Pandey Govind IRJP 2 (5) 2011 115-121

INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY ISSN 2230 – 8407 Available online http://www.irjponline.com Review Article

MEDICINAL AGAINST LIVER DISEASES Pandey Govind* Officer-In-Charge of Rinder Pest (Animal Husbandry Dept., Govt. of MP), Jabalpur, India

Article Received on: 21/03/2011 Revised on: 28/04/2011 Approved for publication: 12/05/2011

*Officer-In-Charge of Rinder Pest (Animal Husbandry Department, Govt. of MP), Jabalpur Division, Jabalpur-482001, MP, India; E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT India is the largest producer of medicinal plants and is rightly called the “Botanical Garden of the World”. The medicinal plants have very important place in the health and vitality of human beings as well as animals. As per the WHO estimates, about three quarters of the world’s population currently use herbs and other traditional medicines to cure various diseases, including liver disorders. Hence, several phytomedicines (medicinal plants or herbal drugs) are now used for the prevention and treatment of various liver disorders. Although experimental studies have been conducted on a number of these plants and their formulations, however, only some plants have clearly shown the hepatogenic / hepatoprotective effects against liver diseases or hepatotoxicity caused by variety of hepatotoxic agents such as chemicals, drugs, pollutants, and infections from parasites, bacteria or viruses (e.g., hepatitis A, B and C), etc. Indeed, to obtain satisfactory herbal drugs for treating severe liver diseases, the medicinal plants must be evaluated systematically for properties like antiviral activity (Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, etc.), antihepatotoxicity activity (antioxidants and others), stimulation of liver regeneration and choleretic activity. A combination of different herbal extracts / fractions is likely to provide desired activities to cure severe liver diseases. The medicinal plants contain several phytochemicals which possess strong antioxidant property, leading to antihepatotoxic activity. KEYWORDS: Hepatogenic / Hepatoprotective effects, Hepatotoxicity, Liver diseases, Medicinal plants (Phytomedicines)

INTRODUCTION They may be classified as acute or chronic hepatitis Liver, the largest gland is a vital organ. It is the (inflammatory liver diseases), hepatosis (non metabolic “engine-room of the body”. Almost all the inflammatory diseases) and cirrhosis (degenerative drugs, foods and water constituents are metabolized and disorder resulting in fibrosis of the liver). The liver detoxified in the liver, and as such it is often exposed to diseases are mainly caused by toxic chemicals (certain maladies resulting in a number of clinical syndromes. antibiotics, chemotherapeutics, peroxidised oil, aflatoxin, Many chemicals, foods, drugs and infections (parasitic, carbon tetrachloride, acetaminophen, chlorinated bacterial, viral or fungal) can cause variety of liver hydrocarbons, etc.), excess consumption of alcohol, diseases such as hepatitis, jaundice, cirrhosis, liver infections and autoimmune disorders1-3. Most of the cancer, etc. Because of variations in liver dysfunctions hepatotoxic chemicals damage liver cells mainly by and difficulties encountered in reaching to a proper inducing lipid peroxidation and other oxidative damages diagnosis, a physician is rarely able to provide specific in liver. Enhanced lipid peroxidation produced during the treatment. At the most, supportive and symptomatic liver microsomal metabolism of ethanol may result in treatments are given but the multiplicity of deranged hepatitis and cirrhosis. It has been estimated that about functions renders the treatment still more complicated. 90% of the acute hepatitis is due to viruses. The major Besides this, modern (allopathic) drugs exhibit severe viral agents involved are Hepatitis B, A, C, D (delta toxicity, thus there is a definite need to search alternate agents), E and G. Of these, Hepatitis B infection often drugs having maximum therapeutic value with no or results in chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis of liver. least toxicity1-2. Primary liver cancer has also been shown to be produced Liver has a pivotal role in regulation of physiological by these viruses. It has been reported that about 14-16 processes. It is involved in several vital functions such as million people are infected with Hepatitis B virus in metabolism, secretion and storage. Further, South East region and approximately 6% of the detoxification of a variety of drugs and xenobiotics total population in the region are carriers of this virus. A occurs in the liver itself. The bile secreted by the liver vaccine has become available for immunization against has, among other things, an important role in digestion. Hepatitis B virus. Hepatitis C and Hepatitis E infections Liver diseases are among the most serious disorders. are also common in countries of South East Asia region3. IRJP 2 (5) May 2011 Page 115-121 Pandey Govind IRJP 2 (5) 2011 115-121 Until recently it was accepted like a dogma that no diseases, the medicinal plants must be evaluated effective treatment of liver diseases exists. However, systematically for properties like antiviral activity with the discovery of a plethora of drugs of origin, (Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, etc.), antihepatotoxicity the situation has now markedly changed and a substantial activity (antioxidants and others), stimulation of liver volume of evidence indicates that these drugs exert a regeneration and choleretic activity. A combination of specific influence on the hepatic parenchyma1-2,4. different herbal extracts / fractions is likely to provide Medicinal plants have very important place as they not desired activities to cure severe liver diseases3. only maintain the health and vitality of human beings Again, the liver dysfunction remains as one of the and animals, but also cure several diseases, including serious health problems but we do not have satisfactory liver disorders without causing any toxicity. India is the antihepatotoxic drugs in the allopathic medical practice largest producer of medicinal plants and is rightly called for serious liver diseases. However, a number of plants the “Botanical Garden of the World”. Over the past few have shown to possess hepatoprotective properties by decades, herbal medicines have been accepted improving the antioxidant status. Yet, there is lack of universally, and they put the impact on both world health scientific proofs to authenticate the hepatoprotective and international trade. As per the WHO estimates, about properties of those plants which are used traditionally to three quarters of the world’s population currently use treat liver diseases9. In recent times, therefore, the focus herbs phytomedicines (medicinal plants or herbal drugs) on the plant research has increased all over the world and and other traditional medicines for the treatment of a large body of evidence has collected to show immense various diseases. Nowadays, more than 50% of all potential of medicinal plants used, and hence the modern drugs in clinical use are of natural products. importance of natural products for drug discovery has According to WHO, more than 80% people in been found impressive10. developing countries depend on traditional medicine for REPORTS ON HEPATOGENIC their primary health needs, and a recent survey shows /HEPATOPROTECTIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS that more than 60% of patients use vitamins or Numerous phytomedicines or polyherbal formulations phytomedicines at some point in their therapy5-8. are now being used for the prevention and treatment of About 80% of the world population rely on traditional various liver disorders or hepatotoxicity2-3,8,11. In this medicine which is predominantly based on plant article, therefore, 170 hepatogenic / hepatoprotective materials. The traditional medicine refers to a broad medicinal plants reviewed from different sources1-3,9,12-19 range of ancient natural health care practices including have been elucidated (Table 1). folk / tribal practices as well as Ayurveda, Siddha, The medicinal plants contain several phytochemicals, Amchi and Unani. These medical practices originated which possess strong antioxidant activities. These from time immemorial and developed gradually, to a antioxidant phytochemicals may be flavonoids (flavones, large extent, by relying or based on practical experiences isoflavones, flavonones, anthocyanins, catechins, without significant references to modern scientific isocatechins, quercetin), terpenoids, polyphenols (ellagic principles. These practices incorporated ancient beliefs acid, gallic acid, tannins), alkaloids, saponins, vitamins and were passed on from one generation to another by (A, C, E, K), carotenoids, minerals (selenium, copper, oral tradition and / or guarded literature. It is estimated manganese, zinc, chromium, iodine), enzymes that about 7,500 plants are used in local health traditions (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathion peroxidase), in, mostly, rural and tribal villages of India. Out of these, polysaccharides, saponins, lignins, xanthones and the real medicinal value of over 4,000 plants is either pigments, etc. The antioxidants may cure different little known or hitherto unknown to the mainstream diseases by protecting the cells from damage caused by population. The classical systems of medicine such as ‘free radicals’- the highly reactive oxygen compounds5- Ayurveda, Siddha, Amchi, Unani and Tibetan use about 8,11,20-24. 1,200 plants. However, in most of the severe cases, the In recent years, immunomodulation has attracted the treatments of liver diseases are unsatisfactory. Although interest of scientists all over the world in view of experimental evaluations have been done on many plants growing awareness regarding the need to modulate the and their formulations, only some plants have clearly immune system for achieving the objective of preventing shown the antihepatotoxic activity against liver diseases. an infection rather than treating it at an advanced stage. Inspite, even common dietary antioxidants can provide Hence, the concept of ‘Prohost Therapy’ has been such protection from liver damage caused by oxidative introduced, which aims to bolster host immune function mechanisms of toxic chemicals. Thus, to obtain the to prevent infections. Medicinal plants are known to have satisfactory herbal drugs for treating severe liver good immunomodulatory property. They act by

IRJP 2 (5) May 2011 Page 115-121 Pandey Govind IRJP 2 (5) 2011 115-121 stimulating both nonspecific and specific immunity. 9. Suky TMG, Parthipan B, Kingston C, Mohan VR, Soris PT. These plants may promote host resistance against Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect of Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn.) Del against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Int J infections by re-establishing body equilibrium and Pharmaceu Sci. Res 2011; 2(4):887-892. conditioning the body tissues. It is presumed that the 10. Jagadeesh MC, Sreepriya M, Bali G and Manjulakumari D. restorative and rejuvenating power of these plant Biochemical studies on the effect of curcumin and embelin during materials might be due to their action on host immune N-nitrosodiethylamine / phenobarbital induced- system. The immune system is complex in nature, hepatocarcinogenesis in wistar rats. Afr J Biotechnol 2009; 8(18):4618-4622. consisting of multi-organs and cell involvement. It is one 11. Pandey Govind. Hepatogenic effect of OptiLiv on estrogen of the most sensitive systems of the body, which works induced liver damage in female albino rat. J Pl Dev Sci, 2010; 2(2 & through an intricate regulation of cellular and humoral 3):83-87. components5-6,25-26. 12. Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian Medicinal CONCLUSION Plants. New Delhi: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research; 2002. The medicinal plants play an important role in the health 13. CSIR. The Useful Plants of India. New Delhi, India: Council of and vitality of humans and animals lives. Several Scientific and Industrial Research; 1986. medicinal plants (phytomedicines or herbal drugs) are 14. IDMA. Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Mumbai, India; 2002. now prevalent for the treatment of various liver diseases. 15. Jarald EE, Jarald SE. Colour Atlas of Medicinal Plants. New Some medicinal plants are potential hepatogenic/ Delhi, India; 2006. 16. Kaushik P, Dhiman AK. Medicinal Plants and Raw Drugs of hepatoprotective agents against hepatotoxicity caused by India. Dehra Dun, India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh; 1999. variety of hepatotoxicants. It is distinct that the medicinal 17. Nadkarni KM. Indian Materia Medica. Vol 1 & 2, 3rd Ed. plants possess versatile antioxidant, immunomodulatory Bombay, India: Popular Book Depot, Bombay & Dhootpapeshwar and phagocytic activities, and thereby may be beneficial Prakashan Ltd; 1954. against liver diseases. 18. Prajapati ND, Purohit SS, Sharma AK, Kumar T. A Hand Book REFERENCES of Medicinal Plants. India: Agrobios; 2003. 1. Pandey Govind P. Pharmacological studies of Livol(R) with 19. Sharma R. Medicinal Plants of India- An Encyclopedia. Delhi: special reference to liver function. MVSc & AH thesis. Jabalpur, Daya Publishing Home; 2003. MP, India: JNKVV; 1980. 20. Gupta VK, Sharma, SK. Plants as natural antioxidants. Nat Prod 2. Pandey Govind P. Hepatogenic effect of some indigenous drugs Rad 2006; 5(4):326-334. on experimental liver damage. PhD thesis. Jabalpur, MP, India: 21. Heber D. Vegetables, fruits and phytoestrogens in the prevention JNKVV; 1990. of diseases. J Postgrad Med 2004; 50:145-149. 3. Kumar CH, Ramesh A, Suresh Kumar JN, Mohammed Ishaq B. A 22. Kathiresan K, Boopathy NS, Kavitha S. Coastal vegetation- An review on hepatoprotective activity of medicinal plants. Int J underexplored source of anticancer drugs. Nat Prod Rad 2006; Pharmaceu Sci Res 2011; 2(3):501-515. 5(2):115-119. 4. Pandey Govind, Pandey SP. Phytochemical and toxicity study of 23. Kaur C, Kapoor HC. Antioxidants activity and total phenolic Emblica officinalis (Amla). Int Res J Pharm 2011; 2(3):270-272. content of some Asian vegetables. Int J Food Sci Tech 2002; 5. Madhuri S. Studies on oestrogen induced uterine and ovarian 37:153-161. carcinogenesis and effect of ProImmu in rats. PhD thesis. Jabalpur, 24. Ray G, Hussan SA. Oxidant, antioxidant and carcinogenesis. MP, India: RDVV; 2008. Indian J Exp Biol 2002; 40: 1213-1232. 6. Madhuri S, Pandey Govind. Some anticancer medicinal plants of 25. Agrawala SK, Chatterjee S, Misra SK. Immune-potentiation foreign origin. Curr Sci 2009; 96(6):779-783. activity of a polyherbal formulation “Immu-21” (Research Name). 7. Pandey Govind, Madhuri S. Some anticancer agents from plant Phytomedica 2001; 2(1&2):1-22. origin. Pl Arch 2008; 8(2): 527-532. 26. Pandey Govind, Madhuri S. Medicinal plants: Better remedy for 8. Pandey Govind, Madhuri S. Significance of fruits and vegetables neoplasms. Indian Drugs 2006; 43(11):869-874. in malnutrition cancer. Pl Arch 2010; 10(2):517-522.

IRJP 2 (5) May 2011 Page 115-121 Pandey Govind IRJP 2 (5) 2011 115-121 Table 1: Hepatogenic / Hepatoprotective medicinal plants

Botanical name of the plant Hindi/English/ Plant family Part(s) used Common name

Abelmoschus esculentus (Linn.) Moench (Hibiscus Bhindi (bhindi tori)/ Lady’s finger Malvaceae Root, fruit, seed esculentus L.) (gumbo) Acacia catechu Willd. Khair/Cutch tree Leguminosae/ Mimosaceae Stem bark

Achillea millefolium Linn. Gandana/Milfoil (yarrow) Compositae/ Asteraceae Whole plant Aegle marmelos Correa ex Roxb. Bel/Bael tree Rutaceae Pulp, seed Aerva lanata Juss. ex Schult. Chaya Amaranthaceae Root, whole plant

Agropyron repens Beauv. Couch grass (dog grass) Gramineae/ Root, rhizome Agrostemma githago Linn. (Lychnis githago Scop.) Corn cockle Caryophyllaceae Seed Allium cepa Linn. Piyaz/Onion Liliaceae/Alliaceae Bulb Allium sativum Linn. Lasun (lasan)/Garlic Liliaceae/Alliaceae Bulb Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott Mankanda/Giant taro Araceae Root, tuber, leaf Aloe barbadensis Mill. (A. vera Tourn. ex Linn.) Ghee-kunvar (ghi- Liliaceae Root, pulp, aerial part kanvar)/Indian aloe

Aloe succotrina Lam. (A. vera Mill., non Linn.) Moka (mocha aloe) Liliaceae Leaf, whole plant

Alstonia scholaris R. Br. Chatian/Dita bark Apocynaceae Stem bark Amaranthus spinosus Linn. Kataili chaulai/ Prickly Amaranthaceae Whole plant amarnath

Andrographis paniculata Wall. ex Nees Kiryat (kirayat)/Creat Acanthaceae Whole plant Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Parker (A. Harinhara/Amoora Meliaceae Stem bark rohituka Wight & Arn. Apium graveolens Linn. Shalari (ajmud)/Cerely Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Seed Aporosa lindieyana Baill. Valaka Euphorbiaceae Root Aquilegia vulgaris Linn. (A. karelini Baker) Common columbine Ranunculaceae Root, seed Argemone mexicana Linn. Bharband (Shaikanta)/ Prickly poppy Papaveraceae Whole plant Aristolochia indica Linn. Ishvari mul/Indian birthwort Aristolochiaceae Root, seed, rhizome Artemisia absinthium Linn. Vilayathi afsanthin/ Absinthe Compositae/ Asteraceae Aerial part Asparagus officinale Linn. Nag-down (halyun)/ Asparagus Liliaceae Root Asparagus racemosus Willd. Satawar (satamuli) Liliaceae Whole plant Asplenium adiantoides C. Chr. (A. falcatum Lam.) Pana (nela panna) Aspleniaceae/ Whole plant Polypodiaceae Asplenium adiantum-nigrum Linn. Black spleenwort Aspleniaceae Whole plant Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Melia azadirachta Nim/Neem tree Meliaceae Stem bark, leaf, Linn.) flower Balanites aegyptiaca (Linn.) Delile (B. roxburghii Hingan (hingot) Balanitaceae/ Stem bark, leaf, fruit Planch.) Simarubaceae Baliospermum montanum M.-Arg. Danti Euphorbiaceae Root Belamcanda cinensis DC. Surjakanti/Leopard lily Iridaceae Rhizome Berbaris aristata DC. Chitra (rasaut, dar-hald)/ Indian Berberidaceae Root bark barberry Berbaris asiatica Roxb. ex DC. Sumlu Berberidaceae Root Bixa orellana Linn. Latkan/Annatto tree Bixaceae Leaf Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. (B. repens Linn.) Sant (punarnava)/ Spreading hog-weed Nyctaginaceae Root, whole plant

Bridelia stipularis Blume Kangiabel (khaji) Euphorbiaceae Leaf Bupleurum falcatum Linn. - Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Root Bupleurum jukundum Kurz - Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Root Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Millsp. (C. indicus Spreng.) Arhar (tur, tuver)/Red gram (pigeon Papilionaceae/Fab- Leaf, seed pea) aceae/Leguminosae Callicarpa tomentosa (Linn.) Murr. (C. lanata Bastra Verbenaceae Stem bark Linn.) Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. Akada (madar) Asclepiadaceae Leaf, flower

Capparis spinosa Linn. Kabra/Caper bush Capparidaceae Root bark

Carthamus tinctorius Linn. Kusum (karrah) Compositae/ Asteraceae Flower Cassia fistula Linn. Amaltas (girimalah)/ Purging Leguminosae/ Leaf fistula Caesalpiniaceae

Cassia occidentalis Linn. Kasondi/Negro coffee Leguminosae/ Leaf Caesalpiniaceae Cassia tora Linn. (C. obtusifolia Linn.) Chakunda (panevar) Leguminosae/ Leaf Caesalpiniaceae Casuarina equisetifolia Linn. Jangli saru/Beefwood Casuarinaceae Whole plant Centaurea behen Linn. Safed bahman Compositae/ Asteraceae Root Cichorium intybus Linn. Kasani (kashini)/Chicory Compositae/ Asteraceae Leaf Citrullus colocynthis Schrad. (Colocynthis vulgaris Indrayan (makal)/ Colocynth (bitter Cucubitaceae Root, fruit Schrad.) apple) Citrus limettioides Ta. (C. medica var. limetta W. & Mithanebu/Sweet lime Rutaceae Fruit A. of Watt) Cleome viscosa Linn. (C. icosandra Linn.) Hulhul (hurhur) Capparidaceae Leaf

IRJP 2 (5) May 2011 Page 115-121 Pandey Govind IRJP 2 (5) 2011 115-121

Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. Lanjai (sangkupi) Verbenaceae Leaf Colchicum luteum Baker (C. autumnale Linn.) Hirantutiya (surinjan) Liliaceae Corm Cordia macleodii Hook. f. & Thoms. Dahipalas (dhaiman) Boraginaceae Stem bark, leaf Crataeva nurvala Buch.-Ham. (C. religiosa Ho. f. & Barun (barna, bilasi) Capparidaceae Stem bark Th., non Fo. f.) Croton oblongifolius Roxb. Chucka Euphorbiaceae Stem bark, aerial part

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Kali musli Amaryllidaceae Rhizome (Tuber) Curcuma longa Linn. (C. domestica Valeton) Haldi (halada)/ Turmeric Zingiberaceae Rhizome (Tuber) Cuscuta chinensis Lam. Agamulanetirvel Convolvulaceae Seed

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Akasbel Convolvulaceae Whole plant Decalepis hamiltonii Wight & A. Mahali kizhangu Asclepiadaceae Root

Delphinium zali Aitch. & Hemsl. Asbarg (asbar)/ Ranunculaceae Flower, whole plant Zalil larkspur Dorema ammoniacum D. Don Ushak Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Gum Ecbolium viride (Forsk.) Merrill (E. linneanum Udajati Acanthaceae Root Kurz) Eclipta alba (Linn.) Hassk. Bhangra (safed bhangra, babri, Compositae/ Asteraceae Whole plant mochkand) Embelia ribes Burm. f. Baberang (wawrung) Myrsinaceae Fruit Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (Phyllanthus emblica Amla (amlika, aonla)/ Indian gooseberry Euphorbiaceae Fruit Linn.) Equisetum arvense Linn. Field horsetail Equisetaceae Aerial part

Ficus asperrima Roxb. Kalmnor Moraceae Stem bark Ficus dalhousiae Miq. Somavalkhom Moraceae Bark, leaf Ficus retusa Linn. Kamrup Moraceae Stem bark Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. (F. Paniala (talispalri)/Punela plum Flacourtiaceae Fruit cataphracta Roxb.) Flacourtia ramontchi L’Herit. (F. indica Merrill) Bilangra (kanju)/ Governor’s plum Flacourtiaceae Fruit Foeniculum officinale All. (F. vulgare Mil., F. Saunf (sonp, bari-saunf) Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Seed capillaceum Gil.) Fumaria indica Pugsley (F. vaillantii Loisel., F. Pitpapra (shahterah) Papaveraceae Whole plant parviflora Lam. ssp. vaillantii Hook. f.) Fumaria officinalis Linn. Pitpapra Papaveraceae Whole plant Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (G. florida Linn., G. Gandharaj/Cape jasmine Rubiaceae Fruit augusta Merrill) Gelonium multflorum Juss. Ban naringa Euphorbiaceae Stem bark Gentiana olivieri Griseb. (G. dahurica Fisch.) Agherpanrae Gentianaceae Aerial part Geranium robertianum Linn. Hreb-Robert geranium Geraniaceae Whole plant Ginkgo biloba Linn. Maidenhair tree Ginkgoaceae Fruit Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) Correa (G. arborea Ban nimbu Rutaceae Leaf Correa, G. cochinchinensis Pierre ex Engler) Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. Mulhatti (madhuka)/ Liquorice Papilionaceae/Fab- Root (licorice) aceae/Leguminosae (Linn.) Kunt. ( Trinpali (kangni) Gramineae/Poaceae Whole plant granularis L. f.) Hedyotis corymbosa (Linn.) Lam. Daman papar (pitpapra) Rubiaceae Whole plant (Oldenlanaia corymbosa Linn.) Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. Lalambari (patwa)/ Roselle Malvaceae Calyx Hygrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. (H. rotundofolia Khulkhuri Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Root Roxb.) Hygrophila spinosa T. Anders. (Asteracantha Talimakhana Acanthaceae Root, leaf, seed longifolia Nees) Ichnocarpus fructescans R. Br. Kalidudhi (gopvadhu, siamalata) Apocynaceae Root, whole plant Indigofera oblongifolia Forsk. (I. paucifolia Delile) Jhilla (raktapala, nila) Papilionaceae/Fab- Root, whole plant aceae/Leguminosae Indigofera tinctoria Linn. Nil/Indian indigo (common indigo) Papilionaceae/Fab- Root aceae/Leguminosae Ipomoea digitata Linn.(I. paniculata R. Br., non Bilaikand Convolulaceae Root (tuber) Burm.) Iris ensata Thunb. Irisa (sosun) Iridaceae Root Juniperus communis Linn. Aaraar (abhal, haubera)/ Common Cupressaceae/ Pinaceae Fruit juniper Kalanchoe pinnata Pers. (Bryophyllum pinnatum Zakhm-haiyat Crassulaceae Leaf Kurz, B. calycinum Salisb.) Lactuca remotiflora DC. Undirachakan Compositae/ Asteraceae Whole plant Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl. (L. leucantha Kaddu (kadutumbi, tumri)/Bottle gourd Cucurbitaceae Leaf, fruit Rusby, L. vulgaris Seringe) (calbash gourd) Lepidum latifolium Linn. Gonyuch Cruciferae/ Brassicaceae Whole plant Lepidum latifolium Linn. Halim (hurf)/Garden Cruciferae/ Brassicaceae Leaf cress Luffa echinata Roxb. Bindal (devadali, Cucurbitaceae Fruit, whole plant koshaphala) Lychnis coronaria Desr. Rose campion Caryophyllaceae Root Momordica charantia Linn. Karela (kareli)/Bitter Gourd (carilla Cucurbitaceae Leaf, fruit, seed IRJP 2 (5) May 2011 Page 115-121 Pandey Govind IRJP 2 (5) 2011 115-121 fruit) Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. Kaksa (golkandra) Cucurbitaceae Leaf Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. pterygosperma Gaertn.) Mungna (soanjana, sainjna)/Drumstick Moringaceae Fruit tree Myrtus communis Linn. Vilayati mehndi (murad) /Common Myrtaceae Leaf myrtle Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Nelumbium nelumbo Kamal (kanwal)/Sacred lotus (Indian Nymphaeaceae Flower Druce, N. speciosum Willd.) lotus, Chinese water lily) Nigella damascena Linn. Love in a mist Ranunculaceae Seed Nigella sativa Linn. Kalonji (kalajira)/Small fennel (black Ranunculaceae Seed cumin) Nymphoides indicum Kuntze (Limnanthemum Hinambala Gentianaceae Whole plant cristatum Griseb.) Ocimum sanctum Linn. Tulsi (kala tulsi)/ Sacred basil (holy Labiatae/Lamiaceae Leaf basil) Orthosiphon spiralis (Lour.) Merrill (O. stamineus Java tree (kidney tea plant) Labiatae/Lamiaceae Leaf Benth., O. aristatus Blume Miq., O. grandiflorus Boldingh) Oxystelma secamone (Linn.) Karst. (O. esculentum Dudhialata Asclepiadaceae Root R. Br.) Pavetta indica Linn. Kankra (papari, katha-champa)/White Rubiaceae Root pavetta Phlogacanthus jenkinsil C.B. Clar. Tita gachh (titaphul) Acanthaceae Leaf Phyllanthus niruri Hook. F., non Linn. (P. fraternus Jar-amla (jangli amli, bhumyamalaki) Euphorbiaceae Root Webster) Physalis minima Linn. Tulatipati Solanaceae Leaf, fruit Picrorrhiza kurroa Royal ex Benth. Kutki Scrophulariaceae Root, rhizome

Piper chaba Hunter, non Blume (P. retrofractum Chab (chavi)/Java long pepper Piperaceae Fruit Vahl, P. officinarum DC.) Piper longum Linn. Pipal (pipli, piplamul)/ Indian long Piperaceae Root, fruit pepper Plantago major Linn. Lahuriya (isafghol, gul) Plantaginaceae Seed Polycarpaea corymbosa Lam. Machechi (dholphuli) Caryophyllaceae Leaf Polygonum glabrum Willd. Bihagni (sauri arak) Polygonaceae Root Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Merrill (P. glabra Vent.) Karanj (karanja)/Indian beech (Pongum Papilionaceae/Fab- Root, seed oil tree) aceae/Leguminosae Portulaca oleracea Linn. Khursa (baralaniya)/ Common purslane Portulacaceae Whole plant Prongos pabularia Lindl. Komal Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Fruit Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Bijasal (bija)/Indian kino tree Papilionaceae/Fab- Stem bark aceae/Leguminosae Ptrospermum acerifolium Willd. Kanak champa (kaniar, katha champa) Sterculiaceae Leaf Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meissn. Hindirevandchini (dolu)/ Himalayan Polygonaceae Root, rhizome rhubarb Ricinus communis Linn. Erandi (arand)/Castor Euphorbiaceae Leaf Rubia cordifolia Linn. sensu Hook. f. Manjit (majith)/Indian madder Rubiaceae Root Rubia tinctorum Linn. Bacho (mantyunth) Rubiaceae Root Saponaria officinalis Linn. Bouncing bet (soapwort) Caryophyllaceae Root, leaf Sarcostemma brevistigma Wight & Arn. (S. acidum Somlata (soma) Asclepiadaceae Stem Voigt) Scoparia dulcis Linn. Ghodatulsi (mithipatti)/ Sweet Scrophulariaceae Whole plant broomweed Silybum marianum (Linn.) Gaertn. Milk thistle Compositae/ Asteraceae Leaf Solanum dulcamara Linn. Kakmachi (ruba-barik)/ Dulcamara Solanaceae Fruit (berry) (bittersweet) Solanum melongena Linn. Baingan (bhanta)/Brinjal (eggplant) Solanaceae Fruit Solanum nigrum Linn. Makoi (kakmachi, vayasi)/Black Solanaceae Whole plant nightshade Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. Mundi (gorakh mundi) Compositae/ Asteraceae Leaf, fruit, whole plant Spondias pinnata (Linn. f.) Kurz (S. mangifera Amara (amra, jangali am)/ Wild mango Anacardiaceae Stem bark, fruit Willd., S. acuminata Roxb., non Gamble) (hog-plum) Sutherlandia frutescens R. Br. (S. microphylla Bladderseena (cancerwort) Papilionaceae/Fab- Leaf Burchardt ex DC.) aceae/Leguminosae Swertia chirayita (R. ex F.) Karst. (S. chirata B.-H. Chirayita (chireta)/ Chiretta Gentianaceae Whole plant ex C.B. Clarke) Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Lodh Symplocaceae Stem bark Tanacetum vulgare Linn. (Chrysanthemum vulgare Peilmundi Compositae/ Asteraceae Leaf, flower L. Ber.) Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wiggers Dulal (barau, kanphul)/ Common Compositae/ Asteraceae Root, rhizome dandelion Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. (Tecoma undulata Rugtrora (dadimpushpak)/ Bignoniaceae Stem bark, whole G. Don., Bignonia undulata Sm.) Rohida tree plant Tephrosia purpurea (Linn.) Pers., Baker in part Sarphonka (dhamasia)/ Wild indigo Papilionaceae/Fab- Aerial part aceae/Leguminosae Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Arjun (arjuna, kahu, dhaval) Combretaceae Stem bark, fruit IRJP 2 (5) May 2011 Page 115-121 Pandey Govind IRJP 2 (5) 2011 115-121 Terminalia chebula Retz., C.B. Clarke in part Harra (harir, rohini)/ Chebulic Combretaceae Stem bark, fruit myrobalan Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook. f. & Giloe (amrita, gulancha, gulbel, Menispermaceae Stem bark, fruit Thoms. jiwantika)/ Gulancha tinospora Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprag. (T. copticum Ajowan (ajwain, ugragandha)/ Umbelliferae/ Apiaceae Fruit, seed Link, Carum copti-cum Hiern, Ptychotis ajowan Carum (ajowan) DC.) Tragopogon porrifolius Linn. Salsify (purple goatsbread, oyster-plant) Compositae/ Asteraceae Root Trianthema decandra Linn. Gadabani Aizoaceae Root, leaf Trichosanthes cordata Roxb. Bhumikumra (patol) Cucurbitaceae Root Trichosanthes cucumerina Linn. Jangli-chachinda Cucurbitaceae Stem, leaf, whole plant Tridax procumbens Linn. Coatbuttons (Mexican daisy) Compositae/ Asteraceae Leaf Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn. Methi (muthi)/ Fenugreek Papilionaceae/Fab- Leaf, seed aceae/Leguminosae Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merr. (T. asthmatica Antamul (jangli-pikvam)/Indian Asclepiadaceae Leaf Wight & Arn.) ipecacuanha Uraria crinita Desv. Dieng-kha-riu Papilionaceae/Fab- Whole plant aceae/Leguminosae Urtica dioica Linn. Bichu (bichhu booti)/ Stinging-nettle Urticaceae Whole plant Uvaria narum Blume Pulichan (kariballi) Annonaceae Leaf Viscum album Linn. (V. costatum Gamble) Banda (ban)/Euripean mistletoe Viscaceae Whole plant Vitex negundo Linn. Nirgandi (sambhalu, shivari, nisindia) Verbenaceae Root, leaf, flower Vitex trifolia Linn. Pani-ki-sanbhalu Verbenaceae Leaf Vitis vinifera Linn. Angur (dakh)/Grape Vitaceae Leaf

Wedelia calendulacea Less., non Rich. (W. Pila-bhangra (bhanra, bhangra) Compositae/ Asteraceae Leaf, whole plant chinensis Merrill) Withania somnifera Dunal Ashwagandha (asgandh) Solanaceae Root Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz (W. floribunda Salisb.) Dhai (dawi, thawi, santha, dhaula, Lythraceae Flower dhaura) Zanthoxylum armatum DC. (Z. alatum Roxb., Z. Tejbal (tejphal, darmar, nepali dhaniya, Rutaceae Stem bark, fruit, seed planispinum Sieb. & Zucc.) tumru) Zingiber officinale Rosc. Adrak (ada)/Ginger Zingiberaceae Rhizome

IRJP 2 (5) May 2011 Page 115-121