT COLONISTS. By CHARLES N, BELL, F.R.G-.S., Honorary Corresponding Member of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society, Hamilton Association, Chicago Academy ot Science, Buffalo Historical Society, Historian of Wolseley's Expeditionary Force Association, etc., etc. Author ot "Our Northern Waters," "Navigation of Hudson's Bay and Strait," "Some Historical Names and - Places ot Northwest Canada,' "Red River Settlement History,"" Mound-builders in Manitoba." "Prehistoric Remains in the Canadian Northwest," "With the Half-breed Buffalo Hunters," etc., etc. Winnipeg : PRINTED Vf THE OFFICE 01 "THE COMHERCIA] ," J klftES ST. BAST. issT. The EDITH and LORNE PIERCE COLLECTION of CANADIANA Queen's University at Kingston c (Purchased primj^arm Pkra Qplkctiaru at Quun's unwersii/ oKmc J GfakOurwtt 5^lira cImst- >• T« Selkirk Settlement and the Settlers." By CHARLES X. BELL, F.R.G.S. II [STORY OF II B Ti: IDE. Red River settlement, and stood at the north end of the Slough at what is now About 17.'><i LaN erandyre, a French-Can- Donald adian, established on the Red river a known as Fast Selkirk village. Mr. colonists, in- trading post, which was certainly the first Murray, one of the Selkirk of occasion that white men had a fixed abode forms me that he slept at the ruins in the lower Red River valley. After 1770 such a place in the fall of 1815, when the English merchants and traders of arriving in this country.
    [Show full text]
  • Voyageurs Houseboat
    National Park Service Voyageurs National Park Houseboat Sites U.S. Department of the Interior Houseboating by Lake 0 R44 R45 Rainy Lake Rainy Lake West .. Page 2 Namakan Lake .. Page 5 R75 0 0 00 R82 (pg. 2) R76 R7 R29 Rainy Lake East .. Page 3 Sand Point Lake .. Page 6 0 R9 R78 R34 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 R60 R46 0 0 R35 R85 0 0 Kabetogama Lake .. Page 4 Crane Lake .. Page 6 «¬ 0 R86 R31 0 R30 To R48 R120 Int'l #%ï R23 R37 0 0 Page 2 Page 3 Falls Rainy Lake 0 R40 Rainy Lake 0 R38 0 (8 mi) Visitor 0 R41 (pg. 3) R39 0 0 R50 Center R24 0 R36 R88 0 00 Black Bay R2 R42 0 R79 R57 B 0 0 R84 R89 A R15 0 0 C 0 K R96 R52 0 R17 0 R25 C 0 0 0 O 0 0 R3 0 0 R83 R28 R97 R87 0 0 U R32 K48 0 R33 K20 0 K43 N T 0 0 N19 0N52 O n t a r i o K44 0 R K49 VOYAGEURS 0 C a n a d a K51 NAT IO NA L Y PARK N60 0 0 K47 K33 0 0 0 K15 0 Kabetogama Lake K2 K38 K37 0 0 0 K18 K40 122 (pg. 4) )" K39 0 Namakan Lake To 0 K32 0 N51 #%ï 0K28 0 0N53 N54 (pg. 5) Int'l 0K42 0 N22 N36 Kabetogama Lake 0K46 N2 0 Falls #%ï 0K26 0 N32 0 0 0 Visitor Center 123 N17 0 )" Ash River N50 N40 N9 N68 N21 N8 (14 mi) 0 0 0 0 0 0 N6 0 Visitor N39 N34 Center 0N56 S16 S21 00 «¬217 0S22 ¤£53 )"129 Sand 0S8 Point 0S2 Lake (pg.
    [Show full text]
  • The Anglican Clergy 1820-1826
    Program for the Red River Mission : The Anglican Clergy 1820-1826 by John E. FosTER * The arrival of Rev. John West in the Red River Settlement in 1820 marked the initial attempt to carry the message of Evangelical Anglicanism to the peoples of Rupert's Land. During the succeeding seven years West and his successors, Rev. David Jones and Rev. William Cockran, labored to establish a secure foundation for Anglican missionary enterprise among the different communities of the "British" half of the Settlement at the confluence of the Red and Assinihoine Rivers. Products of the British middle class and the Evangelical movement, these men sought to Christian­ ize and civilize the inhabitants - to create a society reflecting as accurately as possible British ideals. In the troubled years before 1827 this objective was expressed in the efforts of the missionaries to develop adequate m eans of persuasion. The inhabitants of the Settlement mirrored the region's history. Cast-offs from the fur trade mingled with the remnants of the Lord Selkirk's colonization efforts. In their individual communities Kildonan Scots, French Canadians and the Swiss and de Meurons farmed the land with varying degrees of success while retired officers and servants of the Hudson's Bay Company, with their mixed-blood families, either followed suit or turned to the buffalo hunt. The various communities were grouped loosely into two divisions by religion and language. To the north of the Assiniboine, down the Red River, lived those who were designated British and Protestant although the Cree language and paganism predominated. 1 To the south there was a similar situation although the designation was French and Catholic.
    [Show full text]
  • Grade 5 Social Studies Peoples and Stories of Canada to 1867
    GRADE 5 SOCIAL STUDIES PEOPLES AND STORIES OF CANADA TO 1867 A Foundation for Implementation 2005 Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth Cataloguing in Publication Data 372.8971 Grade 5 social studies : peoples and stories of Canada to 1867 : a foundation for implementation Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-7711-3469-X 1. Northwest, Canadian—History—To 1867— Study and teaching (Elementary). 2. Manitoba— History—Study and teaching (Elementary). 3. Canada— History—Study and teaching (Elementary). 4. Canada, Northern—History—Study and teaching (Elementary). 5. Canada, Northern—Study and teaching (Elementary). 6. Social sciences—Study and teaching (Elementary). 7. Social sciences—Study and teaching (Elementary)— Manitoba. I. Manitoba. Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth. II. Title: Peoples and stories of Canada to 1867 : a foundation for implementation Copyright © 2005, the Crown in Right of Manitoba as represented by the Minister of Education, Citizenship and Youth. Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth, School Programs Division, 1970 Ness Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3J 0Y9. Every effort has been made to acknowledge original sources and to comply with copyright law. If cases are identified where this has not been done, please notify Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth. Errors or omissions will be corrected in a future edition. Sincere thanks to the authors and publishers who allowed their original material to be adapted or reproduced. Some images © 2005 www.clipart.com GRADE Acknowledgements 5 Manitoba Education, Citizenship and Youth gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the following individuals in the development of Grade 5 Social Studies: Peoples and Stories of Canada to 1867: A Foundation for Implementation.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquatic Synthesis for Voyageurs National Park
    Aquatic Synthesis for Voyageurs National Park Information and Technology Report USGS/BRD/ITR—2003-0001 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Technical Report Series The Biological Resources Division publishes scientific and technical articles and reports resulting from the research performed by our scientists and partners. These articles appear in professional journals around the world. Reports are published in two report series: Biological Science Reports and Information and Technology Reports. Series Descriptions Biological Science Reports ISSN 1081-292X Information and Technology Reports ISSN 1081-2911 This series records the significant findings resulting These reports are intended for publication of book- from sponsored and co-sponsored research programs. length monographs; synthesis documents; compilations They may include extensive data or theoretical analyses. of conference and workshop papers; important planning Papers in this series are held to the same peer-review and and reference materials such as strategic plans, standard high-quality standards as their journal counterparts. operating procedures, protocols, handbooks, and manuals; and data compilations such as tables and bibliographies. Papers in this series are held to the same peer-review and high-quality standards as their journal counterparts. Copies of this publication are available from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161 (1-800-553-6847 or 703-487-4650). Copies also are available to registered users from the Defense Technical Information Center, Attn.: Help Desk, 8725 Kingman Road, Suite 0944, Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060-6218 (1-800-225-3842 or 703-767-9050). An electronic version of this report is available on-line at: <http://www.cerc.usgs.gov/pubs/center/pdfdocs/ITR2003-0001.pdf> Front cover: Aerial photo looking east over Namakan Lake, Voyageurs National Park.
    [Show full text]
  • Rainy Lake Referencie
    FINAL. REPORT OF THE ON THE RAINY LAKE REFERENCIE WASHINGTON-OTTAWA 1934 OTTAWA J. 0. PATENAUDE PRINTER TO THE KING’SMOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1934 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS .. INTRODUCTION- PAQE Text of Reference ............................................................. 7 Appointment of .Engineers.................................................... 8 Hearing, 1925 ............................................................... 8 Conferences................................................................. 8 Engineers' Final Report Final Engineers' ......................................................... 9 Final hearings, 1933 ......................................................... 10 SUMMARYOF PHYSICALCONDITIONS- Drainagebasin .............................................................. 10 Stream flow ................................................................. 11 Controldams ............................................................... 11 Economic use ............................................................... 11 FACTSAND CIRCUMSTLNCES- LakeofthcWoodsInvestigation .............................................. 12 Diversions .................................................................... 12 Areas ...................................................................... 13 Lake of the Woods Eeport .................................................... 13 Conventionand Rrotocol ..................................................... 14 ENQINEERINGINVESTCGATION- Prelinrinary and Final Reports ................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Beginnings of Wheeled Transport in Western Canada
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for Spring 1984 The Beginnings Of Wheeled Transport In Western Canada John Alwin Montana State University Barry Kaye University of Manitoba Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Alwin, John and Kaye, Barry, "The Beginnings Of Wheeled Transport In Western Canada" (1984). Great Plains Quarterly. 1766. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/1766 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE BEGINNINGS OF WHEELED TRANSPORT IN WESTERN CANADA BARRY KAYE and JOHN ALWIN Water transport has played a major part in the the prairie-parkland, such as the North Sas­ economic development of Canada. It has been katchewan, the Red, and the Assiniboine, was claimed that a series of east-west water routes complemented by travel along a network of were essential to Canada's evolution as a trans­ carting trails that stretched from St. Paul, continental nation. The many connecting rivers Minnesota, in the southeast to Fort Edmonton and lakes formed the lines of least resistance on the North Saskatchewan River in the north­ through the environment, so that in most re­ west. The use of two-wheeled carts pulled by an gions of Canada, water transport was almost ox or horse eventually spread west as far as invariably the earliest and most important form Montana and south as far as Colorado.1 of transport.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribal Nations
    Dinjii Zhuu Nation : Tribal Nations Map Gwich’in Tribal Nations Map Inuvialuit Vuntut Western Artic Innuit Deguth OurOur OwnOwn NamesNames && LocationsLocations Inuvialuit woman Draanjik Gwichyaa T'atsaot'ine Iglulingmiut Teetl'it Yellow Knives Inuit family KitlinermiutCopper Inuit Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in Netsilingmiut Han Netsilik Inuit Tununirmiut Tanana Sahtú Hare Utkuhiksalingmiut Hanningajurmiut Tutchone Ihalmiut Inuit Woman & Child Akilinirmiut Kangiqliniqmiut Galyá x Kwáan Denesoline Nations: Laaxaayik Kwáan Deisleen Kwáan Chipeweyan Harvaqtuurmiut Tagish Aivilingmiut Áa Tlein Kwáan Gunaa xoo Kwáan Kaska Dena Jilkoot Kwáan Kaska Krest‘ayle kke ottine Chipeweyan band Jilkaat Kwáan Aak'w Kwáan Qaernermiut Xunaa Kwáan T'aa ku Kwáan S'aawdaan Kwáan Xutsnoowú Kwáan Kéex' Kwáan Paallirmiut Tarramiut Sheey At'iká Lingít Kwáan Shtax' héen Kwáan Des-nèdhè-kkè-nadè Nation Dene Woman Kooyu Kwáan Tahltan K'atlodeeche Ahialmiut Dene Tha' Hay River Dene Sanyaa Kwáan Slavey Sayisi Dene Siquinirmiut Takjik'aan Kwáan Lingít Men WetalTsetsauts Hinya Kwáan Nisga'a Inuit Hunter Tsimshian Kaí-theli-ke-hot!ínne Taanta'a Kwáan Dane-zaa Thlingchadinne Itivimiut Sikumiut K'yak áannii Tsek’ene Beaver Gáne-kúnan-hot!ínne Dog Rib Sekani Etthen eldili dene Gitxsan Lake Babine Wit'at Haida Gitxaala Thilanottine Hâthél-hot!inne Xàʼisla Haisla Nat'oot'en Wet'suwet'en Hoteladi Iyuw Imuun Beothuk WigWam Nuxalk Nation: Nihithawiwin Bella Coola Woodlands Cree Sikumiut man DakelhCarrier Tallheo Aatsista Mahkan, HeiltsukBella Bella Siksika chief Kwalhna Stuic Blackfoot Nation
    [Show full text]
  • Metis Settlements and First Nations in Alberta Community Profiles
    For additional copies of the Community Profiles, please contact: Indigenous Relations First Nations and Metis Relations 10155 – 102 Street NW Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4G8 Phone: 780-644-4989 Fax: 780-415-9548 Website: www.indigenous.alberta.ca To call toll-free from anywhere in Alberta, dial 310-0000. To request that an organization be added or deleted or to update information, please fill out the Guide Update Form included in the publication and send it to Indigenous Relations. You may also complete and submit this form online. Go to www.indigenous.alberta.ca and look under Resources for the correct link. This publication is also available online as a PDF document at www.indigenous.alberta.ca. The Resources section of the website also provides links to the other Ministry publications. ISBN 978-0-7785-9870-7 PRINT ISBN 978-0-7785-9871-8 WEB ISSN 1925-5195 PRINT ISSN 1925-5209 WEB Introductory Note The Metis Settlements and First Nations in Alberta: Community Profiles provide a general overview of the eight Metis Settlements and 48 First Nations in Alberta. Included is information on population, land base, location and community contacts as well as Quick Facts on Metis Settlements and First Nations. The Community Profiles are compiled and published by the Ministry of Indigenous Relations to enhance awareness and strengthen relationships with Indigenous people and their communities. Readers who are interested in learning more about a specific community are encouraged to contact the community directly for more detailed information. Many communities have websites that provide relevant historical information and other background.
    [Show full text]
  • Lord Selkirk's Efforts to Establish a Settlement for Irish Catholics at The
    CCHA Report, 6(1938-39), 39-49 Lord Selkirk’s Efforts to Establish a Settlement for Irish Catholics at the Red River BY JOHN J. CONNOLLY, PH.D. Like all colonizing schemes which began in Canada, one must look to conditions in the European countries whence the settlers originated for the background of the exodus. This is true of the Red River Colony and of the man who promoted it. By the end of the seventeenth century the British Government had taken steps to break up the strong clan organization in Scotland. Formerly every clansman enjoyed the same rights to the soil as did his chief. He tilled it and raised cattle in proportion to his meagre requirements, exulted in his independence as only those who live on the land can, and was attached to his chief, the clan cause and the Stuart dynasty by a fierce loyalty. With the advent of house of Hanover to the throne of England, the policy of the British Politicians called for some radical change, even at the expense of shattering the Scottish social fabric of centuries. The enforcement of their design despoiled the clansmen of their right to the land and put the legal possession of the soil in the chiefs. This did not occasion any immediate hardship as the chiefs who had always accorded to their people a benevolent protect i o n, left the former status of the clansmen unchanged. Their descendants, however, educated in the south of the Island and learning the material advantages to be derived by them personally from a highly commercialized agricultural economy began a process of “modernizing” rural life in Scotland.
    [Show full text]