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MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST LIVER DISEASES Pandey Govind* Officer-In-Charge of Rinder Pest (Animal Husbandry Dept., Govt

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MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST LIVER DISEASES Pandey Govind* Officer-In-Charge of Rinder Pest (Animal Husbandry Dept., Govt Pandey Govind IRJP 2 (5) 2011 115-121 INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY ISSN 2230 – 8407 Available online http://www.irjponline.com Review Article MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST LIVER DISEASES Pandey Govind* Officer-In-Charge of Rinder Pest (Animal Husbandry Dept., Govt. of MP), Jabalpur, India Article Received on: 21/03/2011 Revised on: 28/04/2011 Approved for publication: 12/05/2011 *Officer-In-Charge of Rinder Pest (Animal Husbandry Department, Govt. of MP), Jabalpur Division, Jabalpur-482001, MP, India; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT India is the largest producer of medicinal plants and is rightly called the “Botanical Garden of the World”. The medicinal plants have very important place in the health and vitality of human beings as well as animals. As per the WHO estimates, about three quarters of the world’s population currently use herbs and other traditional medicines to cure various diseases, including liver disorders. Hence, several phytomedicines (medicinal plants or herbal drugs) are now used for the prevention and treatment of various liver disorders. Although experimental studies have been conducted on a number of these plants and their formulations, however, only some plants have clearly shown the hepatogenic / hepatoprotective effects against liver diseases or hepatotoxicity caused by variety of hepatotoxic agents such as chemicals, drugs, pollutants, and infections from parasites, bacteria or viruses (e.g., hepatitis A, B and C), etc. Indeed, to obtain satisfactory herbal drugs for treating severe liver diseases, the medicinal plants must be evaluated systematically for properties like antiviral activity (Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, etc.), antihepatotoxicity activity (antioxidants and others), stimulation of liver regeneration and choleretic activity. A combination of different herbal extracts / fractions is likely to provide desired activities to cure severe liver diseases. The medicinal plants contain several phytochemicals which possess strong antioxidant property, leading to antihepatotoxic activity. KEYWORDS: Hepatogenic / Hepatoprotective effects, Hepatotoxicity, Liver diseases, Medicinal plants (Phytomedicines) INTRODUCTION They may be classified as acute or chronic hepatitis Liver, the largest gland is a vital organ. It is the (inflammatory liver diseases), hepatosis (non metabolic “engine-room of the body”. Almost all the inflammatory diseases) and cirrhosis (degenerative drugs, foods and water constituents are metabolized and disorder resulting in fibrosis of the liver). The liver detoxified in the liver, and as such it is often exposed to diseases are mainly caused by toxic chemicals (certain maladies resulting in a number of clinical syndromes. antibiotics, chemotherapeutics, peroxidised oil, aflatoxin, Many chemicals, foods, drugs and infections (parasitic, carbon tetrachloride, acetaminophen, chlorinated bacterial, viral or fungal) can cause variety of liver hydrocarbons, etc.), excess consumption of alcohol, diseases such as hepatitis, jaundice, cirrhosis, liver infections and autoimmune disorders1-3. Most of the cancer, etc. Because of variations in liver dysfunctions hepatotoxic chemicals damage liver cells mainly by and difficulties encountered in reaching to a proper inducing lipid peroxidation and other oxidative damages diagnosis, a physician is rarely able to provide specific in liver. Enhanced lipid peroxidation produced during the treatment. At the most, supportive and symptomatic liver microsomal metabolism of ethanol may result in treatments are given but the multiplicity of deranged hepatitis and cirrhosis. It has been estimated that about functions renders the treatment still more complicated. 90% of the acute hepatitis is due to viruses. The major Besides this, modern (allopathic) drugs exhibit severe viral agents involved are Hepatitis B, A, C, D (delta toxicity, thus there is a definite need to search alternate agents), E and G. Of these, Hepatitis B infection often drugs having maximum therapeutic value with no or results in chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis of liver. least toxicity1-2. Primary liver cancer has also been shown to be produced Liver has a pivotal role in regulation of physiological by these viruses. It has been reported that about 14-16 processes. It is involved in several vital functions such as million people are infected with Hepatitis B virus in metabolism, secretion and storage. Further, South East Asia region and approximately 6% of the detoxification of a variety of drugs and xenobiotics total population in the region are carriers of this virus. A occurs in the liver itself. The bile secreted by the liver vaccine has become available for immunization against has, among other things, an important role in digestion. Hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis C and Hepatitis E infections Liver diseases are among the most serious disorders. are also common in countries of South East Asia region3. IRJP 2 (5) May 2011 Page 115-121 Pandey Govind IRJP 2 (5) 2011 115-121 Until recently it was accepted like a dogma that no diseases, the medicinal plants must be evaluated effective treatment of liver diseases exists. However, systematically for properties like antiviral activity with the discovery of a plethora of drugs of plant origin, (Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, etc.), antihepatotoxicity the situation has now markedly changed and a substantial activity (antioxidants and others), stimulation of liver volume of evidence indicates that these drugs exert a regeneration and choleretic activity. A combination of specific influence on the hepatic parenchyma1-2,4. different herbal extracts / fractions is likely to provide Medicinal plants have very important place as they not desired activities to cure severe liver diseases3. only maintain the health and vitality of human beings Again, the liver dysfunction remains as one of the and animals, but also cure several diseases, including serious health problems but we do not have satisfactory liver disorders without causing any toxicity. India is the antihepatotoxic drugs in the allopathic medical practice largest producer of medicinal plants and is rightly called for serious liver diseases. However, a number of plants the “Botanical Garden of the World”. Over the past few have shown to possess hepatoprotective properties by decades, herbal medicines have been accepted improving the antioxidant status. Yet, there is lack of universally, and they put the impact on both world health scientific proofs to authenticate the hepatoprotective and international trade. As per the WHO estimates, about properties of those plants which are used traditionally to three quarters of the world’s population currently use treat liver diseases9. In recent times, therefore, the focus herbs phytomedicines (medicinal plants or herbal drugs) on the plant research has increased all over the world and and other traditional medicines for the treatment of a large body of evidence has collected to show immense various diseases. Nowadays, more than 50% of all potential of medicinal plants used, and hence the modern drugs in clinical use are of natural products. importance of natural products for drug discovery has According to WHO, more than 80% people in been found impressive10. developing countries depend on traditional medicine for REPORTS ON HEPATOGENIC their primary health needs, and a recent survey shows /HEPATOPROTECTIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS that more than 60% of patients use vitamins or Numerous phytomedicines or polyherbal formulations phytomedicines at some point in their therapy5-8. are now being used for the prevention and treatment of About 80% of the world population rely on traditional various liver disorders or hepatotoxicity2-3,8,11. In this medicine which is predominantly based on plant article, therefore, 170 hepatogenic / hepatoprotective materials. The traditional medicine refers to a broad medicinal plants reviewed from different sources1-3,9,12-19 range of ancient natural health care practices including have been elucidated (Table 1). folk / tribal practices as well as Ayurveda, Siddha, The medicinal plants contain several phytochemicals, Amchi and Unani. These medical practices originated which possess strong antioxidant activities. These from time immemorial and developed gradually, to a antioxidant phytochemicals may be flavonoids (flavones, large extent, by relying or based on practical experiences isoflavones, flavonones, anthocyanins, catechins, without significant references to modern scientific isocatechins, quercetin), terpenoids, polyphenols (ellagic principles. These practices incorporated ancient beliefs acid, gallic acid, tannins), alkaloids, saponins, vitamins and were passed on from one generation to another by (A, C, E, K), carotenoids, minerals (selenium, copper, oral tradition and / or guarded literature. It is estimated manganese, zinc, chromium, iodine), enzymes that about 7,500 plants are used in local health traditions (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathion peroxidase), in, mostly, rural and tribal villages of India. Out of these, polysaccharides, saponins, lignins, xanthones and the real medicinal value of over 4,000 plants is either pigments, etc. The antioxidants may cure different little known or hitherto unknown to the mainstream diseases by protecting the cells from damage caused by population. The classical systems of medicine such as ‘free radicals’- the highly reactive oxygen compounds5- Ayurveda, Siddha, Amchi, Unani and Tibetan use about 8,11,20-24. 1,200 plants. However, in most of the severe
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